LC ch 1
Which of the following statement is false? A The traits an individual organism possesses is its phenotype. B Traits are inherited directly. C Genetic information an individual organism possesses is its genotype. D Albinism seen in some Hopis is a phenotype.
B
Which theory has contributed the most to disprove the concept of blending inheritance?
Mendelian inheritance Mendelian inheritance proposes that genes are particulate and do not blend.
Which of the following describes an early concept in heredity that has been proven incorrect? A All cells contain a complete set of genetic information. B All life is composed of cells, and cells arise only from cells. C Traits are inherited in accord with defined principles. D Miniature organism resides in sex cells, and all traits are inherited from one parent.
Miniature organism resides in sex cells, and all traits are inherited from one parent. Although many observations suggested that offspring possess a mixture of traits from both parents, preformationism remained a popular concept throughout much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Which of the following examples of scientists and subfields of genetics are matched INCORRECTLY? A Haldane and Wright—population genetics B Mendel—transmission genetics C Gilbert and Sanger—molecular genetics D Morgan—molecular genetics
Morgan—molecular genetics Thomas Morgan is considered to be a father of modern genetics and did his work in the first half of the twentieth century.
Which of the following is not an example of genetic evolution? A. the decrease in frequency of white color moths and increase in peppered moths B traditional divers in Southeast Asia staying underwater long periods C. Tibetans residing in areas of high altitudes D. ehmophilia passed down from mother to son
ehmophilia passed down from mother to son (Hemophilia is a mutation that is passed down to offspring, but it is a defect that does not produce change over time)
The Dutch famine of 1944-1945 took place at the end of the World War II when Holland was occupied by Germany. This led to many of the children of women who were pregnant being smaller as compared to other generations. How can this be explained?
environmental factors Environmental factors (the famine) contributed to the size of the children born after the famine.
If a student is viewing cells under a microscope and is able to distinguish a nuclear envelope and/or organelle(s) within the cells, the student can assume the organism is a(n)
eukaryote. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that are membrane-bound.
What type of mutation affects only one gene?
gene mutations Gene mutation affects the genetic information of a single gene.
Which process results in the creation of gametes?
meiosis Meiosis involves the production of gametes.
A student views a somatic cell under a microscope and sees one cell becoming two. What is this process called?
mitosis Mitosis involves the duplication of chromosomes in somatic cells, followed by division, resulting in new somatic cells that each contain a full set of chromosomes.
A scientist looks under a microscope and sees epithelial cells dividing to produce more epithelial cells. What process is taking place?
mitosis Mitosis is the division of somatic cells such as epithelial cells.
Which of the following is not a correct pairing? A : C C : G A : T A : U
A : C Adenine pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA.
Which of the following is a correct statement? A Prokaryotic cells evolved from eukaryotic cells. B A major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a defined nucleus, respectively. C All cells are identical in their chemical and structural composition. D Prokaryotic cells have various membrane-bound cell organelles.
A major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a defined nucleus, respectively. Understanding word origins definitely helps as "pro-" typically means "before" and "eu-" means "true." "Karyotic" originates from the Greek word karuon, which translates to "nut," or "kernel," which expands to mean "nucleus."
All of the following are examples of implications that all organisms have similar genetic systems EXCEPT A. that each part of the body contains genetic information for that particular part. B. that all life forms are genetically related. C. that research findings on one organism's gene function can often be applied to other organisms. D. that genes from one organism can often function in another organism.
A. that each part of the body contains genetic information for that particular part.
Which of the following describes an early concept in heredity that has been proven incorrect? A Acquired traits become incorporated into hereditary information. B All cells contain a complete set of genetic information. C All life is composed of cells, and cells arise only from cells. D Traits are inherited in accord with defined principles.
Acquired traits become incorporated into hereditary information. The notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics is no longer accepted, but it remained popular through the twentieth century.
Which of the following describes an early concept in heredity that has been proven to still be correct? A. All life is composed of cells, and cells arise only from cells. B. Miniature organism resides in sex cells, and all traits are inherited from one parent. C. Acquired traits become incorporated into hereditary information. D. Genetic information travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs.
