Lab Exam #2

What are the names of the veins that serve the neck and head regions of the body? Which type of blood vessel has a thick wall with a lot of smooth muscle that helps regulate blood pressure?

Jugular veins; arteries and arterioles

Does table 16.4 show that the kidneys contribute to homeostasis? If so, how?

Kidneys reabsorbed nutrients in excrete wastes

State another way kidneys contribute to homeostasis

Kidneys regulate the saltwater balance and thereby maintain blood volume

What molecule is a reabsorbed from the collecting duct so that urine is hypertonic? Which organ mix urea? Which organs excrete urine?

Water; liver; kidneys

Hydrogen ions increase the acidity of the blood. Is blood more acidic when it is carrying carbon dioxide? Explain.

Yes, slightly. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The increase in hydrogen ions makes the blood more acidic.

Is blood less acidic when carbon dioxide exits? Explain.

Yes. Hydrogen ions combine with bicarbonate ions to from carbonic acid, which dissociates with water and carbon dioxide. A decrease in hydrogen ions makes blood less acidic.

Is protein in the blood of glomerulus? In filtrate? In urine? Is glucose in the blood of glomerulus? In filtrate? In urine? Is urea in the blood of the glomerulus? In filtrate? In urine? Are water and salts in the blood of glomerulus? In filtrate? In urine?

Yes; no; no Yes; yes; no Yea; yes; yes Yea; yes; yes

What directional term refers to the head end of the fetal pig?

anterior

If the urogenital opening is just anterior to the anus, is the fetal pig male or female?

male

What is the most posterior portion of the brain stem?

medulla oblongata

What type of neuron is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from the spinal cord to an effector?

motor neuron

Which blood vessels return blood to the right atrium?

superior and inferior vena cava

Which circuit delivers blood to the spleen, the pulmonary or the systemic?

systemic

How is osmotic pressure created?

As water is forced out at the arterial end of the capillary, the blood becomes more concentrated. This creates the concentration gradient responsible for generating osmotic pressure at the venous end.

If the blood is more basic than normal, what pH do you predict the urine will be? If the blood is more acidic than normal, what pH do you predict the urine will be? State another way they can ease contribute to homeostasis

Basic; acidic; kidneys regulate pH balance

Why are cells always in need of glucose and oxygen? Why are cells always producing carbon dioxide?

Because they continually carry on cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is an end product of cellular respiration.

What type of pressure causes water to exit from the arterial side of the capillary? What type of pressure causes water to enter the venous side of the capillary?

Blood pressure; osmotic pressure

Is the trachea ventral or dorsal to the esophagus?

Dorsal

Why do you suppose that's a hepatic vein before eating contains more glucose than the hepatic portal vein?

During fasting, glycogen is being broken down into the liver into glucose, which enters the blood. Since the hepatic vein goes from the liver to the posterior vena cava, it's glucose level will be higher than that of the hepatic portal vein, which enters the liver.

What is the name of the flap that closes during swallowing to prevent food and fluids from entering the trachea? What is the structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Epiglottis; diaphragm

Which type of muscle is controlled voluntarily? Which type of muscle is found in the bladder?

Skeletal; smooth

What kind of tissue covers the entire body surface and most inner cavities?

epithelial

When molecules leave the glomerulus, they enter what portion of the nephron? Name a substance that is in the glomerular filtration but not in the urine. Glucose in the urine indicates that a person may have what condition?

glomerular capsule; glucose; diabetes mellitus

What vessel transports blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

hepatic portal vein

Why is a muscle, like the biceps brachii in your arm, considered an organ and not just a tissue? What kind of muscle tissue was part of the biceps branchii?

A muscle is considered an organ and not a tissue because it is made up of two types of tissue, loose connective and blood.

What substances are too large to leave the glomerulus enter the glomerular capsule?

Cells and proteins

What process accounts for gas exchange in the lungs? What molecule is removed by the lungs? What are the air spaces in the lungs called?

Diffusion; carbon dioxide, alveoli

What a blood vessel lies between the intestines and deliver? And what form is glucose stored in the liver?

Hepatic portal vein; glycogen

Which blood vessel contains the most glucose before eating? Which blood vessel contains the most glucose after eating?

Hepatic vein; hepatic portal vein

What might happen to the pH of the blood if a person hyperventilates?

Hyperventilation rids the body of more carbon dioxide since the breathing rate is faster. This causes an increase in the pH of the blood.

In figures illustrating arteries and veins, arteries usually appear red and veins usually appear blue. Explain why the pulmonary artery seen and figure 16.2 appear blue in the pulmonary veins and 16.2 appear red.

In 16.2, The arteries are blue because they are carrying unoxygenated blood even though they typically carry oxygenated blood. The opposite is true for the veins.

List of parts of a nephron, and tell whether they are located in the renal cortex or the renal medulla (assume that the nephron has a long loop of the nephron).

In renal cortex: Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule Both: collecting duct Renal medulla: loop of the nephron

Does ADH output increase or decrease with dehydration? Does ADH output increase or decrease with drinking/water? Does ADH output increase or decrease with ingesting/salt?

Increase; decrease; increase

Does the change in Blood concentration increases or decreases with dehydration? Does it increase or decrease when drinking water? Does it increase or decrease when ingesting salt?

Increase; decrease; increase

Does water reabsorption increase or decrease with dehydration? Does water reabsorption increase or decrease with drinking/water? Does water reabsorption increase or decrease with ingesting/salt?

Increase; decreased; increase

What is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity? What is the name of the first part of the large intestine?

Liver; cecum

What is the name of the cells in the nervous tissue that transmit messages? In which region of the skin our blood vessels, nerves, sense organs, glands, and hair follicles located?

Neurons; dermis

If organ systems are present in an animal, what else must be present?

Organs

Do pulmonary veins carry oxygen poor or oxygen rich blood?

Oxygen poor blood

Is the blood entering the left ventricle oxygen poor or oxygen rich?

Oxygen rich

Show gas exchange in Figure 16.3b by writing O2 or CO2 by the appropriate arrows.

The arrows pointing inward should be labeled CO2, and the arrows pointing outward should be labeled O2.

What would happen to blood volume and blood pressure if water were not reabsorbed? What would happen to cells of the body lost all its nutrients by way of the kidneys?

The blood volume and pressure would drop; the cells would die

Explain how the lungs maintain homeostasis of the blood gases.

The body detects changes in blood gases and causes alterations in ventilation. Blood gases are maintained by regulating the rate and depth of breathing.

What is blood pressure?

The contraction of the heart generates blood pressure

Which systemic blood vessel would you expect to have a high glucose content immediately after eating? Explain.

The hepatic portal vein. The process of digestion releases glucose, which enters the blood at the intestinal capillaries, which eventually drain into the hepatic portal vein.

State one way the liver contributes to homeostasis.

The liver makes urea, a relatively non-toxic nitrogenous end product.

Why do you suppose the hepatic vein does not contain as much glucose is the hepatic portal vein after eating?

The liver removes sugar from the blood and converts it to glycogen

What female reproductive structures transport eggs to the location where embryo/fetuses develop? Where, in a pig, are the embryos/fetus is located during development?

The oviduct, uterus, and vagina; oviduct

Does the pulmonary arteries carry blood back to or away from the heart

The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

What molecule is a reabsorbed to the least?

The urea

What are cells with similar structural features in a common function called?

Tissue

Name of the process by which molecules move from the proximal convoluted tubule into the blood. Where does urine collect before exiting the kidney? Does venous blood in the tissues contain more or less carbon dioxide than arterial blood?

Tubular reabsorption; renal pelvis; more

The liver removes the amino group from amino acids to form with molecule? The hepatic vein enters word blood vessel?

Urea; inferior vena cava

What valve prevents the backflow of blood when the left ventricle relaxes?

bicuspid valve

What type of connective tissue has a fluid matrix called plasma?

blood

What type of pressure causes water to exit from the arterial side of the capillary?

blood pressure

What part of the brain is divided into right and left hemispheres?

cerebrum

What type of connective tissue has a hard matrix that contains calcium salts?

compact bone

What is the anatomical name for the eardrum that picks up sound waves?

tympanic membrane

What two individual systems make up the urogenital system? What a organ stores urine before it is transported to the outside?

urinary and reproductive; bladder