LAI final
Which of the following is TRUE of nutrition and physical growth? a. Nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid. b. In a two-month-old, almost 80% of the body's energy is devoted to growth. c. Young babies need fewer calories per pound of body weight than do adults. d. Nutrition is not related to physical growth.
A
Which of the following is an instrumental trait? a. independence c. kindness b. emotionality d. awareness of others' feelings
A
Maleah and Mara are sitting at a table playing with play dough. They are each playing alone, but occasionally look to see what the other is doing. Maleah and Mara are engaged in a. parallel play. c. cooperative play. b. associative play. d. make-believe play.
A
Neurons a. are produced in their final positions. b. migrate to their final positions in stages. c. migrate to their final positions in the brain after birth. d. are produced throughout life.
B
According to research, which of the following best describes self-control? a. stable over time c. few individual differences b. variable from task to task d. little long-term consistency
A
According to social cognitive theorists, children learn gender roles a. through observation. b. by understanding gender constancy. c. by paying more attention to gender-appropriate experiences and events. d. through prenatal exposure to sex hormones.
A
An individual's self-esteem a. becomes more differentiated with age. b. tends to be at similar levels across different domains. c. is usually highest during the junior high school years. d. is not affected by how others view them.
A
Authoritarian parents exhibit __________ control and __________ warmth. a. high; low c. high; high b. low; high d. low; low
A
Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, an overt behavior, and a. a physiological change. c. a cultural-specific expression. b. an evaluative component. d. an advanced cognitive component.
A
Four-year-old Jasmine is asked to remember objects on a tray that she is shown for one minute. During the minute she is shown the objects, Jasmine looks at and touches each object. Jasmine is a. using a memory strategy. c. monitoring. b. using a script. d. testing an alternate hypothesis.
A
Infants who are younger than 6 months of age a. do not need to experience speech sounds in their environment to be able to discriminate them. b. must experience speech sounds in their environment to be able to discriminate them. c. can discriminate only the sounds found in their native language. d. cannot discriminate any speech sounds which explains why they cannot talk.
A
Melody has eaten at fast food restaurants many times. She remembers that first you wait in line, then you order your food, pay for it, carry it to a table, eat, and finally, throw away your trash. Melody's knowledge about the events that typically occur when eating at a fast food restaurant is best described as a. a script. c. rehearsal. b. monitoring. d. working memory.
A
Michelle and Deana are arguing about the relative benefits of breastfeeding and bottle feeding. Which of their arguments is most valid? a. Michelle's claim that breastfed babies are ill less often because breast milk has the mother's antibodies in it. b. Deana's assertion that bottlefed babies are less likely to have diarrhea and constipation. c. Michelle's argument that breastfed babies' psychological development is enhanced. d. Deana's belief that bottlefed babies make the transition to solid foods more easily.
A
Miranda has one X chromosome and no Y chromosome. Miranda has a. Turner syndrome. c. Klinefelter's syndrome. b. Down syndrome. d. fetal alcohol syndrome
A
Obesity may be caused by a. one's heredity potentially contributing to causing people to overeat, be sedentary, or be less able to convert fat to fuel. b. television advertising that emphasizes the cultural ideal of thinness. c. parents who emphasize internal signals, rather than external signals to control eating. d. one's heredity determining a high-activity level.
A
Older adolescents are more likely than younger ones to have achieved an ethnic identity because. a. they are more likely to have had opportunities to explore their cultural heritage. b. they have parents who encourage them to cling to the "old ways," rather than embracing the new culture. c. they strongly identify with American culture. d. they have lower self-esteem.
A
One of the best ways to combat Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is to a. put the baby to sleep on his or her back. b. put the baby to sleep on his or her stomach. c. put the baby to sleep on his or her side. d. sleeping position does not matter — any position is okay as long as the baby is in a crib.
A
Private speech a. eventually becomes inner speech. b. involves talking aloud to others. c. is more likely to occur while performing easy tasks than difficult tasks. d. occurs before children's behavior is regulated by speech from other people.
A
Research on the impact of divorce on children suggests that a. children whose parents divorce fare more poorly than children from intact homes in school achievement and adjustment. b. girls are more likely than boys to have harmful effects. c. divorce is most harmful when it occurs during children's preschool years. d. children who are temperamentally emotional are impacted less by divorce.
