Lab Midterm
semipermeable
a plasma membrane is ___________. (impermeable, semipermeable, freely permeable)
neuroglial cell
not able to send electrical messages
prophase
nuclear envelope breaks down
ribosome
synthesizes proteins
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes that digest worn-out organelles and substances that have entered the cell
iris diaphragm
controls the amount of light passing through the condenser
sebaceous gland
releases sebum
sebaceous gland
releases sebum, associated with a hair follicle, exocrine gland
cell
represents the basic unit of life
atom
represents the basic unit of matter
tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle
respond to light touch; located in some dermal papillae; found mainly on eyelids and fingertips
free nerve ending
responds to pain or temperature
lymphatic
returns excess tissue fluid to the blood
urinary
rids body of nitrogenous wastes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes actin and myosin
rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes and transports proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes lipids including steroids such as cholesterol; detoxifies drugs
receptor, control center, effector
the 3 components of a feedback mechanism are:
working distance
the ____________ is the distance between the specimen and the bottom of the objective lens
sperm
propelled by a flagellum
anterior
toward the front
abdominal cavity
what body cavity is the spleen in
dense irregular connective tissue
random arrangement of collagen fibers
microfilaments
(actin filaments) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane; enable cellular movements
depth of field
(depth of focus) the thickness of a specimen that is in sharp focus
100
0.1mm= ______ micrometers
ocular lenses
lenses located within the eyepieces
bone
stores minerals
golgi apparatus
receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
c
which of the following pairs of organ systems functions primarily to rgular body functions? a. cardiovascular and nervous systems b. lymphatic and endocrine systems c. endocrine and nervous systems d. urinary and endocrine systems e. integumentary and nervous systems
1.5
1500 micrometers= _____mm
stratum lucidum
2-4 transluscent layers of flat, dead keratinocytes is what layer of the epidermis (clear layer)
stratum corneum
20-30 layers of cells that are essentially flattened sacs of keratin is what layer of the epidermis (horny layer)
200
200 micrometers= ____ mm
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
3 components of a typical eukaryotic cell
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
3 shapes of epithelial cells
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
3 specific cartilage types
skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue
3 types of muscle tissue
stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of keratinocytes that undergo a drastic change in appearance as they begin to fill with keratin is what layer of the epidermis (grainy layer)
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
4 subcategories of connective tissue
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
5 layers of epidermis
5,000
5 mm= _____ micrometers
stratum spinosum
8-10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes; spiny layer is what layer of the epidermis
deep
the pituitary gland is _______ to the brain
interphase
DNA is replicated
superior
toward the head
a
a bullet that lodges in the heart would: a. be located in the ventral body cavity b. penetrate the visceral peritoneum c. be located in the vertebral cavity d. penetrate the parietal pleura e. be located laterally to a bullet that lodges in the lung
digestive
absorbs nutrients
apocrine sweat gland
activated at puberty; secretions are odorless until metabolized by bacteria; have ducts that empty into hair follicles
hypodermis
adipose (papillary layer of dermis, hypodermis, epidermis, reticular layer of dermis)
lowest
always begin the focusing process with the ___________ - power objective, and then move to the higher-power objectives as necessary.
upright, arm, base
always transport the microscope in the _____________ position with two hands-- one hand supporting the ________ and one hand holding the ___________.
inferior
toward the tail
e
another term for the wrist is the a. crural region b. femoral region c. popliteal region d. sural region e. carpal region
papillary layer of dermis
areolar tissue (papillary layer of dermis, hypodermis, epidermis, reticular layer of dermis)
decrease
as magnification increases, depth of field _____________
increase
as magnification increases, resolution __________
increase
as you move from lower magnification to higher magnification, the amount of light required ____________
decrease
as you move from lower magnification to higher magnification, the field diameter ________
increase
as you move from lower magnification to higher magnification, the resolution _______________
decrease
as you move from lower magnification to higher magnification, the working distance ___________-
left
as you move the slide to the right, which direction does it move as you look through the ocular lens?
parfocal
because you only need to use the fine adjustment knob when you switch to a different objective lens, the microscope is said to be ____________.
