Lab 4: The Cell

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organisms Eukaryotes include many single-celled organisms, fungi, plants, and animals. Compartmentalization of various cellular processes characterize eukaryotes.

pseudopodia

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

Flagellum

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

Mycelium

A mass of hyphae

Cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

Coccus

A spherical bacterium.

Zygospore

A spore formed by sexual reproduction in certain molds

Diatom

A type of microscopic plantlike protist with a hard outer wall

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Prokaryotic cells

Bacteria and Archaea Very small, (5.5um) and are much less complex than eukaryotic cells. They are going in unicellular organisms, although they may appear in colonies, in bunches or strings of cells.

Streptococcus thermophilus

Bacteria found in yogurt. Ferments lactose and lactobacillus bulgaricus which produces the flavors and aroma of yogurt.

Cyanobacteria

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis Found in aquatic environments as well as damp terrestrial environments. Exist as colonies and filaments and produce spores

5 main groups of cells

Bacteria, single-celled eukaryotic organisms (protists), fungi (mushrooms and molds), plants, animals *These are general groups, not taxonomically correct classifications.

Describe the three different types of bacterial cells

Cocci: Round bacteria Bacilli: cylindrical, capsule-shaped bacteria Spirilla: spiral bacteria a

Bacteria

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Compare and contrast plant and animal cells, that is, what features are common to both cell types and what features are unique to each cell type.

Plant cells have chloroplasts, which are the site of photosynthesis. Animal cells are smaller than plant cells and have a membrane around them that is flexible and allows molecules, gases and nutrients to pass into the cell. Plant cells are larger and in addition to a membrane they have a rigid cell wall. The cell wall does not let any material pass so instead the plants cells must have tiny openings between cells like doors between rooms in your house. These "doors" are called plasmodesmata.

Bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

Spirilla

Spiral shaped bacteria

Differentiate between the sporangiophore and zygosphore in Rhizopus

Sporangiophores are asexual spores produced by sporangia at the tip of specialized aerial branches. They are involved in asexual reproduction and are dispersed by wind Zygospores are large, thick-walled spores formed when the tips of two sexually compatible hyphae, or gametangia, of fungi fused together. They are involved in sexual reproduction. They are resistant and tide over unfavourable environmental conditions.

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner Used for locomotion

Cell

The smallest unit of life

Animals

This kingdom includes a variety of organisms such as nemotodes, mollusks, insects, fish, birds, and mammals. These are heterotrophic, multicellular organisms with wide ranges of form and function.

Plants

This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, conifers, angiosperms (flowering plants).

Rhizopus

a black terrestrial mold. There are sexual and asexual stages. In asexual reproduction, sporangiospores are produced in a spherical structure, the sporangium. When hyphae of opposite mating types meet and fuse, a dark zygospore will be produced. Upon germination, a zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent.

Discuss methods of locomotion in Protozoans

cilia, flagella, and psuedopodia

animal cell

does not have a cell wall and has centrioles

Fungi

heterotrophic multicellular organisms. Include mushrooms, mildews, yeasts and molds. Fungi are characterized by a vegetative structure called hyphae, which occurs in mats called mycelia. Hyphae are filaments of cells. Fungi grow in damp, dark places.

green algae

multicellular plant-like protists that contain chlorophyll like common plants

Protozoa

single celled organisms with the ability to move independently Examples: Amoebas, Paramecium, Euglena Each of these use different structural features for locomotion. Amoebas use pseudopodia (false feet) to move. Parmecium use oar-like structures called cilia to move Euglena use flagella, longer cilia-like structures to move through water. All of these microorganisms have a cell membrane.

Protists

single-celled eukaryotes Include photosynthetic members-algae- and hetertrophic single-celled oraganisms called protozoans as well as some fungi-like protists. Protists are a food source for many organisms and comprise the base of the food chain.

Sporangium

spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis