Lab: Exercise 8: The Axial Skeleton

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The vertebral column consists of _______ single vertebrae

24

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

List the important markings of the maxillae

Alveolar process Palatine processes

True or False The first seven pairs of ribs are called floating ribs because they have only indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum

False The first 7 pairs of ribs are called true ribs and they have a direct attachment to the sternum by their own costal cartilages

Ribs 8 - 12 are called ______ ______ because these ribs have indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum

False Ribs

Lacrimal Bone

Fingernail-sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Each lacrimal bone has an opening that serves as a passageways for teas.

The sternum is attached to the:

First 7 pairs of ribs

Ribs pairs 11 - 12 are called ______ ______ that have no sternal attachment

Floating Ribs

Large opening in base of occipital that allows the spinal cord to join with the brain

Foramen Magnum

List the important markings of the occipital bone:

Foramen Magnum Occipital Condyles

Opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve V to pass

Foramen Ovale

Palatine Processes of Maxillae

Form the anterior hard palate

Anterior portion of cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and anterior part of cranial floor

Frontal Bone

Occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly

Lambdoid Suture

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

Zygomatic Process

A bridgelike projection that joins the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. Together these two bones forms the zygomatic arch.

Sella Turcica

A saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline that nearly encloses the pituitary gland

Inferior margin containing sockets (alveoli) in which teeth lie

Alveolar Process of the Maxillae

Sacrum: The winglike ______ articulate laterally with the hip bones, forming the sacroiliac joints

Alae

Optic Canal

Allows the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) to pass

Superior margin of mandible; contains sockets for the lower teeth

Alveolar Process of Mandible

Frontal Bone

Anterior portion of cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and anterior part of cranial floor

The ______ (C1) lacks a body, and tis lateral processes contain large depressions o their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. This joint enables you to nod

Atlas

This joint enables you to nod yes

Atlas

______ _______ is made up of three parts: The skull The vertebral column The bony thorax

Axial skeleton

The ______ (C2) acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas (and skull) above. Its large vertical process, the dens, acts as the pivot point.

Axis

Sphenoid Bone

Bat-shaped bone forming a lateau across the width of the skull. The sphenoid bone can be seen in its entire width if the top of the cranium is removed

Lesser Wings

Bat-shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica.

Vomer

Blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms most of the nasal septum

Choose the correct term: The body/spinous process of a typical vertebra forms the rounded, central portion that faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column.

Body

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Rounded central portion of the vertebra; faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column

Body

List the important markings of the mandible:

Body Ramus Alveolar Process

What are the common features of all vertebrae?

Body Vertebral Arch Vertebral Foramen Transverse Processes Spinous Process Superior and inferior articular processes

Horizontal portion; forms the chin

Body of the mandible

Cribriform Plates

Bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa

The ______ ______ is composed of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

Bony thorax

The axial skeleton is made up of the skull, the vertebral column, and the:

Bony thorax

External Acoustic Meatus

Canal leading to eardrum

The ______ results from the fusion of three to five small, irregularly shaped vertebrae

Coccyx

What are the two major regions of the intervertebral discs?

Central gelatinous regioni that behaves like a fluid and An outer ring of tough collagen fibers that stabilize the disc

The transverse processes of the ______ vertebrae contain foramina through which the vertebral arteries pass superiorly to the brain. Any time you see these foramina in a vertebra, you can be sure that it is a ______ vertebra

Cervical

The vertebral foramen of these vertebrae is triangular and the spinous process is short and often bifid, or split into two branches

Cervical Vertebrae

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Vertebral Arch:

Composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body

What shape is the bony thorax?

Cone-shaped

Located where the parietal bones articulate with the frontal bone

Coronal Suture

Eight bones make up the ______, which encloses and protects the brain

Cranium

Bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa

Cribriform plates

Vertical projection to which the dura mater (outermost membrane covering the brain) attaches

Crista Galli

List the important markings of the ethmoid bone:

Crista Galli Cribriform Plates Superior and middle nasal conchae

Irregularly shaped bones anterior to the sphenoid. Forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls

Ethmoid Bone

_______ Bone: Crista Galli Cribriform Plates Superior and middle nasal conchae

Ethoid

Canal leading to eardrum

External Acoustic Meatus

Portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones. Form part of the orbit of the eyes.