scanning, lowest
before putting a microscope away, remove any slide on the stage, rotate the nosepiece to the ___________ objective, and move the microscope to its ____________ position
false (lowest)
begin the focusing process with the high-power objective (true or false)
positive
blood clotting is an example of a _________ feedback mechanism
negative
body temperature regulation is an example of a ________ feedback mechanism
reticular layer, dense irregular connective tissue
bottom layer of dermis and contains what type of tissue
base
broad bottom support of microscope
arrector pili muscle
bundle of smooth muscle fibers; attaches to dermal root sheath; contracted arrector pili muscle causes goosebumps
arrector pili muscle
causes goose bumps
neuron
characterized by an extension called an axon
metaphase
chromosomes line up along the equator
aperture
circular area on stage through which light passes
medial
closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side of
proximal
closer to the point of origin
superficial
closer to the surface
trachea
commonly known as the windpipe
condenser
condenses
nervous tissue
conducts electrical impulses
tissue
consists of 2 or more cell types that work together for a common function
organ
consists of 2 or more tissue types that work together for a common function
dermal papillae
contain capillary loops; prominent on hands and feet; leaves behind sweat, a fingerpring when you touch a surface
cartilage
contains chondrocytes
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes
adipose tissue
cushions and insulates
reticular layer of dermis
dense irregular connective tissue (papillary layer of dermis, hypodermis, epidermis, reticular layer of dermis)
depth of focus, sharp focus
depth of field, also known as ________ is the thickness of a specimen that is in _________
lamellated corpuscle
detects deep pressure
tactile corpuscle
detects light touch
peroxisome
detoxifies alcohol
peroxisome
detoxifies toxic substances
0.5mm
diameter of field (mm) for high-power objective lens
2mm
diameter of field (mm) for low-power objective lens
0.2mm
diameter of field (mm) for oil-immersion objective lens
5mm
diameter of field (mm) for scanning objective lens
centrioles
directs organization of mitotic spindle during cell division
eccrine sweat gland
distributed all over the body; secrete sweat; primary function is temperature regulation
increase; when increasing the magnification it allows less light to enter, which is why you need to increase the amount of light
do you need to increase of decrease the amount of light when using a higher magnification? why?
eccrine sweat gland
excretes water, salt, and urea
transport the microscope in the upright position with 2 hands- one supporting the base and one hand holding the arm
explain the proper procedure for transporting a microscope
lateral
farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer side of
distal
farther away from the point of origin
deep
farther below the surface
red blood cell
filled with hemoglobin
hair follicle
formed by layers of epidermal tissue; surrounded by a dermal rooth sheath composed of connective tissue; regulates hair growth
free nerve ending
function as pair or temperature receptors; around base of hair follicles; and close to surface where hair emerges
insulation and cushioning
function of the hypodermis
respiratory
functions in gas exchange
skeletal
functions in hematopoesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
functions in the synthesis of steroid hormones
mitochondrion
generates ATP
muscular
generates heat
eukaryote has a nucleus
how does a eukaryotic cell differ from a prokaryotic cell?
regulate amount of light that enters
how does a microscope's diaphragm lever work like the iris of an eye?
less resolution with longer light wavelengths; clarity
how does light intensity affect resolution?
the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens
how is total magnification calculated?
c
if the field of diameter for the high-power objective is 0.5 mm and an object extends halfway across the field of view, estimate the size of the object in micrometers. a. 25 um b. 50 um c. 250 um d. 500 um e. 2500 um
b
immunity is carried out primarily by which of the following pairs of organ systems? a. respiratory and cardiovascular systems b. cardiovascular and lymphatic systems c. skeletal and cardiovascular systems d. urinary and integumentary systems e. nervous and lymphatic systems
hypothalamus of brain
in the regulation of body temperature, which component serves as the control center?
blood vessels in skin, muscles, and sweat glands
in the regulation of body temperature, which component serves as the effector?
sensory receptors in the skin
in the regulation of body temperature, which component serves as the receptor?
string (threads)
in this procedure, what objects are viewed to investigate depth of field?
cytoskeleton
includes the microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments (actin filaments)
instructor
inform the ______________ if you encounter any problems with your microscope
microfilaments
is the smallest of the cytoskeletal elements
fine adjustment knob
is used for precise focusing
epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (papillary layer of dermis, hypodermis, epidermis, reticular layer of dermis)
objective lenses
lenses of various powers of magnification
epithelial tissue
lines internal and external body surfaces; functions in secretion and absorption
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
located in the reticular layer; multilayered capsule; specialized to detect pressure and vibrations
c
melanocytes are found in which epidermal layer? a. stratum granulosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum basale d. stratum spinosum e. stratum lucidum
coarse adjustment knob
moves mechanical stage in large increments
mechanical stage controls
moves the slide on the stage
remove
never __________ any microscope parts.
