lab procedures

Preparation 2: Lactose capsules, hand filled

#00 Hand-Filled Capsules: Using techniques learned in previous laboratories, weigh out 8.4 g of lactose and 100 mg of dye. Place the powder on an ointment slab. Using two metal spatulas, blend the powder and dye using geometric dilution. Compact the powder into a block about one-third the height of a #00 capsule. Remove the caps from ten of the #00 gelatin capsules and set aside. Using your dominant hand, hold the body of one of the open capsules between your thumb, index, and middle finger. Make sure the open end of the capsule is pointing down. Repeatedly punch the open end of the capsule into the lactose powder until the body is full. Place a cap on the filled capsule and gently press down to completely lock the capsule. Use a gauze pad to polish the capsule and use your electronic balance to weigh the capsule. Record the weight in milligrams on the Quality Assessment Form (#9). Adjust your filling technique as needed by comparing the weight of the powder-filled capsule to the Theoretical Capsule Weight (#4). Repeat this procedure with the other nine #00 capsules until all the capsules are filled. The powder may need to be re-compacted into a smaller pile to allow the capsules to be filled effectively using the punch method. All powder should theoretically be used. Complete the Quality Assessment Form with these 10 filled capsules.

torsion balance leveling

*Except in the final step, lock your balance any time you are adjusting the legs. Keep the lid closed. STEP 1 Unlock the balance and observe where the red balance indicator rests. The red balance indicator will rest on the LOW side of the balance. STEP 2 Lock the balance and raise the LOW side of the balance by turning the leveling leg CLOCKWISE by 2-3 turns. STEP 3 If the red balance indicator is NOT within the division markings on the balance. Lock the balance and RAISE the low side of the balance by turning the leveling leg clockwise one or two turns, unlock the balance and observe the red balance indicator. STEP 4 If the red balance indicator is still not within the divisions on the balance lock and repeat the above step. STEP 5 Unlock the balance and observe the red indicator. If the indicator is within the division markings on the balance, leave the balance unlocked and SLOWLY RAISE (clockwise) the low side of the balance or SLOWLY LOWER (counterclockwise) the high side of the balance until the red indicator rests in the center. STEP 6 Lock the balance and have an instructor check.

drop dilution

- Put some water in a small beaker and put a drop of the emulsion on the surface of the water. If the drop mixes easily, the emulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion. Repeat for the second emulsion

quality assessment of hand filled capsules

1. Total all actual powder weights from the formula for 10 capsules 2. Determine the total weight of 10 empty capsules (Weigh 4 empty capsules separately and average their weights; multiply average by 10) 3. Calculate the theoretical capsule weight of 10 filled capsules (Add #1 and #2) 4. Calculate the actual filled capsule weight of 10 filled capsules (Weigh capsules together and record weight) 5. Calculate Percent Error; percent error shall not be more than 10% % error (#3) (#4) │ theoretical weight - actual weight │/theoretical X 100 = % error 6. Calculate the average weight of the capsules (#4 divided by 10) 7. Calculate the 10% variance (90%-110%) and the 15% variance (85%-115%) of the weighed capsules (10% variance = #7 multiplied by 0.9 and 1.1) 90% 110% (15% variance = #7 multiplied by 0.85 and 1.15)85% 115% 8. Individually weigh each filled capsule and record the weight: 9. Do any of your filled capsule weights fall outside of the ranges you found above (#7)?

measuring techniques exercise

1. Use a cylindrical graduate to measure: 20 mL of distilled water (SG = 1) 20 mL of glycerin (SG = 1.25) Pour the contents of the cylinders into separate tared weigh boats. Weigh on your electronic balance. Record the weight of the liquid on the associated chart of your lab report. 2. Repeat the exercise using a conical graduate. Repeat the exercise with only water using a beaker and syringe. 3. Determine the volume delivered to the container by dividing the weight of the liquid by the specific gravity of the liquid. Record the volume of liquid delivered on the associated chart and determine the percent error by comparing the actual volume delivered with the theoretical volume (20 mL). Complete the associated questions.