A
The finding that tall parents tend to have taller children, whereas short parents tend to have short children suggests that __________ influences height. a. heredity c. a hormone b. the environment d. nutrition
A
The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that a. experience molds each person into a unique individual. b. children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold. c. heredity plays a major role in an individual's development. d. infants cannot think because their minds are blank.
A
The least invasive method of prenatal diagnosis is a. ultrasound. c. chorionic villus sampling. b. amniocentesis. d. fetal medicine.
A
When Gavin and his father solve puzzles together, they share an understanding of the goals of the activity and their roles in solving the puzzles. This illustrates the concept of a. intersubjectivity. c. zone of proximal development. b. deductive reasoning. d. guided participation.
A
When children watch shows that emphasize prosocial behavior, such as "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", they are a. more likely to behave prosocially. b. less likely to behave prosocially. c. not likely to change their behavior. d. likely to increase their prosocial behavior only if they are girls.
A
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding face-recognition skill? A.Most adults recognize faces from other races better than faces from their own race. B.Research has shown that experience leads infants to a more precise configuration of faces, one that includes human faces, but not monkey faces.C. By 9 months of age, the facial template is modified to reflect the kinds of faces that infants see frequently. D.Most adults recognize faces from their own race better than faces from other races.
A
Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory perception? a. Infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech. b. Infants can hear high-pitched sounds the best. c. Infants cannot use sound to locate an object. d. Infants cannot discriminate vowel and consonant sounds.
A
Which of the following is a CORRECT statement concerning the rules children use to learn new words? a. If an unfamiliar word is heard in the presence of objects that already have names and objects that do not, the word refers to one of the objects that does not have a name. b. A name refers to a part of an object, not the whole object. c. A name refers to one particular object not to all objects of the same type. d. If an object already has a name and another name is presented, the new name is incorrect.
A
Which of the following statements concerning Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is TRUE? a. The stages occur in an invariant sequence. b. Higher levels of moral reasoning are sometimes found among individuals of all ages. c. Most adults' moral reasoning is at the postconventional level. d. The level of moral reasoning is unrelated to the level of cognitive development.
A
___________ refers to the ability to perceive relations among stimuli whereas ___________ comprises a person's culturally influenced accumulated knowledge and skills. A. Fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence B. Crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence C. Interpersonal intelligence; intrapersonal intelligence D. Spatial intelligence; existential intelligence
A
According to Piaget a. children will not be curious unless parents provide a stimulating environment. b. children create theories about how the world works. c. children are capable of abstract thought from the time they are born. d. children's thinking is very similar to adult's thinking.
B
Both of Sharif's parents wear glasses to correct nearsighted vision and they're wondering whether Sharif needs glasses. Sharif's parents are concerned about Sharif's a. depth perception. c. retinal disparity. b. visual acuity. d. cones.
B
Children a. have little knowledge of gender stereotypes when they enter elementary school. b. are more likely to ignore stereotypes when judging others as they grow older. c. do not have adult-like knowledge of gender stereotypes until they are teenagers. d. consider gender stereotypes to be more binding than moral rules or social conventions.
B
Children forge a ____________________, which is their perception of the self as either male or female. A. gender stereotype c. gender label B.gender identity d. social role
B
Children who are most likely to resist temptation a. frequently look at the tempting object. b. remind themselves of rules against touching the tempting object. c. do not try to divert attention from the object of temptation. d. do not have a concrete way of handling the temptation.
B
Deliberately seeking environments that compliment one's heredity is called a. reaction range. c. non shared environmental influences. b. niche-picking. d. polygenic inheritance.
B
Dr. Richards wants to measure the intelligence of 6-month-old Olaf. Which intelligence test would be most appropriate to use? a. the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV b. the Bayley Scales c. the Stanford-Binet d. there is no appropriate test for infants
B
During Piaget's __________ stage, individuals become capable of abstract, hypothetical thought and deductive reasoning. a. concrete operational c. preoperational b. formal operational d. sensorimotor
B
During the elementary school years, children a. become less likely to modify their behavior according to other people's emotions. b. begin to realize that people can have "mixed feelings." c. become less able to recognize other people's emotions. d. show little change in understanding the emotions of others.
B
During the period of the embryo, most of the organs are in place, in some form. One notable exception is the a. heart. c. lungs. b. sex organs. d. brain.