10
ocular lenses typically magnify objects _____ times
centrioles
organize the mitotic spindle during cell division; are components of the centrosome
golgi apparatus
packages and modifies proteins
cardiac muscle fiber
packed with actin and myosin
dense regular connective tissue
parallel arrangement of collagen fibers
lateral
radius is __________ to the ulna
jarring
place the microscope on the lab table gently to prevent ________ of the instrument
start at lowest power and use the coarse adjustment knob
possible solution for each problem: I can't find the specimen on the slide
click the objective into place
possible solution for each problem: I see a dark crescent-shaped structure.
open the condenser
possible solution for each problem: there is not enough light to view a specimen
reproductive
produces gametes
endocrine
produces hormones
testes
produces sperm
muscle tissue
propels food through the digestive tract; pumps blood
integumentary
provides physical barrier
root hair plexus
sensory nerve ending; wraps around base of the hair bulb; when hair is bent, these nerves are stimulated
arm
serves as a handle for carrying the microscope
stratum basale
single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells is what layer of the epidermis (basale layer)
telophase
sister chromatids reach opposite poles
anaphase
sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles
false (lowest-power)
store the microscope with the oil-immersion objective in position. (true or false)
urinary bladder
stores urine
intermediate filaments
strengthen the cell and help maintain its shape; stabilize the position of organelles
microtubules
support the cell and give it shape; are components of centrioles, cilia, and flagella; form spindle apparatus during mitosis; transport organelle and structures within the cell
head
supports the objective and ocular lenses
mitochondrion
synthesizes ATP; is the "powerhouse" of the cell
homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to the changing of external or internal conditions
right iliac region
the appendix, cecum, and small intestine are located in this region
hypogastric region
the bladder, uterus, and ovaries are located in this cavity
false (deep)
the brain is inferior to the skull (true or false)
cranial cavity
the brain is located in this cavity
superior
the chest is _____________ to the abdomen
false (only with lowest-power objective)
the coarse adjustment knob can be used with any objective lens. (true or false)
left iliac region
the descending colon and sigmoid colon are located in this region
working distance
the distance between the specimen and the objective lens
cranial, vertebral
the dorsal body cavity is subdivided into the _____ cavity and the _________ cavity
cranial, vertebral
the dorsal body cavity is subdivided into the __________ cavity and the ____________ cavity.
proximal
the elbow is __________ to the wrist
lateral
the elbows are ________ to the abdomen
medial
the epigastric region is _______ to the right hypocondriac region
posterior
the esophagus is _______ to the trachea
inferior
the feet are ______ to the hands
medial
the fingers are ________ to the thumb
right lumbar region
the gall bladder, kidney, and liver are located in this cavity
posterior/dorsal
the heart is __________ to the sternum
false
the heart is lateral to the lungs. (true or false)
inferior
the hypogastric region is _______ to the umbilical region
visceral
the innermost layer of the serous membrane surrounding the lungs is called the _________ pleura
left lumbar region
the kidney, small intestine, and descending colon are located in this region
distal
the knee is ___________ to the hip
ipsilateral
the left lumbar region is _________ to the left iliac region
anterior
the liver is _______ to the gallbladder
right hypochondriac region
the liver is found in what abdominopelvic region
right hypochondriac region
the liver, kidney, and gallbladder are located in this cavity
deep
the lungs are _________ to the ribs
thoracic cavity
the lungs, bronchus, trachea, esophagus, and heart are located in this cavity
solvent, higher water, lower water, selectively permeable
the movement of a ________ (usually water) from an area of _______ concentration to an area of _______ concentration through a ___________ membrane is called osmosis
d
the objective lenses of the compound light microscope are attached to the ________ a. base b. stage c. body tube d. rotating nosepiece
parietal
the outermost layer of the serous membrane surrounding the heart is called the __________ pericardium.
inferior
the pelvis is _______ to the ribs
visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium
the portion of the bag adjacent to the heart represents the ______________, the water-filled space represents the ____________, and the outermost portion of the bag represents the ______________.
visceral pleura, pleural cavity, parietal pleura
the portion of the bag adjacent to the lung represents the __________, the water- filled space represents the ____________, and the outermost portion of the bag represents the ______________.
visceral peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum
the portion of the bag adjacent to the small intestine represents the _________, the water-filled space represents the ____________, and the outermost portion of the bag represents the _________.