weighing techniques exercise

1. Use the techniques taught in this laboratory and the torsion balance to weigh: 2 grams of Bismuth Subnitrate 15 grams of Petrolatum Label the products on the weigh paper and set them aside 2. Use the techniques taught in this laboratory and the electronic balance to weigh: 2 grams of Bismuth Subnitrate 15 grams of Petrolatum Label the products on the weigh paper and set them aside. 3. Weigh the material that was weighed on the torsion balance on the electronic balance and weigh the material that was weighed on the electronic balance on the torsion balance. Complete the associated chart and questions. Place the chemicals back in their appropriate containers.

the sensitivity of the electronic and torsion balances in the compounding lab is

5 mg

stability test

After the emulsions are graded, put both products in the designated area for further evaluation next week.

determining least amount weighable (LAW)

Also referred to as Minimal Weighable Quantity (MWQ), Smallest Weighable Quantity (SWQ), and Least Weighable Quantity (LWQ). The accepted standard for error in pharmacy weighing and measurements is that they are to be within + or - 5% accuracy. If the sensitivity of your balance is x mg the least/smallest amount you can weigh on the balance with an accuracy of + or - 5% is determined as follows: Least Amount Weighable = Sensitivity (x)/ Accepted Error x 100%

flavoring for decongestants and expectorants

Anise, apricot, black-currant, butterscotch, cherry, coconut-custard, custard-mint strawberry, grenadine-peach, strawberry, lemon, gooseberry, loganberry, maple, orange, orange-lemon, coriander, orange-peach, pineapple, raspberry, strawberry, tangerine, root beer-lemon, tutti-frutti, chocolate-marshmallow

flavoring for antihistamines

Apricot, black currant, cherry, cinnamon, custard, grape, honey, lime, loganberry, peach-orange, peach-rum, raspberry, root beer, wild cherry

flavoring for barbiturates

Banana-pineapple, banana-vanilla, black currant, cinnamon-peppermint, grenadine-strawberry, lime, orange, peach-orange, root beer, root beer-lemon

calibration of a VWR P-Series balance

Calibration is required at installation and at regular intervals thereafter. Calibrate if the balance is moved to a new location. · Allow a 30-minute warm-up period. · Remove all items from weigh pan. · Press Tare to zero balance - if required. · Press CAL Key The appropriate calibration weight for your balance will "flash" on the display. Place calibration weight on the weigh pan. When calibration is complete the balance will display the selected calibration weight value, beep and return to the weigh mode. Calibrate on a regular basis, we recommend once a week, or more.

electrolyte solutions geriatrics

Cherry, grape, lemon-lime, raspberry, wild cherry Syrup, black currant, grenadine-strawberry, lime, port wine, sherry wine, root beer, wild strawberry, tutti-frutti, crème de menthe

flavoring for antibiotics

Cherry, maple, pineapple, orange, raspberry, banana-pineapple, banana-vanilla, butterscotch-maple, coconut-custard, strawberry, vanilla, lemon-custard, cherry custard, fruit-cinnamon, tutti-frutti, chocolate, crème de menthe, chocolate-marshmallow, tangerine

prescription 19- aseptic hand gel

DIRECTIONS: 1. . Disperse Carbopol 940 in purified water and denatured alcohol. a. Use an amount of denatured alcohol that is approximately 50% of the final volume (about 50mL of denatured alcohol). b. The use of a strainer helps ensure smaller particle size. 2. In a separate container, add trolamine and propylene glycol together and mix well. 3. Add step 2 to step 1 and mix thoroughly. 4. QS with ethyl alcohol to 100mL and mix well to form a smooth gel. 5. Add scent, if desired. 6. Put in 3oz bottle and label appropriately a. Do not forget to add auxiliary labels