B
During the preschool years, cooperative play often takes on the form of ___________ play. A. parallel c. solitary B.make-believe d. controversial
B
Events set in motion when a teenage girl gives birth that make it harder for her to provide an environment that's positive for her child's development are known as a. social selections. c. sociocultural theories. b. social influences. d. sociocultural events.
B
Holly has normal intelligence, but is having much difficulty learning to read. She does not have any vision or hearing problems that might explain her difficulty. Holly has characteristics of a. an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. c. giftedness. b. a learning disability. d. an intellectual disability.
B
In many Latin American and Asian countries, __________ is stressed more than __________. a. individualism; collaboration c. control; warmth b. cooperation; individualism d. cooperation; warmth
B
Information-processing theorists believe that developmental change occurs a. as a result of equilibration. b. in several different forms, rather than by a single mechanism. c. when mental structures are massively reorganized. d. in a social context.
B
Many 4-year-olds believe that a. inanimate objects move by themselves. b. only living things have offspring. c. inanimate objects can grow. d. the internal parts of animate and inanimate objects are the same
B
Most 4-month-olds a. do not have the muscles necessary to keep their balance. b. use cues from the inner ears to maintain balance. c. use only visual cues to maintain balance. d. cannot maintain balance if they are blindfolded.
B
Most theorists view families from a contextual perspective that views a. parents' actions as all that matter for children's development. b. the family as a system of interacting elements, with parents and children influencing each other. c. biological factors as the pivotal elements influencing development. d. social systems outside the family as having little impact on development.
B
Mothers and fathers who attend childbirth classes a. are more likely to use drugs to cope with the pain of labor than those who do not attend classes. b. feel more positive about labor and delivery than those who do not attend classes. c. are less likely to use deep breathing techniques during labor than those who do not attend classes. d. are less likely to understand what is happening during labor and delivery than those who do not attend classes.
B
Preschoolers a. are incapable of altruistic behavior. b. show limited altruistic behavior because they don't always know what they can do to help others. c. show limited altruistic behavior because even though they usually know what they could do to help, they do not usually want to help other people. d. typically show adult-like levels of altruistic behavior.
B
Six-month-old Seiko is growing up in a home where Japanese is the only language spoken. Is she likely to be able to discriminate speech sounds that are used in English but are not used in Japanese? a. She is not likely to ever be able to discriminate them. b. She is likely to be able to discriminate them now, but will probably lose that ability when she gets older. c. She is not likely to be able to discriminate them at this age, but should be able to when she gets older. d. She is likely to be able to discriminate them throughout her life.
B
Skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately is known as a. metacognitive knowledge. c. metamemory. b. cognitive self-regulation. d. automatic processing.
B
Some research has provided support for the notion that there is a general factor of intelligence, but other investigations have suggested that intelligence consists of distinct abilities. These discrepant results were first resolved by proposing a. information processing approaches. c. Piaget's theory of cognitive development. b. hierarchical theories of intelligence. d. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
B
The branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits is known as a. polygenic inheritance. c. applied developmental science. b. behavioral genetics. d. dominant-recessive inheritance.
B
The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called __________ while the 23rd pair is known as __________. a. sex chromosomes; autosomes c. eggs; sperm b. autosomes; sex chromosomes d. sperm; eggs
B
The first distinct displays of anger typically occur a. at birth. c. between 12 and 18 months of age. b. between 4 and 6 months of age. d. during the preschool years.
B
The foundation or first step of developing a self-concept occurs when children a. begin to wonder who they are. b. become aware that they exist independently of other people and objects in the environment. c. mention emotions when describing themselves. d. begin to describe themselves in relation to their peers.
B
When 1-year-old Hayley's mother left her in an unfamiliar room, Hayley cried. When her mother returned, Hayley wanted to be held for a minute, but then wanted to get down and play. Hayley appears to have a(n) __________ attachment to her mother. a. avoidant c. disorganized (disoriented) b. secure d. resistant
B
Which of the following adolescents is MOST likely to achieve identity? a. Boris, whose is discouraged by his parents from experimenting personally. b. Ashley, whose parents encourage discussion and recognize her autonomy. c. Elizabeth, whose parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation. d. Nicolas, whose parents pressure him to follow their suggestions.
