Lab 10 - Respiratory System Physiology

METHOD—QUIET BREATHING

1. Have the subject sit upright and in a position where his or her respiration can be easily observed 2.After breathing quietly (at rest - normal) for 2 minutes 3.count the number of breaths the subject takes during a 15-second period 4.Multiple this value by 4 to calculate respiratory rate in breaths per minute 5. repeat 2 and have the subject inhale maximally and hold his or her breath for as long as possible (holding your breath)

HYPERVENTILATION

1. have the subject breath fast and deep for 30 sec 2. Record the respiratory rate immediately after the 30-second period of hyperventilation like step 2 3. Breathe normally for 2 minutes before continuing this exercise. 4. Repeat hyperventilation for 30 seconds 5.End with a maximum inhalation and hold the breath as long as possible. Record the length of time

CARBON DIOXIDE ELIMINATION

1. one beaker with tap water add indicator solution until its pink 2.have subject breath out into the brake using a straw 3. record how long it takes to turn colorless repeat after sucject does physical activity takes less time after exercise since there is more carbon dioxide

Expiratory Reserve Volume with wet spirometer

1. student to stand and breathe normally for about a minute 2.forcibly exhale as much air as comfortably and safely possible without feeling dizzy or light headed 3.Repeat 3 times, and use the average value

FEV1

1. subject to stand, breathe normally for about a minute 2.ask the subject to breathe as deeply and rapidly as possible for about 10 seconds 3.put the mouth piece between the lips and exhale ONCE as much and as rapidly as possible this Is FEV1- (volume of air exhaled in first ONE second of exhalation; FEV1 / FVC x 100 = % of FVC exhaled in first ONE second of exhalation)

METHOD—REBREATHING

1.Breathe into a paper bag for 3 minutes. 2.Determine respiratory rate during the last 15 seconds of the 3-minute period 3.right after inhale maximally and hold breath as long as possible. Record length of time or 1.Run in place for 2 minutes 2.Determine respiratory rate immediately following the 2-minute period. 3.right after inhale maximally and hold breath as long as possible. Record length of time

After exercising, respiratory rate ________________________ (increased or decreased) and breath holding time ________________________ (increased or decreased). Explain why.

After exercising, respiratory rate increases breath holding time decreases since increases the rate of cellular respiration to power muscles so it increasing the amount of carbon dioxide waste produced.

After hyperventilation, respiratory rate ______________________ (increased or decreased) and breath holding time _________________________ (increased or decreased)

After hyperventilation, respiratory rate decreases and breath holding time increases, since the amount of carbon dioxide in the body is being expelled

After rebreathing air, respiratory rate _____________________ (increased or decreased) and breath holding time _____________________ (increased or decreased).

After rebreathing air, respiratory rate increases and breath holding time decrease, since it increases the amount of carbon dioxide concentration

For measuring the volume of the air (quantitative)

- use a 9-Liter Wet Spirometer (total capacity) -wet spirometer consists of a 'bell' that floats on the water in its housing -bell is connected to the hose through which the subject breaths out not in -the one way valve will prevent flow back to the mouth of the subject The one-way valve must be disconnected to allow the air to flow out of the bell and to allow the 'volume indicator dial' to 'zero' itself

wet spirometer

-For measuring the volume of the air -How to use the spirometer -Tidal volume -Expiratory Reserve Volume -Inspiratory Reserve Volume -FEV1

what happens in exercising?

-increases the rate of cellular respiration to power muscle activity which increase the CO2 wasted being produced -

Tidal volume measure with wet spirometer

-place the spirometer mouth piece between the lips and exhale ONCE in normal, unforced way -repeat 3 times and get the average

What happens when the lung volume increase?

-pressure inside the lung (intrapulmonary pressure) decreases below to the outside atmosphere creating a partial vacuum

What happens when the muscles contract during ventilation ?

-thoracic cavity volume expands so does the lungs due to the pleura which is adhere to the thoracic cavity wall , so when the thoracic cavity expands it pulls the surface of the lungs expanding them -Air rushes into the expanded lungs to fill the vacuum

Which of the following choices is NOT a muscle of inhalation? a internal intercostal muscles b diaphragm c external intercostal muscles d All are muscles of inhalation.

a internal intercostal muscles

What is quit exhalation ?

a passive process

Which of the following statements regarding ventilation is NOT true? a When thoracic cavity volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases. b When intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the outside atmosphere, exhalation occurs. c Quiet exhalation is a passive process. d When the diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume decreases

d When the diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume decreases.

The FEV1 was measured in the lab using the: a wet spirometer b sphygmomanometer c digital spirometer d both 'A' and 'C'

d both 'A' and 'C'

what total lung capacity ?

total volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of max inspiration m-6,000 f-4,200

How much air is moved during quiet and normal breathing?