All life is composed of cells, and cells arise only from cells. (Matthias Jacob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed the concept that came to be known as the cell theory in 1839, which still holds true today)
What occurs during mitosis? A. a double-stranded DNA molecule is replicated to create two identical DNA molecules B. separation of chromosomes during the division of somatic (non-sex) cells C. separation of chromosomes during the division of sex cells to produce gametes (reproductive cells) D. ribosomes synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA has taken place
B. separation of chromosomes during the division of somatic (non-sex) cells
Mosquitoes kill half a million people a year by spreading malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. At first, pesticides were used successfully to knock the mosquito population back, but over time, a pesticide-resistant mosquito population developed. Biologists Austin Burt and Andrea Crisanti have used gene editing to produce male mosquitoes that carry a deadly gene. These mosquitoes are then released into the wild where they compete with other male mosquitoes for mates. The offspring of the designer mosquitoes die before reaching maturity. What tool did Austin and Andrea use to edit the genes of the mosquito?
CRISPR/Cas9 (Using CRISPR, Austin and Andrea obliterated many of the malaria-carrying mosquito Anopheles gambiae in as few as seven generations.)
What occurs during meiosis?
Chromosomes pair and are separated during the division of sex cells to produce gametes (reproductive cells). Gametes are produced during meiosis.
What is the relation between genetics and evolution?
Evolution involves change in the frequency of genetic variants. Evolution is a two-step process; genetic variants arise, and then the frequency of genetic variants changes over time.
_____ is/are used to treat human genetic disease caused by mutant genes.
Gene therapy Gene therapy is used to correct disorders caused by mutant genes.
How are DNA and RNA similar? A They both contain the base uracil. B They both contain the base thymine. C They both contain amino acids. D They consist of nucleotides.
They consist of nucleotides. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Greg has been studying the color of peas in pea plants. He crosses a yellow pea plant with a green pea plant and then grows the peas from the new plant. All of the resulting peas are yellow. He then crosses generation of yellow peas with itself and grows the peas from that generation. He finds that for every plant that bears yellow peas, there is now one plant that bears green peas. What could Greg infer from this?
Traits are inherited in accord with defined principles. Mendelian inheritance proposes that genes are particulate and do not blend.
Which of the following describes an early concept in heredity that has been proven to still be correct? A Genetic information travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs. B Miniature organism resides in sex cells, and all traits are inherited from one parent. C Traits are inherited in accord with defined principles. D Acquired traits become incorporated into hereditary information.
Traits are inherited in accord with defined principles. This describes Mendelian inheritance, which is currently a proven theory.
Which of the following topics focuses on transmission genetics?
analysis of pedigrees to determine the probability of someone inheriting a trait Transmission genetics encompasses the basic principles of heredity and how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
Doctors Jay and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington developed a genetic cure for color blindness using squirrel monkeys as their model organisms. What type of biotechnological tool did they use to accomplish this? A labeling (mark DNA so that it can be detected using a fluorescence or radiation detector) B cloning (making many copies of a DNA molecule) C CRISPR/Cas9 (tool used to edit the genes of an organism, not necessarily to treat human genetic conditions) D gene therapy(direct alteration of genes to treat human diseases.)
gene therapy Gene therapy is the direct alteration of genes to treat human diseases.
Japanese biologist Shigetane Ishiwatari first isolated the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as the cause of a disease that was killing large populations of silkworms in 1901. By 1920, farmers were using Bt as a pesticide. Scientists later cloned the gene responsible for producing toxins in the bacteria and inserted it into the corn genome. This is an example of
genetic engineering. Genetic engineering does involve the manipulation of genetic material, but it uses biotechnology to accomplish this.
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has a melanistic form called a silver fox. Breeding silver foxes together usually results in a litter that is 50 percent silver and 50 percent red. Breeding a silver fox with a red fox results in a fox called a cross fox, which is partially melanistic: lighter than the silver fox with a long dark stripe running down its back. The different distinct characteristics in the fox population are an example of
genetic variation. (Genetic variation is the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population, which can result in phenotypic differences like the color of the foxes in the example.)
The eastern screech owl has several morphs; its plumage can be red, gray, or rarely, brown or whitish. The brown morph is thought to be a product of hybridization between the red and gray morphs. The percentages of each morph differ by region. For example, the red morph makes up 79 percent of the population in Tennessee. This is an example of
genetic variation. Genetic variation is the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population which can result in phenotypic differences like the color of the owls in the example.