B
Which of the following is true of naturalistic observations? a. Researchers usually record all of a child's behaviors. b. Because children are being observed in their natural settings, the behavior of interest is less likely to be disturbed. c. This method is useful for studying phenomena that occur rarely. d. This method is useful for studying behaviors that occur in private settings.
B
Which of the following statements about parent-child relations during adolescence is true? a. Parent-adolescent relations can be accurately summed up as being full of storm-and-stress. b. Parent-adolescent relationships become more egalitarian throughout adolescence. c. Parents and adolescents continue to spend the same amount of time together as they did when the adolescent was a child. d. Adolescents show their parents more affection than they did as children.
B
__________ are organs that are directly involved in reproduction. a. Secondary sex characteristics c. Puberty b. Primary sex characteristics d. Menarche
B
According to Piaget's theory of moral development, 5- to 7-year-old children are in a stage called __________, in which they believe that rules are created by wise adults, and, therefore, must be followed and cannot be changed. a. moral relativism c. the preconventional level b. moral realism d. the conventional level
B? and D?
A group of teachers is discussing how children read. Which of them made a TRUE statement? a. Hester, who said beginning readers sound words out, but advanced readers always retrieve words from memory. b. Fran, who said advanced readers sound words out and only beginning readers use memory retrieval. c. Carolyn, who said that as readers become more skilled, they sound out fewer words and retrieve more words from memory, but will still sound out unfamiliar words. d. Mary, who said sounding out words is quicker than retrieving words from memory.
C
According to __________ theory, children first decide if an object, activity, or behavior is male or female, then use this information to decide whether they should learn more about the object, activity, or behavior. a. gender-stereotype c. gender-schema b. gender-labeling d. gender-constancy
C
According to the Early Child Care study, children whose mothers work outside the home a. are more likely to develop insecure attachments than those children whose mothers stay at home with them. b. are more likely to develop insecure attachments when they spend many hours in day care. c. are likely to develop insecure attachments when their mothers showed less sensitive mothering combined with low quality or large amounts of day care. d. are more likely to develop insecure attachments when parents changed child-care arrangements frequently
C
Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by a. an inability to understand that others have different perspectives of the world. b. an indifference about what other people think about them. c. a belief that they are the focus of others' thinking. d. having attained identity achievement.
C
All of the following are factors that contribute to young children's failure to use prior planning to solve problems EXCEPT a. young children may believe that they don't need an explicit plan to solve a problem. b. planning is hard work that young children may not be willing to invest in. c. planning requires encoding processes, which young children don't possess. d. young children may expect parents and adults to solve complex problems for them.
C
All of the following are steps women can take toward having a healthy baby EXCEPT a. exercising throughout pregnancy. b. getting enough rest, especially during the last two months of pregnancy. c. doubling their caloric intake because they are eating for two. d. visiting the doctor for regular prenatal checkups.
C
At about four days after conception, the zygote consists of about 100 cells resembling a hollow ball known as a(n) a. egg. b. germ disc. c. blastocyst. d. amnion.
C
Bobby (male) and Brandy (female) are __________ twins. a. identical b. monozygotic c. dizygotic d. either monozygotic or dizygotic (it is impossible to tell without more information)
C
Deborah has an average IQ, but is an exceptionally talented dancer. Deborah would be considered to be exceptionally intelligent according to a. a psychometrician. c. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. b. Carroll's hierarchical theory of intelligence. d. Binet.
C
For the traits in which gender differences were reported in your text, a. either all boys were higher than all girls on the trait or all girls were higher than all boys on the trait. b. average differences between boys and girls were quite large, but the differences at the extremes of the distributions were insignificant. c. there was substantial overlap between girls' and boys' abilities. d. the average score for boys was the same as the average score for girls.
C
Hans' mother told him that it is wrong to lie, so Hans thinks people shouldn't lie because then they won't get punished. Hans is in Kohlberg's stage called a. interpersonal norms. c. obedience orientation. b. instrumental orientation. d. social contract orientation.
C
Hierarchical theories of intelligence a. include only general factors of intelligence. b. include only specific factors of intelligence. c. include both general and specific factors of intelligence. d. are based on research and theories of cognitive development.
