Lab Practical 2

The cortex of a lymph node contains spherical clusters called______, which contain primarily________.

(B) lymphatic nodules; B lymphocytes

What Happens to GFR and why?

-afferent radius increased: GFR will be increased. If decrease afferent radius then less GHP, so less GFR. Remember, GFR = GHP-CHP-COP -Efferent Radius decreased: GFR increase -Blood pressure increased: GFR increases

Morula

A 16-cell ball that reaches the uterus

Blastocyst

A hollow sphere of cells that implants into the endometrium

Zygote

A single-celled structure formed after fertilization

Urine is expelled from the body by a process called

A. Micturition

Which of the following statements is false?

A. Sex-linked disorders tend to affect females more than males.

Which of the following substances would you not expect to find in the filtrate?

A. erythrocytes

Urinalysis can tell you

A. if there is an infection in the kidney or urinary tract. B. if blood sugar is elevated. C. if a person is dehydrated. D. if a person's kidneys function normally.

The blood flow through the kidney is unique because

A. its first capillary beds drain into arterioles

Which of the following is correct?

A. the fluid and solutes in the filtrate have been removed from the blood and are located in the renal tubules

Variant forms of a gene are known as

B. alleles.

Which of the following organs is not part of the alimentary canal?

B. gallbladder

What is the purpose of tubular reabsorption?

B. to reclaim 99% of the water that was filtered C. to reclaim electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids D. both b and c are correct

The urinary bladder and ureters are lined by

B. transitional epithelium

Which of the following is not a type of nonspecific immune response?

C. Cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following is not one of the urinary system's functions?

C. Regulating production of insulin and glucagon

Which of the following substances would you expect to find in normal urine?

C. urea

Urine drains from the kidneys via the

C. ureters

Filtrate to Renal Pelvis-GO!

Capsular Space, Proximal Tubule, Nephron loop, Distal Tubule, Collecting duct, Papillary duct, Minor Calyx. 7,2,5,1,3,6,4 (J)

Telophase

Cleavage furrow forms and cytokinesis follows

Anaphase

Cytokinase - chromosomes pulled away from the center

How do dominant and recessive alleles differ?

Dominant alleles are expressed, whereas recessive alleles are only expressed when two copies of the gene are present.

True or false: The gallbladder produces and stores bile.

False

True or false: The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum

False

True or false: The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and mesentery

False

True or False; the immune system's response to an infection involves either the nonspecific response or the specific response, but not both.

False.

What happened to the level of [H+] in the urine as the level of CO2 decreased?

H+ decreased. Want to keep H+

Metaphase

Homologue chromosomes line up in middle (center plate)

Which type of breathing results in respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilating = blow off more CO2 and breathing in more O2

Which type of breathing results in respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilating to keep CO2 ; increases H+ thus decreases pH = acidosis = low pH

What was the effect of pH over time with rebreathing?

Hypoventilation, pH decreases because more CO2 holding in the lungs; hold breath pH decreases.

Foramen Ovale

It is a hole in the interracial septum that shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.

Explain how the renal system compensates for respiratory acidosis

Keep HCO3- and pee out H+

Why is the digestion and absorption of lipids more complex than the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and proteins?

Lipids have primarily non-polar covalent bonds and are, therefore, nor soluble in the water-based environment of the intestines. They, therefore require other steps to be broken down and absorbed.

Prophase

Mitotic spindle forms

Explain how the renal system compensates for respiratory alkalosis.

Pee out HCO3- and keep H+. (pee out fewer H+)

Embryo

The conceptus from 2 weeks to 8 weeks of development

Fetus

The conceptus from 9 weeks to birth

Acrosome

The end of a sperm that contains digestive enzymes

Ductus Venosusos

This is a shunt that bypasses the liver

Ductus Arteriosus

This is a vascular bridge between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that bypasses the pulmonary circuit.

True or false: The liver consists of plates of hexagonal liver lobules.

True

True or false: The small intestine features three sets of progressively smaller folds that increase surface area for absorption.

True

True or false: The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle that contract to churn food into chyme

True

Predict the effects of failure of the foramen ovale and/or the ductus arteriousus to close shortly after birth.

Would not oxygenate blood properly.

Stages of Development

Zygote → 4-Cell Stage, 2 days → Morula, 3 Days → Blastocyst, 4-6 Days → Embryo, 4 weeks → Fetus, 9 weeks

Did rebreathing resolve in acidosis or alkalosis? Why?

acidosis. absorb more H+ - linked to CO2 levels. CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-

Carb ddigestion

mouth

What was the pH recorded with hyperventilation?

pH more basic, pH increases! CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- -What acid-base imbalance occurred with hyperventilation? Respiratory alkalosis

The _______ is the physical manifestation of a trait, and the ______ is the genetic makeup of an organism.

phenotype; genotype

Lipid digestoin

small intestine

Protein digestion

stomach

The umbilical_________carries oxygenated blood to the fetus, and the_______carries deoxygenated blood away from the fetus. The__________ bypasses the fetal liver, and the_______and_____bypasses the fetal lungs.

vein; umbilical arteries; ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus; foramen ovale

Embryo in uterus

yolk sac, marernal veins, placenta, chroion, amnion, amniotic fluid (cavity)