preparation 15- dermal lubricant lotion

DIRECTIONS: 1. Dissolve the Methyl Paraben in 78 mL of Distilled Water with the aid of heat (85°C). Once dissolved, allow to cool down to 70°C. · Start dissolving the methyl paraben (MP) in water first. It takes a little time for it to go into solution but, if stirred, it should all dissolve by the time the solution reaches 70°C. Have the NaCl and trolamine weighed/measured and ready to place in the MP solution but don't add until just before ready to mix the two phases. 2. Melt the Petrolatum, Lanolin, Lanolin Alcohol, Stearic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, and Propyl Paraben in Mineral Oil at 65 - 70°C. DO NOT STIR WITH YOUR THERMOMETER!!! 3. Add the Trolamine and Sodium Chloride to the Methyl Paraben solution and stir to dissolve. 4. Add the aqueous solution to the organic phase. Both phases should be close to 70°C when mixed together. 5. Pour into a 4-oz ointment jar while warm and stir with a glass stirring rod constantly until the mixture congeals and reaches room temperature. You may use a cold water bath to help cool the mixture. Do not get any of the cooling water into the mixture. 6. After the lotion has cooled, you may add a color and/or scent. § Start with one drop of color/scent, mix, and add in small increments. Some are more concentrated than others. § If your lotion is too thick (personal preference), you can dilute it after it's cooled to room temperature. Add small amounts of water with stirring until you like the consistency. STABILITY: 1 Year AUXILIARY LABEL: For External Use Only

prescription 18-diphenhydramine gummy gels

DIRECTIONS: 1. Heat a water bath to almost boiling. 2. In a beaker, melt the gelatin base without stirring. 3. Triturate the aspartame, acacia, citric acid, and active ingredient together and add to the gelatin base; thoroughly mix until evenly dispersed. Stir slowly to prevent formation of air bubbles. Avoid getting powder stuck to the side of the beaker - pour into the middle of the gelatin. We are preparing a drug-free version, so we will omit the active ingredient from this step. 4. Add the flavoring and mix. 5. Remove from the heated water bath. Draw hot mixture into a large oral syringe and use syringe to fill 12 gummy molds. For accurate dosage, do NOT over or under fill the molds! This product will congeal quickly when off heat so work quickly. 6. Allow the gummies to cool until they are not tacky to touch. Remove the gummy gels and dispense in a clear plastic bag. 7. Assign BUD and label the bag as an outpatient prescription

prescription 23- acyclovir lip balm

DIRECTIONS: 1. Heat a water bath to boiling. 2. Place mineral oil, petrolatum, cocoa butter, and beeswax in a beaker. Use colored mineral oil to impart a color to the lip balm, if desired. 3. Heat in the hot water bath until melted. Take care not to get water in your preparation. Do not overheat; heat just until melted. 4. Remove from heat and add a scent. Aromatic oils are added to scent the lip balm. Strongly scent the lip balm as the scent decreases as it cools. Choose a scent before you begin the preparation and have it waiting at your desk! 5. Pour the melt into 3 lip balm applicators. · Move the base up by turning 2 complete turns before filling. · Overfill slightly to form a dome. Be careful not spill melt down the sides of the tubes. 6. Cool. Once solidified, use a hot spatula to round off the tops of the lip balm. 7. Roll down, cap and dispense in a labeled plastic bag. CLEANING: Melt the wax by heating beaker in the hot water bath. Pour melted wax onto a paper towel and throw in the trash. Wash the beaker with hot soapy water as soon as it is cool enough to handle. DO NOT POUR WAX DOWN THE SINK. STABILITY: 6 months; Store in a cool place; Keep away from heat.

preparation 4: simple syrup

DIRECTIONS: 1. Heat water to boiling in a 400-mL beaker (just to boiling). Do not evaporate too much water or your sucrose will not go into solution. 2. Weigh appropriate amount of sucrose. Use a large weigh boat. You will have to weigh in portions to keep under the 200 g limit of the electronic balance. 3. Remove from heat and add the sucrose; stir without heat until clear. Use a hot hand to move the beaker off the heat. Do NOT place the hot beaker directly on the counter or it may break. 4. Transfer to an 8-oz prescription bottle and qs to 240 mL with water. 5. Shake well. STABILITY: 1 year LABEL: Dispense in an 8-oz prescription bottle. Label as a stock solution, "Simple Syrup", Use today's date.