C
If the allele for Type O blood is recessive, and the alleles for Type A and B blood are dominant, which of the following individuals would have Type O blood? a. a person with an AO genotype c. a person with an OO genotype b. a person with a BO genotype d. all of these
C
In the first month, infants may smile a. while asleep. b. when asleep and when softly touched — serving as social smiles. c. while asleep and when softly touched — reflexive responses to bodily states. d. when they see another person.
C
Knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes is referred to as a. cognitive self-regulation. c. metacognitive knowledge. b. memory strategies. d. metamemory.
C
Maccoby and Jacklin reported that gender differences exist in all of the following areas EXCEPT a. visual-spatial ability. c. self-esteem. b. aggression. d. verbal ability.
C
Michael, 15, was just dumped by his girlfriend, Lisa. Michael's dad told him that he knows how he feels, but that in time he will feel better. Michael is convinced that his dad does not know how it feels to be dumped by a girlfriend and that his dad does not know what he is talking about. Which of the following terms best describes Michael's beliefs? a. adolescent egocentrism c. personal fable b. imaginary audience d. illusion of invulnerability
C
Nellie has noticed that her 3-month-old cannot coordinate the motions of his hands. When should she expect him to be able to do this? a. He should have been able to coordinate his hands at birth. b. He should be learning how to coordinate his hands right now — at about 3 months. c. He should be able to coordinate his hands at about 5 months. d. He won't be able to coordinate his hands until he is about 1year.
C
Newborns' sense of smell a. is so poor that they cannot identify their mothers using the sense of smell. b. is very different from that of adults. Newborns will turn away from odors that adults find pleasant (e.g., honey or chocolate). c. is well-developed at birth. d. is poorly developed because they do not turn away from unpleasant smells (e.g., rotten eggs).
C
One of the problems with determining the impact of stress on human pregnancy is that a. studies are correlational, so cause and effect cannot be determined. b. most pregnant women do not experience stress, so it is hard to study. c. stress is not confounded with other variables, like smoking and drinking. d. stress in animals manifests itself in the same way as stress in humans.
C
Piaget's primary approach to investigating the origins of knowledge involved a. debate. c. experiments with children. b. introspection. d. discussion with other scientists.
C
Research by Chi with child chess experts and adult chess novices has shown that a. knowledge within a particular area does not influence memory performance. b. adults' memories are better than children's even when children have expert knowledge in a particular area. c. knowledge in a particular area organizes and gives meaning to new information. d. child chess experts could not remember more chess pieces than adult chess novices.
C
Self-awareness is usually well-established by the age of a. 6 months. c. 2 years. b. 1 year. d. 3 years.
C
Temperament from infancy to childhood is a. completely unrelated. c. somewhat stable. b. very unstable. d. very stable.
C
The beginnings of self-control occur when children a. internalize some of the external controls placed on them. b. become capable of self-regulation. c. realize that other people impose demands on them and expect them to react accordingly. d. can delay gratification
C
The election of new school board members brought about a radical change of philosophy in Hannah's school system, which changed her teacher's behavior in the classroom. The indirect influence of the composition of the school board on Hannah in her school environment is an example of a(n) a. mesosystem. c. exosystem. b. microsystem. d. macrosystem.
C
The environmental forces that make siblings different from each other are called a. reaction range. c. non shared environmental influences. b. niche-picking. d. polygenic inheritance.
C
The most common autosomal disorder (caused by an abnormal number of autosomes) is a. Klinefelter's syndrome. c. Down syndrome. b. Turner's syndrome. d. Tay-Sach's disease.
C
The rate of physical growth is slowest during which period of life? a. prenatal development c. preschool and elementary school years b. the first year of life d. early adolescence
C
When 1-year-old Kim was shown a new toy, she looked at her mother who appeared to be afraid of the toy. Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy. Kim used __________ to regulate her own behavior. a. an internal working model c. social referencing b. systematic desensitization d. stranger anxiety
C
When writing, young children are more likely to use __________ strategies whereas adolescents more often use __________ strategies. a. phonological; propositional c. knowledge-telling; knowledge-transforming b. prepositional; phonological d. knowledge-transforming; knowledge-telling
C
Which of the following best explains gender differences in spatial ability? a. The brain is less specialized in males than in females because boys mature more slowly than girls. b. Spatial skills may represent an evolutionary adaptation for females. c Boys are more likely than girls to participate in activities, such as assembling models or playing video games, that enhance spatial skills. d. Gender stereotypes give girls more confidence in their spatial ability.
