Lab Chapter 8: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages

Process

Any bony prominence

Ramus

Armlike bar of bone

Periosteal Bud

Blood vessels, nerves, red marrow elements, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts invade ossified cavity

Sinus

Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Bone Markings

Reveal where bones form joints with the bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed.

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Condyle

Rounded articular projection

Central/Haversian Canal

Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels through the bony matrix.

Intervertebral Discs

Separate and cushion the vertebrae

Diaphysis

Shaft

Fossa

Shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.

Spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Sesamoid Bones

Special type of short bones formed within tendons. EX: Patellas

Nasal Cartilages

Support the external nose

Skeleton

The body's framework, constructed of cartilage and bone. In embryos is made mostly of hyaline cartilage but in adults it is made of rigid bone.

Axial Skeleton

The bones that lie around the body's center of gravity.

Medullary Cavity

The central cavity of the shaft.

Epiphysis

The end of the long bone.

Yellow Marrow

The medullary cavity is essentially a storage region for adipose.

Endochondrial Ossification

The process by which all the bones in the body inferior to the skull are formed. 1. Proliferation 2. Hypertrophic 3. Calcification 4. Ossification

Perforating/Volkmann's Canals

These run at right angles to the shaft and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals.

Sutural Bones

Tiny bones between cranial bones

Canaliculi

Tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella.

Short Bones

Typically cube-shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone. EX: Tarsals and carpals

Trochanter

Very large, irregularly shaped process (only examples are on the femur)

Osteon/ Haversian System

A central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it

Epiphyseal Plate

A the area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth.

Perichondrium

Acts to resist distortion of the cartilage and bone when it is subjected to pressure and plays a role in growth and repair.

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

Ossification

New bone forms

206

Number of bones in a developed adult human body

Hypertrophic

Older cartilage cells enlarge

Epiphyseal Lines

Once the bone has stopped growing, the epiphyseal plate is replaced with bone and appear as thin barely discernible remnants.

Concentric Lamellae

Osteocytes and lacunae which are arranged in concentric circles around the central canal

Hyaline Cartilage

Provides sturdy support with some flexibility. Most skeletal cartilages are composed of this.

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Tracheal Bronchial Cartilages

Reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs, or appendages.

Irregular Bones

Bones that do not fall into the categories short, long, or flat. EX: Vertebrae

Head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Meatus

Canal-like passageway

Proliferation

Cartilage cells undergoing mitosis

Lacunae

Chambers

Trabeculae

Columns of bone

Spongy/Cancellous Bone

Composed of small trabeculae of cone and lots of open space

Red Marrow

Confined to the interior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

Costal Cartilages

Connect the ribs to the sternum

Fibrocartilage

Consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers. Has great tensile strength and can withstand heavy compression, is used to construct intervertebral discs and the cartilages within the knee joint.

Cartilage

Contain no nerves and very few blood vessels. Surrounded by a covering of perichondrium.

Articular Carilages

Cover the bone ends at moveable joints

Endosteum

Covers the trabeculae of spongy cone and lines the central perforating canals of compact bone. Contains osteogenic cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

Perforating/Sharpey's Fibers

Fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone

Periosteum

Fibrous membrane covering made up of dense irregular connective tissue.

Groove

Furrow

Flat Bones

Generally thin, with two wafer-like layers of compact bone sandwiching a thick layer of spongy bone between them. Many of these bones are actually curved. EX: Bones of the skull

Notch

Indentation at the edge of a structure

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

Laryngeal Cartilages

Largely construct the larynx (voice box)

Compact Bone

Looks smooth and homogenous

Calcification

Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Long Bones

Much longer than they are wide; generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either ends. EX: Femur and phalanges

Elastic Cartilage

Much more flexible than hyaline cartilage, and tolerates repeated bending. Only the cartilages of the external ear and the epiglottis are this.

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest