Leadership Exam 3: Ch. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 30
A nurse manager wants to highlight the accomplishments of the nurses who are providing high-quality care on a medical unit in a tertiary care medical center. What is an example of a nurse-sensitive outcome that could be used for this project? A) Pressure ulcer rate compared with a national benchmark rate B) Patient satisfaction scores compared with other hospitals C) Nurse satisfaction scores compared with other hospitals D) Percentage of patients with heart failure who are prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor on hospital discharge
A) Pressure ulcer rate compared with a national benchmark rate Nurse-sensitive outcomes are patient outcomes that are primarily dependent on the quality of nursing care rather than a multidisciplinary team effort. Although patient satisfaction is an important measure, it may not necessarily be linked to the quality of care. The prescription of an ACE inhibitor is an outcome measure dependent on medical care.
As a nurse manager, you want to institute point-of-care devices on your unit. The rationale that you provide to support the POC devices include: (select all that apply) A) reduction in incidents of medication error B) immediate documentation of care C) comparison of patient data with previous data D) immediate access to staffing schedules
A) reduction in incidents of medication error B) immediate documentation of care C) comparison of patient data with previous data Point-of-care devices that allow documentation of assessment, care, and teaching at the bedside reduce the gap in time between care and documentation, thereby reducing error, increasing accuracy, and improving communication of care. Medication devices and patient databases enable accurate clinical decision making.
As a new manager, you are shocked to learn that your unit is still using heparin in heparin locks. You are aware of evidence related to this practice and want to change this practice as quickly as possible on your unit. You are in which stage of Lewin's stages of change? a. Unfreezing b. Experiencing the change c. Moving d. Refreezing
ANS: A Although you may be at a higher level of change in relation to your individual practice and knowledge of the use of change, in this situation, you are recognizing the need for change in relation to practice on the unit that you are managing. This phase is the initial phase in first-order change and will involve listening to staff to see if they perceive a similar problem.
To engage your staff in awareness of their current practice and how it is affirmed or not by evidence, you plan a short series of learning presentations on evidence and use of heparin and saline to maintain IV patency. You meet with the educator to plan out the goals for each session with the overall purpose of increasing knowledge and awareness of staff in readiness to consider questions related to the IV practice. This learning approach is an example of which change management approach? a. Linear b. First-order c. Facilitative d. Integrative
ANS: A In the second stage, the moving or changing stage of Lewin's first-order, planned change process, planned interventions and strategies are executed to support the implementation of the change. One commonly used method is educating staff about the need for the change.
Elizabeth, an RN with approximately 15 years of service on your unit, walks away from one of the learning sessions on IV care and you overhear her telling a colleague that she thought the session was a waste of time because "the unit has been using heparin for years and there has never been any adverse effects." You follow up with Elizabeth and discover that she is really quite angry about the information sessions because she feels that you are implying that "what she has been doing all these years means that she is incompetent and doesn't care about her patients." After speaking with Elizabeth a few days later you discover that she is now fine with the change but is concerned that other areas of the organization might resist the change because of perceptions related to patient safety and cost. She suggests that it is important to bring pharmacy on board as they have had previous concerns about the use of heparin. In relation to change theory, this is indicative of: a. Systems level thinking. b. Linear thinking. c. Interprofessional collaboration. d. First-order change.
ANS: A Senge's complexity theory, Bevan's Seven Change Factors, and general systems theory all highlight connectivity and the idea that changes are not isolated events.
Based on Elizabeth's insights and suggestions, you involve pharmacy, only to discover that the change in practice involves practice committees, a medical practice committee, and concerns from administration about potential costs and safety of the proposed change to the IV protocols. The change process at this point is: a. Linear. b. Nonlinear. c. Sabotaged. d. Neutralized.