prescription 22- nystatin lozenges

DIRECTIONS: 1. Lightly coat the troche mold with vegetable oil spray. Be careful not to overspray onto the floor. Do not wipe the mold cavities after spraying. You may wipe down the tops and sides. 2. Place a 250 mL beaker on the balance, tare and weigh out troche base. 3. Place in a water bath (400mL beaker). 4. Heat water on medium heat and allow the troche base to melt. Do not let the water splash into your melt! 5. Add the active ingredient and flavor and stir until well mixed. For our lab we are preparing a drug-free preparation, but for a real prescription we would add active drug in this step. 6. Pour the melt into the molds. Do not allow the melt to cool below 125°C before pouring. o Level the melt with a hot spatula (heat by laying the blade of a metal spatula on your hot plate). The melt should be even with the dividers on the mold. Pour any excess melt into a paper towel and throw in trash. 7. Cool, package, and label the sleeve. CLEANING: Use hot water to wash out the remaining sugar mixture from your beaker, thermometer, and stir rod while still hot - BEFORE it solidifies! STABILITY: 2 months. Protect from light; Store in a cool place AUXILIARY LABEL:Do not swallow whole or chew

prescription 8: calamine lotion

DIRECTIONS: 1. Measure 32 mL of Bentonite Magma and dilute with an equal volume of Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution. § Shake the Bentonite Magma well before using. § CaOH is a saturated solution. Do NOT shake the CaOH solution or use the undissolved precipitant at the bottom of the container in your preparation. 2. Weigh Calamine and Zinc Oxide and triturate together in a LARGE mortar. 3. Add Glycerin and about 12 mL of diluted Bentonite Magma to the powders in the mortar; triturate until a smooth paste is formed. 4. Gradually add the rest of the diluted Bentonite Magma with trituration. (Go slowly to avoid splashing) 5. Add about 10 mL of Calcium Hydroxide Solution to the mortar to dilute to a pourable lotion. 6. Pour into a 3-oz prescription bottle and qs to 90 mL with Calcium Hydroxide Solution that has been used to rinse the mortar. 7. Shake well. STABILITY: 2 months LABEL: Dispense in a 3-oz prescription bottle. Label as an outpatient prescription with appropriate auxiliary labels.

prescription 5: chlorpheniramine in sugarless flavored solution

DIRECTIONS: 1. Mix sorbitol solution with 35 - 40 mL of the needed preserved water (from preparation 3). 2. Weigh 100 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate. 3. Dissolve the chlorpheniramine maleate in 10 mL of the preserved water. 4. Calculate the amount of the chlorpheniramine maleate solution that should be used in the prescription. 5. Add an aliquot of the chlorpheniramine maleate solution to the sorbitol / preserved water solution, mixing well. 6. Taste the unflavored, medicated solution (see below for instructions on tasting) 7. Add the flavor concentrate to this solution and mix until dispersed. 8. To test the adequacy of the flavoring, shake the bottle and touch your finger to the lid. Taste the small portion of the preparation that is on your finger and add additional flavoring, if desired. Do NOT drink the product. 9. qs to 120 mL with the preserved water. STABILITY: Assign a BUD (see algorithm on p 69 table 6.2 of Shrewsbury's text). LABEL: Dispense in a 4-ounce bottle. Label as an outpatient prescription.

prescription 12- sulfur ointment

DIRECTIONS: 1. Reduce the particle size of the camphor on a pill tile. (Use a metal spatula and apply pressure with the blade.) 2. Reduce the particle size of the menthol in the GLASS mortar. Place the menthol on the ointment slab with the camphor and mix with comminution. Record the results on your answer sheet. Don't touch the menthol to your skin. It can burn! 3. Add the sulfur powder to the mixture on the pill tile. Mix it with your spatula until a sticky paste forms. 4. Using geometric dilution, gradually mix in the white petrolatum and levigate until a uniform basic ointment is formed. 5. Package in a 1-oz ointment jar and label as an outpatient prescription. Assign an appropriate BUD. Wash your utensils and ointment slab with hot, soapy water. Avoid getting fumes into your eyes.