C
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding brain specialization? Different brain systems specialize at different rates. The immature brain's lack of specialization confers a benefit: greater plasticity Successful specialization requires stimulation from the environment Specialization occurs late in development.
C
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding aggression and children? A.Frequent exposure to media violence makes children more aggressive. B. Aggressive children are often uninterested in school and their grades often reflect this disinterest. C.Aggressive behavior is more common among children living in economically advantaged areas than among children living in poverty. D.Aggressive children often befriend other aggressive children.
C
Which of the following would be considered dynamic testing? a. Administering a group intelligence test to class of third grade students. b. Individually administering the WISC-IV to a child. c. Introducing the Spanish language to children who speak only English and assessing how quickly they are able to learn Spanish. d. Assessing children's current physical fitness level on a variety of fitness tasks.
C
Who is LEAST likely to develop a secure attachment relationship? a. Amber, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a rigid personality. b. Baylee, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a flexible personality. c. Carlie, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a rigid personality. d. Donnelle, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a flexible personality
C
__________ refers to a teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner's needs. a. The zone of proximal development c. Scaffolding b. Private speech d. Hypothetical reasoning
C
A "bright" 8-year-old might have a mental age of a. 4. c. 8. b. 6. d. 10.
D
A child's ability to make connections between new words and referents so rapidly that he or she cannot be considering all possible meanings for the new word is referred to as a. overregularization. c. overextension. b. underextension. d. fast mapping.
D
Adolescents who have achieved a strong ethnic identity a. have lower self-esteem. b. find interactions with family and friends less satisfying. c. do poorly in school. d. have parents who encouraged them to explore alternative identities
D
An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories? a. psychosocial b. psychodynamic. c. maturational d. ethological
D
Androgens have been found to be related to gender differences in a. emotional sensitivity. c. verbal ability. b. social influence. d. aggression.
D
Asian infants tend to be __________ than European American infants. a. less sociable c. more distractible b. more active d. less emotional
D
Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented, but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar. This phenomenon is called a. discrimination. c. an orienting response. b. interposition. d. habituation.
D
Bilingual children a. have lower IQ scores than monolingual children. b. do not understand the fine points of grammar as well as monolingual children. c. are at a linguistic disadvantage when they begin elementary school. d. are more likely than monolingual children to understand that words are simply arbitrary symbols.
D
Each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions is a(n) __________. a. egg b. sperm c. chromosome d. gene
D
Early maturing girls a. are more popular with peers than other girls. b. are more self-confident than other girls. c. are more poised and socially competent than other girls. d. have more negative feelings about their physical development than other girls.
D
Four-month-old Justin is likely to have a. a sense of size constancy, but not of shape constancy. b. a sense of color and shape constancy, but not of size constancy. c. no sense of size, shape, or color constancy. d. a sense of size, shape, and color constancy.
D
Gardner's theory of intelligence a. ignores the developmental history of distinct intelligences. b. presents a narrow view of intelligence. c. emphasizes general intelligence. d. has important implications for education.
D
Hannah uses the word cat to refer only to her cat, not to other cats. Hannah's mistake is an example of a. fast mapping. c. overextension. b. overregularization. d. underextension.
D
If you ask Eva, a preschooler, to describe herself she is most likely to say a. "I am on the soccer team." c. "I'm the fastest runner in my preschool class." b. "I'm usually happy." d. "I have blond hair."
D
In the treatment of ADHD a. medication is of little benefit. b. depressants are the most helpful type of medication. c. psychosocial treatments are not effective. d. medication with psychosocial treatment is the most effective.
D
Infantile amnesia a. means that adults can remember many events that occurred in their lives before the age of 3 years. b. means that infants are not able to form memories. c. may be related to the young child's well-developed sense of self. d. may be related to an individual's changing language ability.
D
Jenny just had her first baby and is wondering when he will begin producing different kinds of sounds. Which of the following should she expect him to produce first? a. babbling c. first word b. intonation d. cooing
D
Retrieving answers to math problems from memory is more likely a. if children are not confident that the retrieved answer is correct. b. in younger children than older children. c. when there is a weaker link between the addends and the sum. d. with smaller addends than with larger addends.