ANS: B Complex change involves nonlinear processes and a variety of strategies to negotiate influences on change. Complexity theories alter the traditional systems thinking approach by asserting that system behavior is unpredictable. This theory views change as emergent, nonlinear, and highly influenced by all individuals and subsystems in an organization
An example of one strategy used to improve participation in the change process by staff fitting the behavioral description of innovators and early adopters is to: a. Repeat the benefits of the change. b. Share change experiences early in the process. c. Initiate frequent interactions among staff. d. Provide select information to the staff.
ANS: B Connecting innovators and early adopters to new ideas and with new peers keeps them at the cutting edge.
When goals/outcomes are somewhat unclear in early preparation for a complex change, the manager and the change management team develop several acceptable goals/outcomes. This change in management approach is termed: a. Unfreezing. b. Nonlinear. c. Cybernetic. d. Linear.
ANS: B While Lewin's theory was designed to describe planned or first-order changes, many scholars think the theory is too simplistic to address how unplanned or second-order change occurs. In complex situations with an uncertain change environment, a nonlinear approach that involves flexibility improves overall outcomes. Linear change is appropriate to stable, less complex, and more predictable situations
Elizabeth, an RN with approximately 15 years of service on your unit, walks away from one of the learning sessions on IV care and you overhear her telling a colleague that she thought the session was a waste of time because "the unit has been using heparin for years and there has never been any adverse effects." You follow up with Elizabeth and discover that she is really quite angry about the information sessions because she feels that you are implying that "what she has been doing all these years means that she is incompetent and doesn't care about her patients." Which of the following would be the most effective response to Elizabeth? a. "I understand how you feel, but you are going to have to change." b. "It is unfortunate that you feel this way. Others seem quite excited about the new information." c. "It is difficult sometimes to change what we know very well. Sometimes it can be frightening." d. "Perhaps I can arrange some more information sessions for you, so you can see just how important this change is to patient safety."
ANS: C Dialogue can reveal areas where individuals feel inept or overwhelmed, providing the leader with an understanding of what programs need to be developed to increase personal ability to change and what educational initiatives need to be implemented to support change. To promote dialogue, leaders must serve as facilitators, promoting the sharing of ideas, fears, and honest reactions to the change proposal.
The clinical coordinator expects the position description of the new wound care specialist to change nurses' responsibilities in caring for clients with skin integrity problems. The best approach to address this need for change, yet to have the best outcomes for clients, staff nurses, and the organization, is to: a. Select one of the change models. b. Use Lewin's model and principles of change c. Apply both planned and complexity theory approaches. d. Form a task force of nursing staff and wound care specialists.
ANS: C In the second stage, the moving or changing stage of Lewin's theory, planned interventions and strategies, such as education, vision building, and incremental steps towards the change, are executed to support the implementation of the change. This situation potentially also involves complexity theories that recognize that change involves engagement of individuals and subsystems throughout the unit and organization.
As the unit manager on the unit that is leading changes to heparin locks, you find that Elizabeth is very valuable in terms of her observations about other units and her knowledge of organizational processes, and now in discussing the new procedure with others. Elizabeth might be considered an: a. Engager. b. Innovator. c. Informal change agent. d. Informant.
ANS: C Informal change agents are those who do not have formal, positional power but who have credibility through expertise and can model the new way of thinking, or who offer suggestions, ideas, and concerns
Elizabeth is an example of a(n): a. Early adopter. b. Late majority. c. Laggard. d. Resister.
ANS: C Laggards prefer keeping traditions alive ("We have always done it this way") and openly express their resistance to ideas (speaking out against the change). Late majority individuals are openly negative but will engage with new ideas when most others adopt the change.
The oncology clinic manager and the educational coordinator asked nursing staff to complete a brief written survey to assess their attitudes and knowledge related to having used the new infusion equipment for 6 weeks. The stage of change in this situation is: a. Developing awareness. b. Experiencing the change. c. Integrating the change. d. Perceiving awareness.
ANS: C This particular initiative assesses the success with which the change has been integrated into everyday practice after it has been experienced, or the degree to which staff members have accepted using the new infusion equipment.