Greater Wings

List the important markings of the Sphenoid Bone:

Greater wings Sella turcica Lesser Wings Foramen ovale Optic Canal Superior orbital fissure

The thoracic cage protects the:

Heart and Lungs

Body of the Mandible

Horizontal potion; forms the chin

The ______ bone is not really considered or counted as a skull bone. Located in the throat above the larynx, it is the point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles. It is horseshoe-shaped with a body and two pairs of horns, or cornua

Hyoid

Alveolar Process of Maxillae

Inferior margin containing sockets (alveoli) in which teeth lie

Temporal Bone

Inferior to parietal bone on lateral part of the skull

Where is the hyoid bone located?

In the throat above the larynx, it is the point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles

Thin curved protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone

Inferior Nasal Conchae (Turbinates)

Define: Sutures

Interlocking joints

The individual vertebrae are separated by pads of fibrocartilage, ______ ______, that absorb shocks while providing the spine flexibility

Intervertebral Discs

Ethmoid Bone

Irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid. Forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls.

Fingernail-sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Each of these bones has an opening that serves as a passageways for tears

Lacrimal Bone

Foramen Magnum

Large opening in base of occipital that allows the spinal cord to join with the brain

The 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 through T12) have a ______ body than the cervical vertebrae

Larger

Zygomatic Bone

Lateral to the maxillae; forms the part of the face commonly called the cheekbone, and part of the lateral orbit

Bat-shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica

Lesser Wings

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

Lighten facial bones and may act as resonance chambers for speech

Coronal Suture

Located where the parietal bones articulate with the frontal bone

These vertebrae have massive bocklike bodies and short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly backward. Because the lumbar region is subjected to the most stress, these are also the sturdiest o the vertebrae

Lumbar

Choose the correct term: The lower jawbone, or maxilla/mandible, articulates with the temporal bones i the only freely moveable joint in the skull

Mandible

Only the _______, or lower jawbone, is attached to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint

Mandible

The lower jawbone; articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull

Mandible

_______ Body Ramus Alveolar Process

Mandible

The ______ looks like the knot of a tie; ir articulates with the clavicle laterally

Manubrium

The sternum is a result of the fusion of three bones - from superior to inferior:

Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process

Rough projection inferior and posterior to external auditory meatus; an attachment site for muscles.

Mastoid Process

Two bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits. All facial bones, except the mandible, join the maxillae. Thus they are the main, or keystone, of the face

Maxillae

_______ Alveolar Process Palatine Pcesses

Maxillae

What are the four skull bones that contain sinuses?

Maxillary Sphenoid Ethmoid Frontal

What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?

Maxillary Sinus

Sacrum: The ______ ______ ______ is a remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae

Median sacral crest

Palatine Bone

Paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form the posterior hard palate nad part of the orbit

Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

Nasal Bone

Styloid Process

Needlelike projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck. This process is often broken off demonstrations skulls.

_______Bone: Foramen Magnum Occipital Condyles

Occipital

The most posterior bone of cranium: forms the floor and back wall. Joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly

Occipital Bone

Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)

Occipital Condyles

Squamous Suture

Occurs where each parietal bone meets each temporal bone, on each lateral aspect of the skull

Sagittal Suture

Occurs where the left and right parietal bones meet superiorly

Lambdoid Suture

Occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly

What are the 8 cranial bones?

One frontal bone Two parietal bones Two temporal bones One occipital bone One sphenoid bone One ethmoid bone.

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Vertebral Foramen:

Opening enclosed by body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes

Foramen Ovale

Opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve V to pass

Allows the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) to pass

Optic Canal

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Superior and inferior articular processes:

Paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another

Paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form the posterior hard palate and part of the orbit

Palatine Bone

Forms the anterior hard palate

Palatine Processes of the Maxillae

Posterior and lateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium

Parietal Bone

Greater Wings

Portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones. Form part of the orbits of the eyes

Parietal Bone

Posterior and lateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium

Twelve pairs of ______ form the walls of teh thoracic cage

Ribs

The joint between C1 and C2 allows you to:

Rotate your head from side to side to indicate "no"

Mastoid Process

Rough projection inferior and posterior to external auditory meatus; an attachment site for muscles

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Body:

Rounded central portion of the vertebra; faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column

Occipital Condyles

Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)

The vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the ______ ______ and terminates near the coccyx in the ______ ______

Sacral Canal Sacral Hiatus

Sacrum: The paired ______ ______ are additional evidence that the sacrum is formed of separate fused vertebrae and serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves.

Sacral foramina

The ______, formed from the fusion of five vertebrae, is the posterior border of the pelvis. Superiorly it articulates with L5, and inferiorly connects with the coccyx.

Sacrum

Occurs where the left and right parietal bones meet superiorly

Sagittal Suture

What are the four major sutures?