prescription 7: omeprazole suspension

DIRECTIONS: 1. Open and pull apart the omeprazole capsules and pour the contents into a mortar. 2. Grind beads into a fine powder. 3. Add the Sodium Bicarbonate using geometric dilution to the omeprazole powder in the mortar. 4. Mix the Ora Plus or Ora Mix via geometric dilution to the omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate mixture in the mortar. 5. Add flavor and Mix thoroughly. 6. Check the pH with a pH paper. Record your pH on your label.(on the bottom of the label) a. The pH of the above suspension should be above 8 i. To adjust pH before dispensing we would theoretically add sodium hydroxide 10% dropwise until pH was above 8 (not done in this lab) 7. Add to 2 oz. Rx bottle. 8. Bring to final volume qs to 30 ml with simple syrup. Mix well. Store in refrigerator and protect from light. LABEL: Label as an outpatient prescription with appropriate auxiliary labels. This product is stable for 14 days at room temperature or 45 days if refrigerated.

prescription 17- progesterone suppositories

DIRECTIONS: 1. Weigh 6 g of PEG 8000 and 600 mg of Progesterone. Progesterone is a hazardous substance so we have substituted a non-hazardous substance (lactose) for this preparation. 2. In a 25 mL graduate measure 21.3 mL of liquid PEG 400 OR on a weigh boat, measure 23.9 g of solid PEG 400, place in a beaker with PEG 8000 and heat until dissolved. Keep hot plate at a medium setting. It should be completely clear before you continue with the next step. Do not overheat! The temperature should be maintained below 60°C. 3. Remove from heat and sift the lactose into the melted PEG mixture. Stir constantly to provide uniform distribution of the lactose. Use a fine-mesh sieve to sift the lactose into the melted PEG mixture. 4. Place the molds in the mold holder to keep upright. Distribute the Progesterone-PEG mixture in six cavities of the plastic mold. Make sure the melt is cool enough so that it won't melt the mold but do NOT allow to congeal in the beaker. 5. Allow the mixture to cool and solidify at room temperature. Don't attempt to remove the suppositories until they are solid. 6. Trim off excess material and remove suppositories from the mold by pulling apart the plastic mold. 7. Weigh each suppository and record the results on the Product Evaluation Table 8. Label as a prescription and dispense in the provided vial. 9. Wrap the suppositories in plastic foil and dispense in the plastic vial provided. STABILITY: 30 days AUXILIARY LABEL: Refrigerate; For Vaginal Use

preparation 11- hydrophilic ointment base

DIRECTIONS: (Calculate for 60g) 1. Melt Anhydrous Ointment Base and add Polysorbate 80 while stirring. Use a 1-mL syringe to measure the polysorbate 80. Do not overheat! 2. Melt Petrolatum with Mineral Oil. Do not overheat! 3. Add melted Petrolatum to melted Anhydrous Ointment Base and stir for 1 minute. · Be careful to combine the two melts in the correct order! · Will turn slightly cloudy. 4. Pour into ointment jar while still hot and allow preparation to cool completely and solidify in a 2-oz ointment jar. Do not use a cooling bath with this product or it will become lumpy. STABILITY: 1 year AUXILIARY LABEL: For External Use Only

Wet Gum Method (English)

In the wet gum method, the proportions of oil, water, and emulsifier can be the same (4:2:1), but the order of mixing is different. The 1 part emulsifier is triturated with 2 parts water to form a wetted mixture. The 4 parts oil is added slowly, in portions, while triturating. After all the oil is added, the mixture is triturated for several minutes to form the primary emulsion. Light, rapid trituration is also required to produce an emulsion by this method. Generally, the English method is more difficult to perform successfully, especially with more viscous oils, but it may result in a more stable emulsion.