The home health agency hired an expert in financial management to evaluate and propose a plan for reversing growing expenses and decreasing revenues. The expert is well respected, both personally and professionally, by members living in this small community. To be effective, staff will need to perceive this change agent as: a. Trusted, quiet. b. Flexible, informal. c. Credible, enthusiastic d. Communicative, personable.
ANS: C To influence the decision, the expert must be seen as having knowledge of what matters to the people that they lead and of the change area itself. The expert also must be enthusiastic and communicative and have referent power.
An example of one strategy to improve participation in the change process by staff fitting the behavioral descriptions of laggards, early majority, late majority, and rejecters is to: a. Encourage teamwork. b. Transfer to a different unit. c. Require attendance at staff meetings. d. Delegate the roles and tasks of change.
ANS: D According to Rogers's work, the individual's decision-making actions pass through five sequential stages. The decision to not accept the new idea may occur at any stage. However, peer change agents and formal change managers can facilitate movement through these stages by encouraging the use of the idea and providing information about its benefits and disadvantages.
To effectively achieve a change goal/outcome in a change situation, the wound care specialist will: a. Preserve the status quo. b. Diminish facilitators and reinforce barriers. c. Weigh the strength of forces. d. Strengthen facilitating forces.
ANS: D For change to be effective, the facilitators must exceed the force of the barriers; thus, strengthening the facilitating forces would achieve this aim.
Resistance is most likely when change: a. Is not well understood .b. Involves many layers in an organization. c. Involves nonprofessional workers. d. Threatens personal security.
ANS: D Resistance and reluctance commonly occur when personal security is threatened and may involve loss of confidence in abilities or loss of job or financial security.
The wound care nurse decided to involve those to be affected by change early in the change management process. This can positively result in: a. Coordination. b. Resistance. c. Anticipation. d. Participation.
ANS: D Successful change means persistence and advancement of the change, which requires the undivided focus of all team members. Early involvement and participation are critical to capturing the undivided focus of team members.
Elizabeth, an RN with approximately 15 years of service on your unit, walks away from one of the learning sessions on IV care and you overhear her telling a colleague that she thought the session was a waste of time because "the unit has been using heparin for years and there has never been any adverse effects." According to Havelock (1973), this comment may originate from failure in which phase of the six phases of planned change? a. Generating self-renewal b. Choosing the solution c. Diagnosing the problem d. Building a relationship
ANS: D The first phase of this model of planned change involves building a relationship as a basis for later phases, which include diagnosing the problem and choosing the solution. At this point, as a new manager, the relationship may not have yet developed sufficiently with Elizabeth.
The nurses at a community hospital are selecting research articles to use for the development of a new protocol for the removal of indwelling urinary catheters in surgical patients. How is this be characterized in the translation of research? A) Research B) Review of the literature C) Evidence-based practice D) Implementation science
B) Review of the literature A review of the literature includes seeking and analyzing information by identifying and selecting articles for review. Research involves the generation of new knowledge. Evidence-based practice involves the synthesis of best available evidence along with patient preferences. Implementation science involves identifying scientifically based strategies for implementing a practice cha
A nurse manager was orienting new staff members to computerized charting. To understand computerized charting, staff members must understand informatics. The three core concepts in informatics are: A) hardware, software, and printers. B) data, information, and knowledge. C) decision making, data gathering, and reporting. D) wireless technology, voice recognition, and handheld devices.
B) data, information, & knowledge Informatics is the application of technology to all fields of nursing to facilitate and extend nurses' decision-making abilities and to support nurses in the use, storage, and linkage of clinical information to provide effective and efficient patient care.
What observation by the charge nurse indicates a new nurse needs additional education regarding the safe use of the electronic health record? A) The nurse logs off the computer before walking away. B) The nurse using a computer outside of the patient room minimizes the screen when a family member approaches. C) Before leaving the patient's room, the nurse minimizes her documentation on the computer screen. D) The care assistant needs to document and asks to use the nurse's computer; before the care assistant begins documentation, the nurse logs out of the system.
