Lab Final GOL 105
The presence of tropical plants and animals hundreds of millions of years old near the North Pole suggests that
the plate on which those organisms are found has moved from a different climate zone to its current Arctic position.
What is true of map projections?
All of the possible answers are correct.
Formation of large grains in an igneous rock is aided by
all of the possible answers are correct.
Contour lines on a map connect points
of equal elevation.
The uplift of new mountains and the erosion of old ones
take place over hundreds of millions of years.
Wind erosion and deposition are more important landscape forming agents in arid regions than in humid regions because
there is no soil moisture to hold sand grains together at the ground surface.
Base lines and principal meridians are reference lines in the
township and range (Public Land Survey) system.
At what type of plate boundary is there no vertical transfer material between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?
transform fault
A poryphyritic texture indicates that an igneous rock had
two different cooling rate.
At which locations is volcanic activity abundant?
Volcanic activity is found at all of these locations.
On a map with a scale of 1:48,000, a distance of 1 mile would be represented by how many inches?
1.32
Two maps have been drafted so that each fills a sheet of 8 1/2 × 11 paper, one at a scale of 1:24,000, and the other at 1:62,500. Which of the following statements correctly describes these maps?
The map with the scale of 1:62,500 covers more area than the other.
What does a map scale of 1:24,000 describe?
a map where 1 inch corresponds to 2,000 feet on the ground
By which means does wind erode solid rock?
abrasion
A good map must contain a way to accurately determine which of the following?
all of the possible answers are correct
Groundwater is the part of the hydrosphere in which water does which of the following?
all of the possible answers are correct
By what feature(s) might submergent shorelines be characterized typically?
all of the possible answers are correct.
By what motion(s) do sediment particles move in a stream?
all of the possible answers are correct.
In a basin surrounded completely by mountains (like Death Valley), what can streams do?
all of the possible answers are correct.
Shorelines can be made of?
all of the possible answers are correct.
Which of the following show(s) the topography of a landscape?
all of the possible answers are correct.
Which of the following might clastic sedimentary rocks contain?
all of these types of clasts
Which property of a protolith may change during metamorphism?
all the possible answers are correct
Shoreline features are
among the most rapidly changing landscapes.
What type(s) of area constitutes a stream channel?
an area in which its water normally flows
Glaciers are different from other agents of erosion and landscape formation in that they
are solid.
To conserve the groundwater supply, fields and gardens should be irrigated
at night to minimize evaporation.
Most of the Earth's volcanic and earthquake activity occurs
at the edges of the lithosphere plates.
When the chemical bonds in a mineral are equal in all directions, what will the result be?
conchoidal fracture
Intrusion of granite into layers of sedimentary rock would cause
contact metamorphism.
Mineral assemblages generally become ___ the deeper in the Earth that metamorphism takes place.
denser
A talus pile is a/an___feature produced by___.
depositional; physical weathering and gravity
Small tick marks (hachures) on contour lines indicate
depressions.
Sea stacks are the result of
erosion isolating resistant bedrock remnants.
Solidified lava flows and volcanic ash deposits are examples of
extrusive igneous rocks.
Alpine (or mountain) glaciers
flow downhill through previously existing stream-carved valleys.
A cone of depression
forms locally when a user removes groundwater.
The Earth's magnetic field
generates lines of force that parallel the Earth's surface at the equator.
In the Earth System concept, minerals and rocks are found in the
geosphere.
Sinkholes typically have steep-walled sides because
gravity causes the roof of an area hollowed by solution to collapse.
The movement of water molecules as a wave passes is
in a circular path.
The basic principle in hydrofracturing (fracking) for petroleum and gas is that it
increases permeability, making it easier to extract oil and gas.
Quartz is not a good index mineral because
it is stable over a very wide range of temperatures and pressures.
Streams are able to carry clasts ranging from mud to medium-sized boulders depending on their
kinetic energy.
Which of the following rock types would make a good tombstone in an arid region but not in a humid region?
marble
Chemical weathering in arid regions is
much less effective because there is little water available.
If Earth entered another ice age and continental glaciers expanded (not likely in the current situation, but it's happened before),
sea level would drop and most stream gradients would increase.
The zero contour line is also known as
sea level.
The ground shakes during an earthquake because of which type of waves?
seismic waves
Glaciers erode the same way streams do except that
streams can erode by dissolving soluble rock, but glaciers cannot.