activity equation

N = N0e to the -lt Where: N = activity at time t N0 = initial activity l = decay (disintegration) constant = 0.693 / half-life t = elapsed time

mineral oil emulsion- alligation method

Perform the calculations needed to formulate a stable emulsion. Emulsifiers should comprise 5% of the final product. Therefore, calculate the amount of total emulsifier needed for 150 mL of Mineral Oil Emulsion. 0.05 x 150 mL = ____ mL total emulsifier Calculate the amount of each emulsifier needed to formulate a stable emulsion. *Remember: Specific Gravity = g/mL *HLB allegation method uses grams, you MUST convert to mL (milliliters)* step 1 --> alligation method HLB tween 80 ---> 15 HLB span 80 ---> 4.3 desired: 11 ___ parts tween (11-4.3 = ___ parts) ____ parts span (15-11 = ____ parts) ____ total parts step 2 ---> ratio/proportion tween 80 = parts of tween 80/ total parts = x/ total emulsifier in mLs x/1.08 (specific gravity of tween 80) = mL of Tween 80 span 80 = parts of span 80/ total parts = x/ total emulsifier in mLs x/0.98 (specific gravity of span 80) = ___ mL of span 80

weighing techniques using the electronic balance

Plug in the electronic balance. You should also calibrate the electronic balance each week before using. Your electronic balance will weigh up to 200 g. If you place anything weighing greater than 200 mg, an error message will display. The information on the next page will take you through the steps involved in operating and calibrating problems with your balance.

half life equation

T ½ = 0.693 / l Where: T ½ = half-life l = decay (disintegration) constant

Dry gum (continental) method

The dry gum method is used to prepare the initial or primary emulsion from oil, water, and a vegetable derived hydrocolloid or "gum" type emulsifier (usually acacia). The primary emulsion, or emulsion nucleus, is formed from 4 parts oil, 2 parts water, and 1 part emulsifier. The 4 parts oil and 1 part emulsifier represent their total amounts in the final emulsion. In a dry mortar, the 1 part emulsifier is triturated with the 4 parts oil until the powder is wetted thoroughly. Then the 2 parts water are added all at once and the mixture is vigorously and continually triturated (usually 3 to 4 minutes) until the creamy-white primary emulsion is formed and produces a crackling sound as it is triturated (Fig. 15.3). Light, rapid trituration is the most effective way to produce an emulsion by this method.

medication measuring device exercise

This exercise is designed to demonstrate the accuracy/ inaccuracy of commonly used medication measuring devices: § Tableware teaspoon § 5 mL oral syringe § Pediatric "medication administration device" A commonly prescribed dose, particularly for pediatric antibiotic products, is 'one teaspoonful". The prescriber is actually directing that a 5 mL dose be given to the child. Unfortunately, some people use whatever "teaspoon" is most available. It might be a teaspoon from the silverware drawer in the kitchen or a plastic "teaspoon" from a fast food restaurant. DIRECTIONS: Using a 10mL cylindrical graduate, measure and record the volume of liquid delivered by each device when used to measure "a teaspoonful", or 5 mL. Fill the tableware teaspoon as full as possible without spilling. Use water provided as the pseudo-medication.Assuming that the desired amount to be administered was 5 mL, determine the percent error demonstrated by each device.

mineral oil emulsion - span tween/blender method

Using the following formula and information provided in the background section prepare 150 mL of Mineral Oil Emulsion using an auxiliary method. For this preparation, we will use a hand blender. mineral oil- 50 ml RHLB = 11-12 tween 80 - qs, HLB = 15, specific gravity = 1.08 span 80 - qs, HLB = 4.3, specific gravity = 0.986 distilled (purified) water- qs ad 150 mL DIRECTIONS: 1. Calculate the amount of each emulsifier needed to formulate a stable emulsion. (from Pre-Lab, #9a, 9b on pg.2) *Emulsifiers should comprise 5% w/v of the final product* 2. Place the oil in a 300 mL beaker, add emulsifiers, and blend using a hand blender in 20-30 second pulses for about a minute before adding the water. Stream in about 30-50mL of water slowly while blending. HOLD ONTO THE BEAKER! Do not pulse the blender for longer than 20-30 seconds at a time. Blend for a total of 3-5 minutes. 3. Place the emulsion in a 6-oz prescription bottle and label Preparation 10 "Mineral Oil Emulsion - Span/Tween."