A scientist has genetically engineered mouse. This means that the mouse _____. A had a mutated mouse gene replaced with a wild-type mouse gene B has been used to amplify a specific fragment of DNA via PCR C has been made to carry a non-mouse gene D had several of its (normal mouse) genes mutated
has been made to carry a non-mouse gene Genetic modification adds a gene from one species to another.
CRISPR-Cas was recently used to successfully repair defective genes that caused which of the following in human embryos?
heart disease CRISPR-Cas was recently used to successfully repair defective genes that cause heart disease in human embryos.
A project to elucidate the human set of genetic instructions began in 1990 and was completed in 2003. At the beginning, it was led by James Watson, one of the scientists who discovered the structure of DNA. What were the scientists involved in this project studying? They were studying the
human genome. The Human Genome Project mapped the human set of genetic instructions encoded in DNA.
The Human Genome Project, which mapped the locations of the genes in the human genome, was initially led by James Watson (one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA). The Human Genome Project was initiated in 1990 and completed in 2003. Which subdivision of genetics does the Human Genome Project fall under?
molecular genetics (Molecular genetics looks at genetic information from DNA to gene action within and between cells.)
While at least 56 species of honeycreeper are known to have existed, all but 18 are now extinct. Some honeycreepers eat seeds, some eat fruit, some eat snails, and some eat nectar. Their bills vary from parrot-like to straight and thin. The large distances between different islands allowed for a high level of isolation, increasing the diversification of the separated groups of honeycreepers. What type of geneticist would study the speciation of Hawaiian honeycreepers?
population geneticist Population genetics explores the genetic composition of populations. In this case, there are numerous populations of honeycreepers geographically separated by the Pacific Ocean, each developing distinctive phenotypic differences.
G. H. Hardy, a British mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, independently formulated a theorem that came to be known as the Hardy-Weinberg principle. This theorem states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. Which subdivision of genetics does the Hardy-Weinberg principle fall under? A. molecular genetics B. population genetics C. quantitative genetics D. transmission genetics
population genetics (Population genetics looks at genetic information over many generations within populations of organisms. The Hardy-Weinberg principle uses mathematics to measure allele and genotype frequencies in a group.)
G. H. Hardy, a British mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, independently formulated a theorem that came to be known as the Hardy-Weinberg principle. This theorem states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. Which subdivision of genetics does the Hardy-Weinberg principle fall under?
population genetics Population genetics looks at genetic information over many generations within populations of organisms. The Hardy-Weinberg principle uses mathematics to measure allele and genotype frequencies in a group.
Fred is trying to develop a type of chicken that lays larger eggs by only allowing the largest roosters to mate with the hens and eating the rest. Over time, both the roosters and hens gained size, resulting in an increase in both eggs and meat. Fred used _____ to improve his livestock.
selective breeding (artificial selection) Selective breeding is a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics.
Which of the examples does NOT describe a phenotype? A someone with the genes A, A or A, O for blood type B albinism seen in Hopi Native Americans C the height of young men in America D the shape of a green pea
someone with the genes A, A or A, O for blood type A, A is the genotype, not a phenotype. The blood phenotype would simply be "A."
Which topic would be covered within the subdiscipline of population genetics?
the effect of small numbers of individuals on changes in the frequencies of an allele The effect of small numbers of individuals on changes in the frequencies of an allele would be population genetics.
Through his experiments with breeding pea plants, Gregor Mendel was able to determine how dominant and recessive genes are inherited over a series of generations. This is an example of
transmission genetics. Transmission genetics studies the transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring.
Cytogeneticist Barbara McClintock was studying the genes in Indian corn. She noticed that the genes for pigment were appearing in various places on the chromosomes in the different kernels, resulting in the color variations seen in Indian corn. She hypothesized that the genes responsible for color were moving on the chromosomes. In some positions, the pigment genes were turned on, and in others the genes were turned off. These genes, called "jumping genes," are also known as
transposable elements. Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1983 for her discovery that certain genetic elements were transposable, or able to move, within the genome.