false
the ribs are superficial to the skin (true or false)
right hypochondriac region
the right kidney is found in what abdominopelvic region
false
the shaft of the hair projects above the surface of the skin and is comprised of living cells. (true or false)
superficial
the skin is ________ to the skeleton
false
the skin on the forehead contains both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. (true or false)
false (ventral)
the small intestine is dorsal to the kidneys. (true or false)
inferior
the spinal cavity is _______ to the cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
the spinal cord is located in this cavity
left hypochondriac region
the spleen is found in what abdominopelvic region
a
the spleen is located in which abdominopelvic region? a. left hypochondriac b. umbilical c. hypogastric d. right hypochondriac e. epigastric
left hyponchondriac region
the spleen, kidney, and small intestine are located in this cavity
anterior/ ventral
the sternum is _________ to the vertebrae
anterior
the sternum is ____________ to the heart
epigastric region
the stomach is found in what abdominopelvic region
false
the stomach is posterior to the kidneys (true or false)
abdominopelvic cavity
the stomach, kidneys, spleen, ureter, and intestines are located in this cavity
epigastric region
the stomach, pancreas, liver, and duodenum are located in this cavity
superior
the thoracic cavity is _______ to the abdominopelvic cavity
inferior
the thymus is __________ to the thyroid gland
true
the thyroid gland is superior to the pancreas (true or false)
false (medial)
the trachea is lateral to the lungs (true or false)
umbilical region
the umbilicus, small intestine, and small portion of the kidneys are located in this cavity
hypogastric region
the urinary bladder is found in what abdominopelvic region
false (inferior)
the urinary bladder is superior to the uterus. (true or false)
thoracic, abdominopelvic
the ventral body cavity is subdivided into the ________ cavity and the _________ cavity.
thoracic, abdominopelvic
the ventral body cavity is subdivided into the __________ cavity and the _________ cavity
deep
the visceral pericardium is _______ (superficial or deep) to the parietal pericardium
true
the wrist is distal to the elbow (true or false)
dermis
these structures are located in the dermis or epidermis? collagen, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, lamellated corpuscle, and blood vessels
epidermis
these structures are located in the dermis or epidermis? melanocyte and keratinocyte
hypodermis
tissue layer than underlies the dermis
papillary layer, areolar connective tissue
top layer of dermis and contains what type of tissue
posterior
toward the back
neuron
transmit electrical signals
nervous
transmits electrical impulses
veins
transport blood to the heart
esophagus
transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
blood
transports oxygen and hormones
cardiovascular
transports oxygen to body cells
connective tissue
transports oxygen to the body tissues; stores fats and minerals
lens paper
use only special ________________ and lens-cleaning solution to clean the microscope's lenses
coarse
use the __________ adjustment knob only with the lowest-power objective
false (lens paper and lens-cleaning fluid)
use tissue paper and water to clean the ocular and objective lenses. (true or false)
blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose
what are 3 homeostatic mechanisms that occur in your body?
reduce friction between the organs and the body walls
what are the functions of the serous membranes and serous fluid?
thoracic cavity
what body cavity are the lungs in
cranial cavity
what body cavity is the brain in
thoracic cavity
what body cavity is the esophagus in
abdominal cavity
what body cavity is the liver in
vertebral column (cavity)
what body cavity is the spinal cord in
abdominal cavity
what body cavity is the stomach in
pelvic cavity
what body cavity is the urinary bladder in
depth of field increases
what happens to the depth of field as total magnification decreases?
working distance decreases
what happens to working distance as total magnification increases?
simple has 1 layer and stratified has many layers
what is the difference between simple epithelia and stratified epithelia?
diameter/ number that fit across = size of each object
what is the fruit bowl formula?
40x, 400x
what is the magnifying power of the high-power objective lens? what is the total magnification?
10x, 100x
what is the magnifying power of the low-power objective lens? what is the total magnification?
100x, 1000x
what is the magnifying power of the oil-immersion objective lens? what is the total magnification?
4x, 40x
what is the magnifying power of the scanning objective lens? what is the total magnification?
osteobalsts
what is the major cell type of a bone?
fibroblasts
what is the major cell type of a tendon?
chondrocytes
what is the major cell type of an intervertebral disc?
old diameter * (old magnification/ new magnification)= new diameter
what is the new diameter formula?
adipose connective tissue
what type of tissue is mainly found in the hypodermis
negative feedback mechanism
when a variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point. the resulting action is in the opposite direction
positive feedback mechanism
when the stimulus is reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until a climatic event occurs, then body returns to homeostasis
base, arm
when transporting a microscope, you should always use 2 hands: one hand should support the _______ and the other hand should hold on to the _________
left lumbar region
which abdominopelvic region is located directly inferior to the left hypochondriac region?
hypogastric region
which abdominopelvic region is located directly inferior to the umbilical region?
right/left hypogastric region
which abdominopelvic region is located directly lateral to the epigastric region?
right/ left iliac region
which abdominopelvic region is located directly lateral to the hypogastric region?
right lumbar region
which abdominopelvic region is located directly superior to the right iliac region?