mineral oil emulsion- acacia/ trituration method

Using the following formula and information provided in the textbook prepare 60 mL of Mineral Oil Emulsion using either the wet gum method OR the dry gum method. 4:2:1 ratio for 1000 mL: mineral oil (heavy) - 375 ml acacia (in fine powder) - 125 g simple syrup- 100 mL 1% vanillin in alcohol- 3.6 mL Distilled (purified) water - qs ad 1000 mL DIRECTIONS: 1. Weigh the solid ingredients with the electronic balance. 2. Choose the wet-gum method or the dry-gum method. ***See pg. 199, Table 15.9 in Shrewsbury's text for directions*** ***Note we are using table 15.9 for oil/water/emulsifier ratios (mineral oil)***(from Pre-Lab, #8 on pg.2) 3. Add the simple syrup and vanillin to the primary emulsion, qs to 60 mL with water in a 2-oz prescription bottle and shake well. 4. Label Preparation 9 "Mineral Oil Emulsion - Acacia."

tablet splitting exercise

Weigh each of the three tablets and divide the weight of each tablet by two. Enter this weight as the correct weight for a half tablet on the answer sheet. Use a tablet splitter, metal spatula, and hands to split one of each tablet. Weigh each split half and record the weight of each half on the answer sheet. Calculate the percent error of the split halves from the correct weight of a half tablet and record this on the answer sheet. Note the difference in ease and accuracy of tablet splitting between hard and soft, scored and unscored, and big and small tablets.

authorized user training

a. 200 hours of Didactic training b. 500 hours of supervised experience i. P4 rotations or internship or combination

generators

a. 99Mo decays to 99mTc b. Wet - generator is constantly bathed in saline c. Dry - must add saline charge to system before elution

ALARA

a. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) i. Time ii. Distance iii. Shielding - lead**

nuclear pharmacy programs

a. Certificate programs: i. Nuclear Education Online (UAMS & UNM) ii. Purdue University iii. University of Tennessee b. College of Pharmacy programs: i. University of Arkansas ii. University of New Mexico iii. University of Tennessee iv. University of Oklahoma v. Purdue University

units for measuring radiation

a. Curie (mCi, mCi) i. Survey meter b. Becquerels (Bq) c. Disintegrations per second (dps) d. 1 mCi = 37 MBq

nuclear medicine cameras

a. Detect gamma rays emitted from radionuclides

what is nuclear pharmacy?

a. Diagnostic - radioactive labeling of drugs and cells b. Therapeutic - isotopes used to ablate thyroid, treat cancer bone pain, treat non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

transporting radionuclides

a. Doses wrapped in lead-lined pigs b. Shipped in lead-lined ammo cans c. Transport index - highest radioactive reading at 1 meter from any surface of package or ammo can d. Radioactive Placards i. White I : < 0.5 mR / hr ii. Yellow II : > 0.5 mR / hr and < 50 mR/ hr iii. Yellow III : > 50 mR / hr e. Shipping papers

dosimetry

a. Dosimetry - measures radiation dose to whole body & individual organs i. Annual radiation dose limits ii. Whole-body badge iii. Ring badge iv. Pocket dosimetry

challenges of nuclear pharmacy career

a. Early morning/overnight work schedule b. Staffing c. Short half-life of isotopes d. Dependence upon supply of isotopes e. Heavy boxes

advantages of nuclear pharmacy

a. More control over schedule b. Minimal weekend & holiday work c. Pre-ordered doses d. No 3rd party issues

sources of radiation

a. Natural i. Radon ii. Cosmic, terrestrial, body b. Medical i. X-rays, nuclear medicine c. Background

nuclear drugs

a. Only a handful b. "Tag" a radionuclide in liquid form to a non-radioactive drug in powder form c. Each "kit" made must undergo quality control testing prior to being used in humans d. Non-radioactive drugs used in heart stress tests i. Adenosine ii. Dobutamine iii. Dipyridamole

radionuclides

a. Substances that have same number of protons but varying number of neutrons

half life

a. Tc-99m: 6 hours b. Tl-201: 72.94 hours c. I-131: 8.02 days' d. F-18: 109.8 minutes