WHich of the following mineral properties is chemical rather than physical?
taste
The major source of energy that melts rock within the Earth, causes earthquakes, and builds mountains comes from
the Earth's internal heat
The eastern edge of the North American plate is
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge because that is where seafloor spreading is taking place.
What does the term metamorphic grade refer to?
the degree to which a metamorphic rock's protolith has changed
What are the latitude/longitude and UTM systems used to describe?
the location of points on a globe
The principle of uniformitarianism states that
the present is the key to the past
The gradient of a stream describes
the steepness of its path through the landscape.
Metamorphic index minerals help geologists determine
the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism.
Properties required for a material to be an aquitard include
very low permeability.
Streams deposit sediment when
water slows down.
The dominant cause of erosion along lake and ocean shoreline is
waves.
A mature clastic sedimentary rock is characterized by what properties?
well-rounded grains, good sorting, and minerals resistant to chemical weathering
When does groundwater deposition occur?
when water evaporate, leaving a chemical sediment
To show topography in a flat coastal area, the most appropriate contour interval would be
5 feet.
To show topography in a rugged, mountainous area, the most appropriate contour interval would be
100 feet.
You have been asked to draw a map of a part of your campus on an 8 1/2 × 11 sheet of paper. You first try a scale of 1:1,000, but the paper is not large enough. Which of the following scales might work better?
1:5,000
The presence of water
all of the possible answers are correct.
What could cause sea-level changes along a coastline?
all of the possible answers are correct.
What does the assemblage of minerals in a metamorphic rock help to determine?
all of the possible answers are correct.
The difference between sills and dikes is that
sills are parallel to layering in surrounding rocks while dikes cut across the layering.
Information on the borders of a topographic map includes all except
the types of rocks present in the map area.
The water table is lowered
during periods of drought.
Continental ice sheets
flow outward from the snow fields in which they form.
The release of oxygen by green plants during photosynthesis is an example of
flux involving the biosphere and atmosphere
The ___ of a stream are where it begins, and its ___ is where it flows into another body of water.
headwaters; mouth
During longshore drift, sand grains move
in a zigzag pattern
What causes the steep slopes of stratovolcanoes (composite cones)?
large volumes of hot tephra that weld to one another
Well-sorted sediment makes up all of the following landforms except
terminal moraines.
What most likely will happen if the water table is at the surface of the ground?
All of the possible answers are correct.
What must be true in order for an ore mineral occurrence to be economically valuable?
All of the possible answers are correct.
Which of the folowing describes the formation of chemical sedimentary rocks?
All of these describe formation of chemical sedimentary rocks.
What may happen to a contaminant if it enters the groundwater in an area?
It may become a problem for those using groundwater for their homes.
Glaciers are different from streams in that they
flow more slowly.
The farther an earthquake epicenter is from a seismic station, the
greater the delay time between arrival of P- and S-waves.
A mineral may have a high specific gravity because its atoms are either _________ or _________.
high in atomic mass; packed closely together
Every mineral has a preferred habit (crystal shape) but most mineral grains do not display that shape because
many grains interfere with one another while they are growing.
During propagation of a Rayleigh wave, particles in a rock ___ as the energy passes through the rock
move in circular paths
The eastern edge of the North American continent is not the same as the eastern boundary of the North American plate. The eastern edge of the North American continent is
the edge of the continental shelf because that is where continental crust ends and oceanic crust begins.
A travel-time chart/graph shows graphically
the velocities of the different kinds of seismic waves.
A vertical exaggeration of 1.00 x on a topographic profile means
the vertical scale of the profile is the same as the map scale.
Polymorphs (minerals like diamond and graphite that have the same chemical composition but are nevertheless different minerals) exist because
their mineral structures differ based on the different temperature and pressure conditions under which they formed.
The severity of the impact of coastal hurricanes on the shoreline depends on which of the following?
all of the possible answers are correct.
The shape of a sand dune and its position relative to the wind depends on which of the following?
all of the possible answers are correct.
Landforms in arid regions are more ___ than in humid regions because ___.
angular; soil creep is less common
(lol 69) The interaction of plates on opposite sides of a transform fault result in
dynamic metamorphism.
Grain size generally increases with metamorphic intensity except in
dynamic metamorphism.
