Last exam

Mutilated Checkerboard Problem demonstrated (Kaplan & Simon, 1990)

The way the problem is represented can influence the ease of the problem solving

How can functional fixed ness can hinder solution of a problem

Two string problem

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

The texts discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _______ plays an important role in solving scientific problems

analogies

Dr Chan is doing a follow up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. By doing this dr Chan is studying the effect of _________ on problem solving

Analogies

The radiation problem in the text illustrates the role of ________ in problem solving

Analogy

Highly creative people are not termed with the word

Analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x + 5x - 7 = 4x - 2 + 8

Analytical

Which of the following statements does not apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Intermediate states can be created by

Creating sub goals

Brainstorming best described as

Divergent process

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _______ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

Divergent thinking

Analogical encoding is focused on

Finding similarities

In its expertise and problem solving your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make a revolutionary discovery in their field . This particular discussion suggests that ________ may be more important than _______ in creative thinking

Flexibility and experience

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

Group brainstorming

Not a definition of a problem

Has one correct answer

Met calf and wiebe

How people solve insight and non insight problems

______ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answers doing something else

Incubation

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.

Intermediate

Best example for functional fixedness

Juice glass container for oj

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following

Means end analysis

Gick and Holyoak proposed 3 steps in problem solving

Notice ,map ,apply

Guck and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving

Noticing there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Bassadurs model

Problem solving: planning

In the information processing approach to problem solving an operator is most closely associated with

Progress

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the gestalt perspective on problems

Representation

Circle problem illustrates

Representation and restructuring

Radiation problem solved by

Representation and restructuring

Gestalt psychology

Restructuring and reorganization

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard obvious is the

Russian marriage

In analogically problem solving the ________ problem is the problem the individual is trying to solve and the ________ problem is the problem that's been solved in the past and is used as a guide

Target Source

Research conducted by chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain

Temporal lobe

People are most likely to solve the candle problem if

The box is empty

Functional fixedness would be lowest for

A novel object

divergent thinking does not have

A single correct answer

In Kaplan and simons experiment they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem and participants in the ____________ group had the fastest response time

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

connecting the fortress with the tumor

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research.

in vivo problem-solving

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

made the objects themselves.

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

mental set

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The elements of the problem space include all the following except

operators

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.

source

Experts _____ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

The best description of the purpose of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.