Lab Exam #1

Is the hypothesis that if camouflage coloration protects mice from predation, then mice with coloration that did not match their habitat would be preyed upon more heavily than the native mice in that habitat supported

Yes, the hypothesis is supported

Which of the following represents the energy of activation that is modified by an enzyme

A

Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest energy from food molecules. In what form is that energy available to power cell work?

ATP molecules

This diagram represents osmosis of water across a semipermeable membrane. The U-tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the U-tube on the righ

Add more solute to the left-hand side

Not all scientific discoveries are reached through the "scientific method." Which of the following would best be described as discovery science?

All of the above

The cell is sometimes described as a protein factory. Using the cell-as-factory analogy, which of the following accurately describes the functions of the endomembrane system?

All of the above

Imagine that you have planted bean seedlings (C3) and corn seedlings (C4) in an artificial soil and sealed them in an aquarium. The aquarium has plenty of light, nutrients, and water but a given volume of air. Based on your knowledge of photorespiration, which of the following are most likely?

As the plants photosynthesize the carbon dioxide levels will fall giving the C4 plants the advantage

In order to start an exergonic reaction, a certain amount of energy must be absorbed by the reactants. This is called the energy of activation. Which of the following is the normal energy of activation?

B

The figure below represents an overview of the different processes of cellular respiration. Which of the following correctly identifies the different processes in the correct order?

B) 1. Glycolysis,2. citric acid cycle,3. electron transport chain

The amino acid R-groups interact to create the three-dimensional structures of proteins. Some amino acids have hydrophilic side groups, while others have hydrophobic side groups. In the hydrophilic group, some "R" groups are acids and others are bases. What type(s) of amino acids are acidic R-groups most likely to interact with?

Basic amino acids

In this experiment, both dark and light colored mouse models were placed in each of the two environments (beach and inland) and predation was measured on camouflaged and non-camouflaged mice. In this experiment, what serves as the control(s)?

Both a and c

A protein that is bound for secretion from a cell is produced

By ribosomes found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

This is the general equation for photosynthesis—the process of capturing sunlight energy and converting it to chemical energy. Which of the following are the reactants of this reaction?

CO2 and H2O

Earth's oceans are immense. Small floating plant-like organisms called phytoplankton contribute to ocean productivity. As ocean productivity (the rate of photosynthesis) goes up, what would you predict would happen to global carbon dioxide lev

CO2 levels should go down

Cells are small but molecules are even smaller. Compared to a water molecule about how many times larger is a typical animal or plant cell (about 100 μm in diameter)?

Cells are 100,000 times larger (diameter) than a water molecule

The results of the experiment are shown in the table to the right. For this experiment, in the beach habitat, what are the non-camouflaged models?

Dark-colored mice on the beach

When a photon of the correct energy is absorbed by a photosystem, an electron is energized and transferred to a primary electron acceptor. This creates an electron "hole." How is the missing electron replaced?

Electrons from hydrogen made available by splitting water replace the missing electrons.

This graph illustrates how anenzyme catalyzes reactionsin biological systems. Froman energy standpoint, is thisreaction an endergonic orexergonic reaction?

Exergonic

Plant cells have a cell wall to maintain the cell shape and to give the plant structure. Animal cells lack a cell wall but still maintain an overall shape within tissues. Which of the following are responsible for this phenomenon?

Extracellular Matrix

Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on electron transport chains embedded in membranes to produce ATP molecules. Which of the following correctly describes the difference between the two types of electron transport chains?

In cellular respiration, the electron source is the hydrogens in energy rich food and the final electron destination is oxygen.

The key to a protein's function is its shape. The shape can be altered (or denatured) under unfavorable conditions. By heating a protein such as that found in egg whites, the protein's shape changes. What best describes why this happens?

Interactions between R-groups change, resulting in a change in the secondary structure of the protein

The primary function for microtubules inside a cell is

Movement, in the contraction of the muscle cells

Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. For the most part, natural selection acts as a filtering agent at the ___________ level of life's hierarchy.

Population

The figure represents an overview of the different entry pathways to cellular respiration when different macromolecules are digested for energy production. Why are none of the digestive products entering the electron transport chain directly?

The electron transport chainonly receives electrons carriedby reduced electron carriermolecules such as NADH.

The three domains of life described by biologists today include the bacteria, the archaea, and the eukarya (all other forms of life). What is the basic difference between the eukarya or eukaryotes and the prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria)?

The interior of the cell of eukaryotes is divided by internal membranes into specialized compartments

The scale of life at the cellular level can be difficult to understand. The scale on this chart is logarithmic. Each line represents a factor of 10. Compared to a typical animal or plant cell (about 100 μm in diameter), how much smaller is a mitochondria?

The length of mitochondria is about 1/100th the diameter of an animal cell

What will happen as CO2 levels in the oceans increase?

The ocean will become more basic

Which of the following levels of life's hierarchy is not appropriate when referring to two of life's domains, Archaea and Bacteria?

The organ level

The primary structure of a protein is determined by

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell—each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes?

The shape of enzyme's active site generally fits a specific substrate

When proteins are heated, they usually denature. If moderate heat was applied to this molecule of DNA, which part of the molecule would break down or break apart first? (Use your knowledge of chemical bonds.)

The sugar-phosphate backbone would separate from the nitrogen bases

Membranes organize cell activities. The proteins imbedded in the membranes are essential to their function. These membrane proteins have properties that allow them to "float" in the membrane. Which of the following statements describes those properties

The surface region of the protein in the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophobic.

The formation of starch from simple sugars such as glucose involves a series of _______________ reactions.

dehydration

This is the summary equation for the process of photosynthesis. This reaction

is endergonic

Images generated by the Hubble telescope or the planetary probes like Voyager telescope give us a very limited view of the universe. Likewise, looking at cells under a light microscope is limited by the ability to resolve cellular parts. Which of the following cell parts are visible under a light microscope?

mitochondria-just barely

Fat molecules store 9 kcal/g. There are about 454 g in a pound of fat so that means that one pound of fat stores about 4,000 kcal of energy. Based on the chart of energy consumption, which of the following would "burn off" around a pound of fat, assuming your normal activities consumed calories equal to the rate of your calorie intake?

running 40 miles

The reactive properties or chemical behavior of an atom mostly depend on the number of

the electrons in the outer electron shell of the atom

Water molecules from hydrogen bonds because

the water molecule is polar