D
The fact that behavioral consequences of genetic instruction depend on the environment in which those instructions develop is best illustrated by the concept of a. reaction range. c. non shared environmental influences. b. niche-picking. d. polygenic inheritance.
D
The final and longest stage of prenatal development is the period of the a. zygote. c. embryo. b. blastocyst. d. fetus.
D
The idea that a general factor for intelligence, or g, is responsible for performance on all mental tests was introduced by a. Gardner. c. Carroll. b. Thurstone. d. Spearman.
D
The naming explosion typically occurs at 18 months, but the timing of this event varies widely for individual children. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding individual differences in word learning? Twin studies find that vocabulary size is more similar in identical twins than in fraternal twins indicating a role for genetics. Children have larger vocabularies when they are exposed to high-quality language. Children who have difficulty remembering speech sounds accurately find word learning particularly challenging. D. Children learn fewer words when their parents' speech is rich in different words and is grammatically sophisticated.
D
Traits associated with male stereotypes are called __________ whereas traits associated with female stereotypes are referred to as __________. a. hormonal; androgynous c. expressive; instrumental b. androgynous; hormonal d. instrumental; expressive
D
Which of the following aspects of Piaget's theory of moral development has NOT been supported by research? a. the idea that moral reasoning progresses through a sequence of stages b. the idea that moral reasoning is related to cognitive development c. the idea that moral reasoning is influenced by interactions with peers d. the idea that young children consider adult authority to be final and absolute
D
Which of the following children is LEAST likely to engage in prosocial behavior? a. Antoine, whose parents volunteer weekly at the local nursing home B.Bianca, who has warn, supportive parents who frequently engage in emotional discussions with her C. Clemson, who helps his grandmother with her laundry D. Devinia, who is discouraged by her parents from volunteering at the YMCA
D
Which of the following environmental teratogens is associated with increased risk of leukemia? a. lead b. mercury c. PCBs d. X-rays
D
Which of the following is a symptom of ADHD? a. staying on task c. doing well in school b. being reflective d. being unusually energetic
D
Which of the following is an example of a phoneme? a. "bababababa" c. "Me go." b. the "ing" in "playing" d. the "d" sound in "dog"
D
Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The body's muscle fibers appear after birth. b. Very little fat accumulates after birth. c. Cartilage begins to turn to bone after birth. d. Toddlers and young children have disproportionately large heads.
D
Working memory a. holds visual images for a few seconds. b. is a limitless, permanent storehouse of knowledge. c. is like a computer's hard drive. d. is the site of ongoing cognitive activity.
D
when using __________, adults speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness. a. a referential style c. infant-directed speech b. an expressive style d. adult-directed speech
D
An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a a. theory. b. critical period. c. tabula rasa. d. case history.
a
Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of a. Jean Jacques Rousseau. b. Erik Erikson c. John Locke. d. John Watson.
a
Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory a. emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development. b. suggests that learning is the key to understanding development. c. suggests that behavior should be considered in context. d. emphasizes the importance of maturation.
a
Six-month-old Nydia has been exclusively breastfed since birth. Thus, she has never drunk from a bottle. The first time Nydia is offered the bottle, she tries to suck on it the same way she is used to sucking. However, her old sucking behavior is not successful with the bottle. She has to adapt her sucking in order to get sufficient milk from the bottle. Nydia's new understanding of how to suck on the bottle is an indication that she has engaged in which of the following Piagetian processes? A. accommodation c. schemes B. assimilation d. conservationA
a
The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, believed that a. the human infant is born a tabula rasa. b. infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality. c. experience molds each human into a unique individual. d. parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.
b
When 8-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's, his parents gave him one dollar for each "A." Chris's parents were attempting to use __________ to shape Chris's future behavior. a. negative reinforcement c. punishment b. positive reinforcement d. self-efficacy
b
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development focused on a. the resolution of psychological crises. b. improvements in mental hardware and software. c. children's creation of "theories" that help them understand their worlds. d. adaptive behaviors that are learned during critical periods.
c
The idea of continuity in development a. is consistent with the view that behavior during the preschool years is not related to behavior during later childhood. b. means that development in one domain is related to development in other domains. c. is consistent with the view that early development is related to later development. d. means that development is jointly influenced by heredity and environment.
c