-500ml of air

Inspiratory Reserve Volume with wet spirometer

1. student to stand and breathe normally for about a minute 2. breath-in as much air as comfortably and safely possible, and then put mouth piece between the lips, and exhale normally, without forcing the air out 3.Subtract the tidal volume from this value to get the IRV 4.Repeat 3 times, and use the average value

what is the abbre for expiratory reserve volume?

ERV

what is the abbre for residual volume?

RV

How to use a spirometer

To measure the volume of the air, -subject breaths into the hose -which causes displacement of water in the bell and moves the pointer on the volume indicator dial -Each division on the dial equals 100 mL of air

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

Volume of air remaining in lungs at end of normal exhalation m-2,200 f-1,800

What is the abbve for Tidal volume?

Vt

What is the formula of inspiration capacity?

Vt + IRV

Which of the following choices is NOT a respiratory volume? a inspiratory residual volume b tidal volume c residual volume d expiratory reserve volume

a inspiratory residual volume

What is expiratory reserve volume?

air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration M-1,000ml F-700ml

What is tidal volume?

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle. M/F= 500ml

Which capacity consists of all the air that can be forcefully inhaled and exhaled? a functional residual capacity b vital capacity c inspiratory capacity d total lung capacity

b vital capacity

What is hyperventilation?

breathing and deeper faster than normal increasing the amount of CO2 being expel

What is inhalation?

bring o2 air into the alveoli of the lungs , where oxygen is transfer to the red blood cells and delivered to rest if the body

Which of the following statements regarding respiratory rate is NOT true? a Respiratory rate is defined as breaths per minute. b Exercising increases blood levels of carbon dioxide. c Hyperventilation increases blood levels of carbon dioxide. d Rebreathing increases blood levels of carbon dioxide.

c Hyperventilation increases blood levels of carbon dioxide.

Which of the following statements regarding ventilation is NOT true? a It is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. b Breathing in is called inhalation. c It delivers carbon dioxide to the cells. d Oxygen is moves into the bloodstream from the alveoli.

c It delivers carbon dioxide to the cells

Which factor has the greatest influence on respiratory rate? a blood level of oxygen b alveolar level of oxygen c blood level of carbon dioxide d alveolar level of carbon dioxide

c blood level of carbon dioxide

The residual volume can be measured directly with: a digital spirometer b wet spirometer c both digital and wet spirometers d it can not be measured directly

d it can not be measured directly

Which of the following volumes/capacities can be measured with a spirometer? a residual volume b total lung capacity c functional residual capacity d vital capacity

d vital capacity

What are the main muscles of ventilation?

diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

What is exhalation?

expels stale (unfresh) air containing Co2 that was removed from the tissues

Another word for exhalation?

expiration

What does the diagram do during ventilatiom?

flattens to lower the floor of the thoracic cavity

What is rebreathing?

if in a paper bag increase the concentration of CO2 in inhaled air

What is another name fro inhalation?

inspiration

what does the external intercostal muscles do during ventilation?

lift the rib cage

What is inspiration reserve volume?

max volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume -F= 1,900ml -M= 3,300

What is a spirometer used for?

measure air flow

What is ventilation?

movement of air in and out of the lungs

What determines if you need to breath faster or slower?

respiratory centers receive sensory input regarding oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and blood pH

What are the variations of volume of air called ?

respiratory volumes and respiratory capacities.

What drive ventilation?

the thoracic cavity volume and intrapulmonary pressure

What is vital capacity (VC)?

the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation. m-4,800 f-3,100

What regulates the respiratory rate?

under the control of respiratory centers in the pons and medulla oblongata of the brain

what is residual volume?

volume of air still in the respiratory system after max exhalation m-1,200 f-1,000

What is inspiration capacity? (IC)

volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration m-3,800 f-2,400

What happens if you have high levels of CO2?

you breath faster to expel CO2 of body

what happens if you have low levels of CO2?

you breath slower

What influence respiratory rate?

Carbon dioxide levels most directly

What happens during quit exhalation?

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and return to their original positions -volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, releasing the pull on the lungs -elastic lungs recoil to their original shape, increasing intrapulmonary pressure above that of the outside atmosphere -Air then flows out of the lungs.

What is a partial vaccum?

As lung volume increases, pressure inside the lung (intrapulmonary pressure) decreases below that of the outside atmosphere, creating a partial vacuum.

What is the functional residual capacity formula?

ERV + RV

DIGITAL SPIROMETER - RENAISSANCE II

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) TEST -Ask the student volunteer to take a DEEP BREATH, and then BLOW OUT the air AS MUCH and AS FAST as possible, completely squeezing most of the air out of the lungs. -Result/graph is displayed on the screen

What is the abbre for inspiration reserve volume?

IRV

what is the formula of the total lung capacity?

IRV + VT + ERV + RV

what is the vital capacity formula?

IRV + VT +ERV