V-shaped stream-carved valleys reshaped by mountain glaciers are typically U-shaped because glaciers
erode at all places in the valleys, not just where the stream channel had been.
The sinuosity of a stream is a measure of
how much it meanders.
Angular grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
rapid, typically short-distance transport.
A theory is
an explanation that has been tested many times and been shown to be correct in all tests.
The Himalayan mountain system formed when
an ocean that once separated India and Asia closed by subduction
Limestones are easily eroded in humid regions. In arid regions, limestones
are more resistant and can form cliffs because of the scarcity of water.
Mohs hardness scale describes the relative hardness of ten minerals, not their absolute hardness. This means that
diamond will scratch talc, but talc won't scratch diamond.
By what process is groundwater erosion accomplished?
dissolution of soluble rock types
Glacial landforms made of till that are asymmetric with their steepest sides facing toward the direction from which the ice advanced are called
drumlins
Sediment deposited by meltwater beyond the terminus of a glacier or in tunnels beneath it is called
outwash.
The longitude of a location is based on the
prime meridian.
The grain size of an igneous rock is determined by the
rate of cooling, which controls the amount of time ions have to migrate to crystal seeds.
The presence of footprints in a sedimentary rock is compatible with origin in all of the following environments except
the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
Cross bedding and ripple marks are the result of ___ during deposition.
water or wind currents
What properties are required for a mineral to be used as (a) an abrasive, (b) jewelry and (c) a source of iron?
(don't use my exact answer plz.) a) For a mineral to be used as an abrasive, they need to be coarse but safe to handle, such as sandpaper. b) For jewelry, minerals must be safe to handle, be appealing in visual qualities such as luster and color, and the cost to acquire them should be less than how much profit can be made. c) For a source of iron, there must be enough iron in an ore to deem it useful in being a source of iron.
The Public Land Survey System is used in all of the following states except
Massachusetts.
Which of the following physical properties of a mineral depends on the strength of the bonds that hold its atoms and ions together?
NOT cleavage
Most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks because
NOT the clastic and chemical cements that lithify sedimentary rocks mummify the dead animals and plants.
Which if the following physical properties will change when you break a mineral into smaller pieces?
None of these properties will change despite how small the specimen becomes.
The first seismic wave to reach the surface is usually the
P-wave.
What changes take place during physical weathering?
Rocks are broken into smaller pieces.
Magnetic anomaly "stripes" in the ocean are caused by
a combination of the Earth's current magnetic field and ancient magnetic fields at the time the oceanic rock formed.
The asthenosphere is
a layer of low rigidity that separates the rigid lithoshere from the rigid mantle
A seamount forms when
a volcano is eroded by waves and sinks as it becomes denser with time.
What is true of arid regions?
all of the possible answers are correct.
What might streams in arid regions do?
all of the possible answers are correct.
Sedimentary rocks are formed in horizontal layers called
beds
Arid landscapes tend to
change more slowly than humid landscapes
Geologists classify minerals into groups like silicates by their
chemical composition.
What is the result when chemical bonds in a mineral are stronger in some directions than in others?
cleavage
Most earthquakes are
concentrated at plate boundaries.
The latitude of a location is based on the
equator.
The base level of a stream controls
how deeply it can erode its channel.
The intensity of an earthquake is a measure of
how much damage the earthquake caused.
What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to locate an earthquake?
three
Sediment deposited directly from a retreating glacier is called
till.
By what feature(s) might emergent shorelines be characterized typically?
all of the possible answers are correct.
Biogenic sedimentary rocks are similar to ____ in that ____.
Chemical sedimentary rocks; removal of dissolved ions from water is an important process in their formation
___ occurs at ocean ridges, whereas ___ occurs at subduction zones.
Decompression melting; flux melting
What changes take place during chemical weathering?
The mineralogy of previously existing rocks changes.
By which means can waves erode solid rock?
abrasion
Spits and barrier islands are
deposited by longshore drift.
Which of these map elements is not shown on an aerial photograph?
elevations and slope steepness
Properties required for a material to be an aquifer include
high porosity and high permeability.
Earthquakes occur frequently at
ocean ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults.
Collision of two continental plates would cause
regional metamorphism.
A terminal moraine forms during a period of
stagnation.
The focus of an earthquake is
the point below Earth's surface where the energy that caused the earthquake was released.
The epicenter of an earthquake is
the point on the Earth's surface closest to where the rock broke.
