Lab Practical 3

The pyloric sphincter regulated flow from the esophagus to the stomach

FALSE stomach to the duodenum

plyoric sphincter

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

Circumvallate papillae are located at the posterior tongue and house taste buds

TRUE

bronchioles are passages of the respiatory tract that are less than 1mm in diameter

TRUE

the paranasal sinuses filter, war, and humidify inhaled air

TRUE

what are the key differences between restrictive an obstructive disease?

a restrictive disease reduces lung distensibility, making inspiration difficult. obstructive disease increases airway resistance making expiration difficult.

salivary glands

accessory organs around the mouth that secrete saliva, which contains substances such as water, salivary amalyse, antibodies, lysozyme

the final passages of the respiratory zone, which have walls made of alveoli are called?

alveolar ducts

tidal volume

amount of air exchanged with normal quiet ventilation

residual volume

amount of air remaining in the lungs after expiration of the expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume

amounth of air forcibly inspired after tidal inspiration

the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that breaks down carbs is

amylase

nasal cavity

area within the skull framed by cartilage and bone that extends from the anterior nares to the posterior nares; filters, warms and moistens inhaled air

secondary bronchi

branches off the primary bronich that each serve one lobe of the lung

explain why lipids are absorbed into a different structure than carbs and proteins

carbs and proteins are absorbed into intestinal capillaries becuase they are small and water soluble lipids are packaged into structures called chylomicrons which are too large to be absorbed into capillaries. Absorbed into lacteals.

larynx

cartilage framed region of the respiratory tract within the neck that houses the vocal cords

pepsin

cheif cells break down proteins

bile drains from the gallbladder via _______ duct and drains from the liver via _____________ _______________ duct. these thwo ducts unite to form the _________________ __________ duct.

cystic common hepatic common bile

acinar cells

exocrine

duodenum

first part of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach

The muscle of inspiration

increase lung volume and decrease intrapulmonary pressure

primary bronchi

inital branches off the trachea that each serve one lung

inspiratory capacity nerve

maxium amount of air inspired after a tidal expiration

clusters of bile salts, digested lipids and other nonpolar substances that escort lipids to enterocytes are called

micelles

jejunum

middle part of the small intestine

alimentary canal

mouth to anus in which food is digested and absorbed

inspiration

movement of air into lungs

trypsin

pancreas break polypeptides

pancreatic lipase

pancreas break triglycerides

terminal bronchioles

passageways smaller than 0.5mm in diameter that control airflow to the structures for gas exchange

alveolar ducts

portion of the respiratory bronchiole made up exclusively of alveoli

trachea

portion of the respiratory tract in the inferior neck and mediastinum that connects the larynx with the bronchial tree

boyles law

pressure increases, volume decreases vice vera

liver

produces bile for digestion

salivary amylase

salivary glands break down starch

colon

secretion of the large intestine containing four divisions ascending, descending, transverse, colon

peritoneal cavity

secrets serous fluid

respiratory tract

series of highly branching passages that conducts air to the structures for gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles

small branches off the terminal bronchioles that have alveoli in their walls

brush border enzymes

small intestines break down disaccharides into monosaccharides

which of the following is not one of the components of the respiratory membrane?

smooth muscle fibers

gallbladder

stores biles

alveoli

terminal structures, simple squamous epithelium through which gases are exchanged with the blood

pharynx

the area located posterior to the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), the oral cavity (oropharynx) and the larynx (laryngopharynx)

what are functional differences between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

the conducting zone transports air during which time is warmed, humidified and filtered. The respiratory zone contais alveoli, through which gas exchange occurs.

pulmonary gas exchange

the diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane

tissue gas exchange

the diffusion of gases between the blood and the tissues

which of the following is not a trend we find in the respiratory tract?

the epithelium gradually increases in height as we move deeper into the respiratory tract

atmospheric pressure

the force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere

intrapulmonary pressure

the force exerted by the weight of the air within the lungs

which of the following statements about the alveoli is true?

the grapelike structure of the alveolar sacs creats a huge surface area for pulmonary gas exchange

Pulmonary gas exchange is best defined as

the movement of gases across the respiratory membrane

gas transport

the movement of gases through the blood

what happens to the pH of blood during hyperventilation?

the pH of the blood increases during hyperventilatoin becuase CO2 is "blown off". This decreased the amount of CO2 in the blood, which decreases the number of hydrogen ions released from carbonic anhydrase, which increases pH of blood.

total lung capacity

total amount of air exchangebable with pulmonary ventilation and the amount of air that reamains in the lungs after maximum expiration

vital capacity

total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation

pleural cavity

very thin potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura filled with serous fluid

functional residual capacity

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration

the trachea ia lined with O shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

FALSE C shaped cartilage

expiratory reserve volume

amount of air forcibly expired after a tidal inspiration

pancreatic islet cells

endocrine

ileum

last part of small intestine

the lungs elastic recoil is responsible for

passive expiration

Henry accidentally inhales a fragement of a carrot, and it lodges deep in his respiratory tract, in the respiratory bronchioles of his right lower lobe. A.) trace pathway from mouth to bronchiole B.) carrot caused inflammation around the alveoli in the affected area, which collapsed the alveoli. How would this affect his ability to exchange gases?

A.) mouth oropharynx laryngopharynx layrnx trachea right primary bronchus right inferior secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus bronchial tree bronchiole terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole B.) the grapelike structure of the alveoli provides a huge surface area for gas exchange. When the alveoli, collapse, surface area, decreases, giving less surface area for gas exchange.

Lourdes has been diagnosed with gallstones that are blocking her cystic duct. a.) what functional impairment will lourdes face with a blockage of the cystic duct? b.) will a blockage of the cystic duct interefere with the production of bile?

A.) biles leaves the gallbladder through the cystic duct. The gallbladder stores bile, so less bile will be released than normal. This will interfere with the digestion and absoprtion of dietary lipids. B.) The gallbladder only stores bile produced by the liver-it does not make bile. Cystic duct blockage will not hamper bile production.

The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum

FALSE ileum

The superior vocal folds are true vocal cords

FALSE inferior

The left primary bronchus is shorter, straighter and wider than the right primary bronchus

FALSE right primary bronchus left primary bronchus

bile is produced by the gallbladder

FALSE stored

The mesentery is a double fold of the parietal peritoneum

FALSE visceral peritoneum

The condition Chrons disease is a disease of the immune system that results in inflammatoin of different parts of the digestive tract. One of the most commonly affected sites is the small intestine, resulting in loss of intestinal villi. How would this affect the functions of the small intestine? Predict the symptoms of this form of Crohns disease.

Intestinal villi increase the surface area available for absorption. When the villi are destryoed in Crohns disease, fewer nutrietns and less water are absorbed, resulting in diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration and nutrient deficiencies.

The pleural cavity contains a think layer of _________ which functions to _________

Serous fluid reduce friction as the lungs change shape and size

Carbon dixoide is transported through the blood primarily as___________________ due to a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ___________________________.

bicarbonate ions carbonic anhydrase

respiration

consits of pulmonary ventiliation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transport, tissue gas exchange

pancreas

exocrine and endocrine gland

expiration

expelling of air from the lungs

lungs and lobes

lungs are organs composed of elastic connective tissue and tiny air sacs called alveoli

accessory organ

organs that assist in mechanical or chemical digestion - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver

pulmonary ventilation

physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

which of the following correclty described the relationship of pressure and volume according to boyles law?

pressure and volume are inversely proportional - volume increase, pressure decreases

gastroesophageal sphincter

ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach

The folds of the stomach are known as

rugae