C) Before leaving the patient's room, the nurse minimizes her documentation on the computer screen While minimizing the documentation removes it from immediate view, it is not a secure method to lock down patient information. Logging off or password-locking the system is the best process for securing patient information.
A nurse manager understands that the typical first step in handling an employee with a disciplinary problem is a: a. Verbal reprimand. b. Written reprimand. c. Reminder of employment standards. d. Day off without pay.
C. Reminder of employment standards The progressive model of discipline advocates that the first step of the disciplinary process is the informal reprimand or verbal admonishment. The nonpunitive discipline model advocates reminding the employee of the employment policies and procedures of the agency.
Second-order change
Change that is revolutionary, episodic, and that requires radical differences form what exists. May be unanticipated or expected.
When administering medications to a patient utilizing bar-code technology, what is the most important first step? A) Scan patient's identification band. B) Scan medication. C) Administer medication. D) Check the five rights.
D) Check the five rights Although all steps are imperative in the medication administration process, it is most important to remember technology does not replace standard nursing practice (five rights) and safely caring for the patient.
Planned change
Deliberate and organized and has the goal of improvement. Change expected and deliberatively prepared beforehand by using systematic directional processes to develop and carry out activities to accomplish a desired outcome.
First-order change
Evolutionary change that occurs in planned and small steps. Often referenced as continuous improvement.
Five organizational disciplines to support change and evolution
Shared vision, mental models, personal mastery, team learning, systems thinking.
During unit staff meetings, you observe that Marg rolls her eyes and snorts whenever Julia makes a comment. Your first response as a unit manager is to: a. Discuss what you have observed with Marg. b. File immediate documentation in Marg's personnel file. c. Ask Julie to monitor Marg's behavior during meetings. d. Ignore the behavior, as Marg is one of your strongest nurses.
a) Discuss what you have observed with Marg Incivility must be addressed. The initial step in addressing it is discussion with Marg, and if the behavior continues, then written documentation should be filed in Marg's personnel file. Monitoring and follow-up are your responsibility as the unit manager.
In keeping with guidelines of the organization, the nurse manager documents staff problems. Documentation of disciplinary problems should: a. Include a plan to correct them and to prevent future occurrences. b. State a detailed history of past problems that are related to the current one. c. Be written at the convenience of the manager. d. Accumulate until the evaluation period begins
a) Include a plan to correct them and to prevent future occurrences In documenting staff problems, it is important to specifically indicate what rules were broken or violated, consequences if behavior is not altered, employee's explanation of the incidents, and the plan of action to achieve and to reach new goals.
Nathan has been on the cardiac unit for 6 months and has found it difficult to adjust to the expectations of his team. Which of the following behaviors would most likely signal that Nathan is intending to resign from his position on the unit? a. Increased absenteeism over the past month b. Increased attempts to discuss his concerns with his colleagues c. Testing of workplace guidelines d. Frequent defensiveness
a) Increased absenteeism over the past month
When assessing the appropriateness of adopting WL PDAs for a nursing unit, you need to consider the advantages, which include: a) Lower cost relative to PCs b) Small display screen c) Font size d) Speed of operation
a) Lower cost relative to PCs (old book) - PDAs offer a lower-cost method of documentation and communication than PCs, as well as easy portability. Disadvantages of PDAs include small screen size, suboptimal readability, and slowness in situations when speed is most needed.
When assessing the appropriateness of adopting WL COWs for a nursing unit, you need to consider the advantages, which include: a. Mobility of the carts b. Small display screen c. Font size d. Speed of operation
a) Mobility of the carts (new book) Installing computers on mobile carts, also known as computers on wheels or COWs, may increase work efficiency and save time. However, if the cart is cumbersome to move around or if concern about infection risk is associated with moving the cart from one room to another, some organizations favor keeping one cart stationed in each patient care room or installing hardwired bedside computers.
