LAB PRACTICAL A&P CAHPTERS 1-6

Superior/Inferior

(above/below) These terms refer to placement of a structure along the axis of the body. Superior structures, and inferior structures are always below other structures. For example, the nose is superior to the mouth, and the abdomen is inferior to the chest.

Dorsal/Ventral

(backside/belly side): These terms are used chiefly in discussing the comparative anatomy of animals, assuming the animal is standing. Dorsum is a Latin word meaning "back".

Anterior/Posterior

(front/back) In humans the most anterior structures are those that are most forward -- the face, chest, and abdomen. Posterior structures are those toward the back side of the body. For instance, the spine posterior to the heart

Superficial (external)/deep (internal)

(nearer or at the surface/further or away from the surface) these terms locate structures according to their relative closeness to the surface of the body or an organ. For example, the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles, and the lungs are deep to the ribcage. The meninges are superficial to the brain, but deep to the cranium.

Proximal/Distal

(nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment) These terms are used primarily to locate various areas of the body limbs. For example the fingers are distal to the elbow; the knee is proximal to the toes. However, these terms may also be used to indicate proximity of internal organs to their origin, such as the position of a blood vessel relative to the heart or a nerve relative to the central nervous system.

Cephalad (cranial)/caudal

(toward the head/toward the tail) In humans, these terms are used interchangeably with superior an inferior, but in four-legged animals they are synonymous with anterior and posterior; respectively

Medial/Lateral

(toward the midline/away from the midline or median plane) The sternum (breastbone) is medial to the ribs; the ear is lateral to the nose

Ventral Body Cavity

-Thoracic Cavity -Abdominal Cavity -Abdominal Cavity -Pelvic Cavity

sagittal plane

A plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts is referred to as a sagittal plane. If it divides the body into equal parts, right down the midline of the body, it is called a median, or midsagittal, plane

Transverse plane

A transverse plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. When organs are sectioned along the transverse plane, the sections are commonly called cross sections

skeletal

Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints -Body support and protection of internal organs -Provides levers for muscular action -Cavities provide a site for blood cell formation

nervous

Brain, Spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors -Allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscle glnads - Helps maintain homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of elctrical signals

Dorsal Body Cavity

Can be subdivided into 2 parts -Cranial: in which the brain is enclosed within the rigid skull -Vertebral (or spinal) cavity: within which the delicate spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column. Because the spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, these cavities are continuous with each other

Integumentary (skin)

Epidermal and dermal regions; cutaneous sense organs and glands -Pritects deeper organs from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injury, and desiccation (drying out) -Excretes salts and urea -Aids in regulation of body temperature -produces Vitamin D

cardiovascular

Heart, blood vessels, and blood -Primarily a transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made; blood is propelled through the blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart -Antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood act to protect the body

urinary

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra - Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes (urea, uric acid, and ammonia), which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by blood cells -Maintains, water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood

lymphatic/immunity

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and scattered collections of lymphoid tissues -Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood -Cleanses blood of pathogens and other debris - Houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to product the body from foreign substances (antigens)

reproductive

Male: testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, and duct system, which carries sperm to the body exterior Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina - Provides germ cells (sperm) for perpetuation of the species -provides germ cells (eggs); female uterus houses the developing fetus until birth; mammary glands provide nutrition for the infant

respiratory

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs -Keeps the blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide -Contributes to the acid-base balance of the blood via its carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer systems

digestive

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas) -Breaks down ingested foods to minute particles, which can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body cells -Undigested residue removed from the body as feces

endocrine

Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, tests, and pancreas -Helps maintain body homeostasis, promotes growth and development; produces chemical "messengers" (hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effects on various "target organs" of the body

Frontal Plane

Sometimes called a coronal plane, the frontal plane is a longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

anatomical position

The human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward

Microscope: Iris diaphragm lever

The iris diaphragm regulates contrast when viewing the specimen

parietal serosa

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

Microscope: Coarse adjustment knob

Used to focus on the specimen

tissues

a group of cells that are similar in structure and function

Organ

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function

tarsal

ankle

abdominal

anterior body trunk region inferior ro the ribs

patellar

anterior knee (kneecap) region

antecubital

anterior surface of the elbow

lumbar

area of the back between the ribs and hips; loin

vertebral

area of the spinal column

brachial

arm

axillary

armpit

dorsum

back

popliteal

back of the knee

cell

basic unit or building block of all living thins is the cell

orbital

boney eye socket

mammary

breast

gluteal

buttock

sural

calf or posterior surface of the leg

buccal

cheek

thoracic

chest

mental

chin

visceral serosa

covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity

middle ear cavity

each middle ear cavity lies just medial to an eardrum and is carved into the bony skull. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ears.

otic

ear

digital

fingers/toes

pedal

foot

antebrachial

forearm

frontal

forehead

pubic

genital region

hallux

great toe

inguinal

groin

manus

hand

cephalic

head

calcaneal

heel of foot

coxal

hip

organ system

is a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function

Thoracic cavity

is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm. The heart and lungs, located in the thoracic cavity, are afforded some measure of protection by the bony rib cage. The cavity is inferior to the diaphragm is often referred to as the abdominopelvic.

crural

leg

Microscope: substage light/ mirror

located in the base. In the Microscopes with the substage light source, the light passes directly upward through the microscope: light controls are located on the microscope base. If a mirror is used, light must be reflected from a separate free-standing lamp

Nasal Cavity

located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the passages of the respiratory system

oral

mouth

muscular

muscles attached to the skeleton - Primary function is to contract or shorten; in doing so, skeletal muscles allow locomotion (running, walking, etc.) grasping and manipulation of the environment, and facial expression -generates heat

umbilical

navel

cervical

neck region

nasal

nose

palmar

palm of the hand

pelvic

pelvis region

acromial

point of shoulder

olecranal

posterior aspect of the elbow

occipital

posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull

perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

sacral

region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)

sternal

region of the breastbone

axial

relating to head, neck, and truck, the axis of the body

appendicular

relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis

scapular

shoulder blade

fibular (peroneal)

side of leg

Microscope: condenser

small substage lens that concentrates the light on the specimen

plantar

sole of the foot

Abdominopelvic cavity

superior to the abdominal cavity

Microscope: base

supports the microscope

synovial cavity

synovial cavities are joint cavities- they are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely move able joints of the body cavity, such as those between the vertebrae and the knee and hip joints. Like the serous membranes of the ventral body cavity, membranes lining the synovial cavities secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the enclosed structures moves across one another

abdominal cavity

the area that houses the stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs, and an inferior pelvic cavity

oral cavity

the oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the tongue and teeth. It is continuous with the rest of the digestive tube, which opens to the exterior at the anus.

orbital cavity

the orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Microscope: stage

the platform the slide rests on while being viewed. The stage has a hole in it to permit light to pass through both it and the specimen. Some Microscopes have a stage equipped with spring clips; others have a clamp-type mechanical stage. Both hold the slide in position for viewing; in addition, the mechanical stage has two adjustable knobs that control precise movement of the specimen

pelvic cavity

the region that is partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.

serosa or serous membrane

the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces f the organs it contains are covered with an exceedingly thin, double-layered membrane

Serous membranes of the ventral cavity

these membranes produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the visceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the body wall with minimal friction. Serous membranes also compartmentalize the various organs so that infection of one organ is prevented from easily spreading to others

femoral

thigh

pollex

thumb

carpal

wrist