sweet flavor

chemical structure: Alpha-Amino Acids, Polyhydroxyl or Polyhydrogenated Compounds flavors to mask: Fruit, Berry, Vanilla

fruity flavors

chemical structure: Esters, Lactones

bitter taste

chemical structure: High Molecular Weight Salts flavors to mask: Cocoa, Chocolate, Mint, Cherry, Walnut, Licorice, Raspberry, Tutti-fruitti

salty taste

chemical structure: Presence of both Anions and Cations flavors to mask: Cinnamon, Raspberry, Orange, Maple, Butterscotch, Licorice

sour taste

chemical structure: hydrogen ions (H+) flavors to mask: Fruit, Citrus, Orange, Cherry, Raspberry

percent error

error x 100% / quantity desired or | theoretical - experimental / theoretical | x 100%

metallic tastes

flavors to mask: Esters, Lactones

topical/dermal and mucosal liquid and semisolid formulations containing water

not later than 30 days Ø In the absence of stability information referring to a specific drug and/or preparation, the above USP 795 beyond-use date guidelines will apply. Ø These recommendations apply to nonsterile preparations that are packaged in light-resistant, tight containers stored at controlled room temperature.

characteristics to consider when assigning BUD

o Nature of the drug o Degradation mechanism o Container in which it is packaged o Expected storage conditions o Intended duration of therapy

geometric dilution

technique of starting with the ingredient of the smallest amount and doubling the portion by adding the other ingredients, in order of quantity, until fully mixed place index finger on spatula, triturate in a figure 8, slowly incorporating equal amounts of powders

eutectic mixture

the mixing of compounds such as menthol and camphor lowers its melting point causing these two solids to become liquid

measuring techniques using conical and cylindrical graduates

§ Use the smallest graduate that will hold the volume to be measured. § The graduate should be held at eye level § To avoid errors of parallax, the volume should always be read at the bottom of the meniscus § The viscosity of a liquid will influence how accurately you can measure a given volume

helpful hints with weighing

· Be sure to fold a crease in the middle of all your powder papers (fold into a triangle and open it back up before you put product on it); this helps keep product from falling off paper. · Do NOT let powder papers touch the torsion balance lid when weighing. · Do NOT touch torsion balance weights with hands; use powder paper to pick up. · Do NOT discard the powders and the ointment, put back into the containers.

dye-solubility

· Put some of the emulsion in a test tube and place ½ dropperful of dye solution on the emulsion and invert. If the dye solution diffuses (mixes) with the emulsion, the emulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion. Repeat the test with the second emulsion.

calibration of an electronic balance

· Start with the balance OFF and a clear platform. · Press and hold on/zero/off button until it reads MENU. Release button. The balance should now read CAL. · Press on/zero/off button again now balance should read -C- (flashing). · Place 200g weight on balance. Press on/zero/off again. When it reads DONE, remove weight.

weighing on the VWR P-Series Balance

· Start with the balance ON. · Select the desired weighing unit by momentarily pressing Mode Off. · Place an empty container or weigh paper on the platform. · Re-zero the display (Press and hold on/zero/off for 1 sec). · Place sample on platform. · The stability indicator * appears when the reading is stable. *Note: Removing the container and material from the platform will cause the balance to display the container's weight as a negative number. The tared weight remains until on/zero/off button is pressed again, or the balance is turned off. *Electronic balances will weigh up to 200 grams INCLUDING the tared container. Be sure that your substance + container weigh less than 200 g or an error message will display.

weighing on an electronic balance

· Start with the balance ON. · Place an empty container or weigh paper on the platform. · Re-zero the display (Press and hold on/zero/off for 1 sec). · Place sample on platform.

filter paper test

·Put a drop of the emulsion on a piece of filter paper. If the drop spreads rapidly, it is an oil-in-water emulsion. Repeat for the second emulsion.

BUD for oral formulations containing water

Ø Not later than 14 days when stored at controlled cold temperatures

BUD for non-aqueous formulations

Ø Not later than the time remaining until earliest expiration date of any active product ingredient or 6 months; whichever is earlier