Sagittal Suture: Occurs where the left and right parietal bones meet superiorly Coronal Suture: Located where the parietal bones articulate with the frontal bone Squamous Suture: Occurs where each parietal bone meets each temporal bones, on each lateral aspect of the skull. Lambdoid Suture: Occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly

A saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline that nearly encloses the pituitary gland.

Sella Turcica

The discs and the S-shaped or springlike construction of the vertebral column help prevent ______ to the head in walking and running and make the body trunk ______

Shock Flexible

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Spinous Process:

Single posterior projection from the vertebral arch

Needlelike projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck. This process is often broken off demonstration skulls

Styloid Process

The _______ is composed of two sets of bones: The cranial bones and The facial bones

Skull

Nasal Bone

Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

_______ Bone: Greater wings Sella turcica Lesser wings Foramen ovale Optic Canal Superior Orbital Fissure

Sphenoid

Bat-shaped bone forming a plateau across the width of the skull. The sphenoid bone can be seen in its entire width if the top of the cranium is removed

Sphenoid Bone

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Single posterior projection from the vertebral arch

Spinous Process

Occurs where each parietal bone meets each temporal bone, on each lateral aspect of the skull

Squamous Suture

The ______ forms most of the sternum

Sternum

The ______, a typical flat bone, is a result of the fusion of three bones - from superior to inferior, the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Sternum

The bony thorax is composed of the:

Sternum Ribs Thoracic Vertebrae

Transmits cranial nerves III, IV, and VI to the eye

Superior Orbital Fissure

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another

Superior and inferior articular processes

Thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. The conchae increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them, thus increasing the mucosa's ability to warm and humidify incoming air. They are located behind, and are obscured by, the nasal bones

Superior and middle nasal conchae

Alveolar Process of the Mandible

Superior margin of mandible; contains sockets for the lower teeth

All of the bones of the skull are joined by interlocking joints called:

Sutures

The human ______ is a remnant of the tail that other vertebrates have

Tailbone

_______ Bone: Zygomatic Process External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process

Temporal

Inferior to parietal bone on lateral part of the skull

Temporal Bone

All ribs articulate posteriorly with the vertebral column at two locations:

The body and transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae

The skull is composed of two sets of bones:

The cranial bones and The facial bones

The axial skeleton is made up of three parts:

The skull The vertebral column The bony thorax

Mandible

The lower jawbone; articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints in the skull

Occipital Bone:

The most posterior bone of cranium: forms the floor and back wall. Joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly

Inferior Nasal Conchae (Turbinates)

Thin curved protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone

Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae

Thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. The conchae increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers the,, thus increasing the mucosa ability to warm and humidify incoming air. They are located behind, and are obscured by, the nasal bones

The ______ vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs

Thoracic

The bony thorax is also referred to as the:

Thoracic Cage

In these vertebrae, the body is somewhat heart shaped, with two small articulating surfaces, or costal facets, on each side (one superior, the other inferior) that articulate with the heads of the corresponding ribs. The vertebral foramen is oval or round, and the spinous process is long, with a sharp downward hook.

Thoracic Vertebrae

These vertebrae form the thoracic part of the spine and the posterior aspect of the bony thoracic cage (rib cage). They are the only vertebrae that articulate with the ribs

Thoracic Vertebrae

Superior orbital fissure

Transmits cranial nerves III, IV, and VI to the eye

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

Transverse Processes

The first seven pairs of ribs are called ______ ______ because the attach directly to the sternum by their "own" costal cartilages

True Ribs

Maxillae

Two bones fused i the median suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits. All facial bones, except the mandible, join the maxillae. Thus they are the main, or keystone bones of the face.

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Transverse Processes:

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

What are the smallest, lightest vertebrae?

Typical cervical vertebrae (C3 through C7)

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body

Vertebral Arch

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes

Vertebral Foramen

Ramus of the Mandible

Vertical extension of the body on either side

Crista Galli

Vertical projection to which dura mater (outermost membrane covering of the brain) attaches.

Blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms most of the nasal septum

Vomer

The ______ ______, at the inferior end of the sternum, lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space.

Xiphoid Process

A bridgelike projection that joins the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. Together these two bones form the:

Zygomatic Arch

Lateral to the maxillae; forms the part of the face commonly called the cheekbone and part of the lateral orbit

Zygomatic Bone

A bridgelike projection that joins the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. Together these two bones form the zygomatic arch.

Zygomatic Process

List the important markings of the temporal bone:

Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process


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