a
which layer of the epidermis is most superficial? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. stratum granulosum d. stratus spinosum e. stratum lucidum
condenser
which microscope part concentrates light on the specimen?
rotating nosepiece
which microscope part connects the objective lenses to the head of the microscope?
objective lens
which microscope part magnifies the specimen?
iris diaphragm lever
which microscope part regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen?
a
which microscope structure concentrates light onto the specimen? a. condenser b. ocular lens c. iris diaphragm lever d. coarse adjustment knob
b
which objective lens provides the largest total magnification> a. scanning lens b. oil-immersion lens c. low-power lens d. high-power lens
a
which of the following descriptions best applies to the term medial? a. the nose relative to the ears b. the knee relative to the ankle c. the lips relative to the nose d. the ears relative to the eyes
c
which of the following descriptions best applies to the term superior? a. the sternum relative to the lungs b. the wrist relative to the elbow c. the eyebrows relative to the eyes d. the fingers relative to the palm
b
which of the following descriptions of the anatomical position is incorrect? a. arms straight b. palms facing posteriorly c. toes facing forward d. feet slightly apart
d
which of the following organ systems is correctly matched with one of its functions? a. cardiovascular system- produces blood cells b. endocrine system- acts as a fast- acting control system c. respiratory system- transports oxygen and carbon dioxide d. muscular system- generates heat e. urinary system- returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
d
which of the following organs belong to more than one organ system? a. ureter b. larynx c. esophagus d. kidney e. pituitary gland
c
which of the following organs could not be visible in a midsagittal section through the body? a. brain b. heart c. lung d. diaphragm e. pancreas
b
which of the following questions could be used to distinguish among different epithelial tissue types? a. does the tissue have an abundance of neurons? b. does the tissue have more than one layer of cells c. does the tissue contain striated cells d. does the tissue contain abundant elastic fibers
a
which of the following statements correctly describes thick skin? a. it is found in the skin of the soles and palms b. the epidermis contains four different layers or strata c. the stratum basal is the thickest stratum d. thick skin does not contain keratinocytes
b
which of the following statements regarding eccrine sweat glands is true? a. they are only found on the soles of the feet and palms of the hand b. their primary function is the regulation of body temperature c. they usually open into hair follicles d. they are found in the deepest part of the epidermis
a
which of the following statements regarding neuroglial cells is false? a. they send electrical signals to other cells by way of an axon b. they are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves c. they support neurons d. they are more numerous than neurons in nervous tissue e. more than one of these statements is false
d
which of the following terms is correctly matched to its description? a. manual- pertaining to the palm b. crural- pertaining to the calf c. acromial- pertaining to the chest d. mental- pertaining to the chin e. femoral- pertaining to the leg
b
which phrase correctly describes a stab wound that penetrates the anterior liver? a. medial to the sternum b. inferior to the rib cage c. superior to the left inguinal region d. in the right lower quadrant
coronal plane
which plane of section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
sagittal plane
which plane of section divides the body into right and left parts?
transverse plane
which plane of section divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
dense irregular connective tissue
which specific connective tissue type comprises the dermis?
loose connective tissue (areolar connective tissue)
which specific connective tissue type contains a gel-like ECM?
compact bone
which specific connective tissue type contains a mineralized ECM?
blood
which specific connective tissue type contains erythrocytes?
elastic cartilage
which specific connective tissue type forms the external ear?
hyaline cartilage
which specific connective tissue type is found in the larynx?
simple squamous epithelium
which specific epithelial tissue type forms the air sacs of the lungs?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
which specific epithelial tissue type forms the epidermis?
transitional epithelium
which specific epithelial tissue type has the ability to stretch?
simple cuboidal epithelium
which specific epithelial tissue type is found in kidney tubules?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
which specific epithelial tissue type lines the esophagus?
simple columnar epithelium
which specific epithelial tissue type lines the stomach?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
which specific epithelial tissue type lines the trachea?
skeletal muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue attaches to bones
cardiac muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue contains intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue contains myofilaments?
smooth muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue has elongated tapered cells
skeletal muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue has multinucleate cells?
cardiac muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue has short branching cells?
cardiac muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue is striated in appearance?
skeletal muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
smooth muscle tissue
which type of muscle tissue lines hollow organs?
extend the life of the battery
why is it important to allow the microscope to cool before putting it away?
2mm
working distance (mm) for high-power objective lens
8mm
working distance (mm) for low-power objective lens
less than 1mm
working distance (mm) for oil-immersion objective lens
18mm
working distance (mm) for scanning objective lens