Why is vertical exaggeration often used on maps and map profiles?
to make topographic features like hills and valleys more visible
Volcanic arcs form above subduction zones
wherever oceanic lithosphere is subducted.
Waves are caused by
wind.
Foliation and lineation are terms that describe
the orientation of minerals in metamorphic rocks.
Contour lines on a topographic map
are usually brown.
Isotherms on weather maps differ from contour lines on topographic maps in that they
do not show changes in elevation.
Glassy igneous rocks
have no minerals.
A direction of 315° in the azimuth system corresponds to
northwest.
Where are intermediate igneous rocks (andesite and diorite) most commonly found?
subduction zones
The principle of uniformitarianism is useful for interpreting most ancient geologic events except those that
happened early in Earth history and do not occure today.
The agents that cause metamorphism include all except which of the following?
time
Briefly describe the effect on stream erosion deposition during the Pleistocene Epoch when continental glaciers expanded and flowed across much of the northern hemisphere and then retreated.
(plz don't use this exactly as is) Stream erosion and deposition became rapid and aggressive during the Pleistocene Epoch. Continental glaciers, as seen from a prior chapter, were the highest level of water sources when moving masses. Streams eroded quicker during the Pleistocene Epoch due to the rapid expansion and retreat of the glaciers at the time. Lots of mountainous landscape and deeply carved valleys can be attributed to the era.
Why is the scientific study of our planet difficult?
All possible answers are correct
The water table seperates
a zone where all pores are saturated with water from one in which some are filled with air.
By which process(es) are V-shaped stream valleys formed?
all of the possible answers are correct.
Which of the following could be the base level of a stream?
all of the possible answers are correct.
A fine-grained texture most likely formed when a magma cooled
close to the Earth's surface.
The lithosphere is
composed of the entire crust and the uppermost mantle.
Earth's internal structure includes
concentration of the densest materials in the Earth's core.
Remnants of highlands nearly covered by a blanket of sediment are called
inselbergs.
The increase of temperature with depth within the Earth
is called the geothermal gradient.
A terminal moraine
is made of till.
Physical weathering in arid regions
is slower than in humid regions because some processes are less effective.
meridians of longitude
meet at the North and South Poles.
Streams deposit sediment when they lose kinetic energy by slowing down. Glaciers deposit sediment when they lose kinetic energy by
melting.
Well-rounded grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
numerous collisions between particles during extensive transportation.
In the tectonic cycle, new lithosphere forms at ___ and is consumed at ___.
ocean ridges; subduction zones
If the water table in an area drops below the level of stream channels,
stream levels will drop as water leaks from the streams into the ground.
Dendritic, trellis, and rectangular drainage patterns are the result of the
structure and erodibility of the rocks underlying the region.
The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of
the amount of energy released during the fault movement that produced the earthquake.
The term wave base refers to
the depth beneath waves to which water motion reaches.
In transverse sand dunes,
the gentle side faces the direction from which the wind is blowing.
Sedimentary gold deposits form when dense gold nuggets are deposited as water slows down in
the inside of meander loops.
In making scaled models to help understand Earth processes, the one factor that cannot be scaled down is
time.
During propagation of a P-wave, particles in a rock ___ as the energy passes through the rock.
vibrate parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling
During propagation of an S-wave, particles in a rock ___ as the energy passes through the rock.
vibrate perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is traveling
Liquefaction occurs during earthquakes when
vibration causes water to coat sediment grains, greatly lessening friction.
Tsunamis are the result of
volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in the oceans.
Cirques are
bowl-shaped depressions in which snowfields accumulate and create alpine glaciers.
With which landscape or feature are floodplains associated?
broad valleys with broadly meandering streams
Sedimentary rocks are unique in that they form
by processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface.
Groundwater is unique among all the erosional agents because it
carves landscapes from below the surface.
A benchmark is
a permanent marker on the ground that indicates location and elevation.
Which of the following is least likely to be associated with eruption of a shield volcano?
a pyroclastic flow (nuée ardente)
A hypothesis is
a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon or Earth material.
The absence of preferred orientation of minerals in a metamorphic rock may be due to which of the following?
all of the possible answers are correct
What does a map scale of 1:24,000 indicate?
All of the possible answers are correct.
A drainage basin is
the entire area that feeds water into a stream.