You are in the process of designing a patient education program that will provide education and monitoring for patients with hypertension. To support your planning, you draw out and present patient data from: a. A clinical database. b. Biomedical technologies. c. E-mail. d. Internet sources.
a. A clinical database Clinical databases are collections of elements organized and structured for the processing, organization, and presentation of data for interpretation as information, which, in this particular instance, includes outpatient data.
The difference between a nurse practitioner's charge of $45 for an office visit & the insurance company's payment of $34 is: a. A contractual allowance b. A profit c. A flat rate d. Revenue
a. A contractual allowance
The chief nursing officer at a local hospital seeking Magnet™ status creates staff development classes about incorporating evidence-based practice in nursing. What best describes evidence-based practice? a. Applying best research evidence to care of patients b. Using research-based information to develop practice guidelines c. Conducting a randomized control trial to determine effectiveness of handwashing techniques d. Developing standards for practice
a. Applying best research evidence to care of patients Evidence-based medicine is derived from evidence-based medicine and involves integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and the patient's unique values and circumstances in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It is focused on searching for, appraising, and synthesizing the best evidence to address a particular clinical practice problem.
In an ICU, you order new devices to measure heart rhythm and rate, respiratory rate, oxygen levels, and intracranial pressure. These devices involve: a. Biomedical technology b. Telecommunications c. Retrieval of patient history information d. Internet
a. Biomedical technology
A recent nursing graduate in a busy ED triages a patient who has sustained a large, deep puncture wound in his foot while working at a construction site. He is bleeding & in pain. The nurse enters the triage data that she has obtained from the pt into a computerized, standard emergency patient-classification system. After she enters the assessment data, she notices an alert on the computer screen that prompts her to ask the pt about the status of his tetanus immunization. What system of technology is involved in generating the alert? a. Clinical decision support b. WL technology c. Computerized provider order d. Electronic health record
a. Clinical decision support Clinical decision support (CDS) is a clinical computer system, computer application, or process that helps health professionals make clinical decisions to enhance patient care. The clinical knowledge embedded in computer applications or work processes can range from simple facts and relationships to best practices for managing patients with specific disease states, new medical knowledge from clinical research, and other types of information.
As a nurse manager, you see an opportunity for patients to be well serviced through the medical home concept. You recognize that the concept of medical homes: a. Currently does not include nurses in its vision of multifaceted primary care. b. Includes nurses as part of an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary team. c. Restricts nurses to services related to direct care and procedures. d. Cannot encompass nurses within this framework.
a. Currently does not include nurses in its vision of multifaceted primary care. The concept of medical homes encompasses the idea of multifaceted medical homes that provide a usual source of health care. Current discussions have focused on physician-directed care even though nurses in advanced practice are well suited to lead teams in this model.
The nurse manager wants to use evidence-based recommendations to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. In order to effectively gather evidence to guide practice, what is the critical first step? a. Develop the clinical question b. Identify the databases to be used. c. Appraise the evidence. d. Integrate available evidence with unit expertise.
a. Develop the clinical question Identifying the question may be the most challenging part of the process. Once the clinical question has been identified, writing it down will help in moving on to the next step of gathering evidence
As a nurse manager representative on a clinical information system selection team, you would be particularly concerned if the favored system: a. Involves screen displays that are best configured for non-clinical users. b. Requires an upgrade to servers in the facility. c. Requires staff orientation and training during implementation of the software. d. Minimizes the amount of data entry necessary.
a. Involves screen displays that are best configured for non-clinical users An ideal hospital information system should include as much instrumentation as possible to minimize data entry. As a clinical end user, you would expect orientation and training on how the screen display can be configured so as to suit the purposes and preferences of users in clinical areas.
An example of an initiative that may reduce total healthcare costs would be: a. Offering nurse practitioner-led clinics that educate parents about non-pharmacologic strategies for managing ear infections. b. Educating seniors about the comparative costs of medications that are prescribed to them. c. Lowering copayments for prescription drugs for seniors. d. Advocating for more readily available MRI services to ensure early diagnosis.
a. Offering nurse practitioner-led clinics that educate parents about non-pharmacologic strategies for managing ear infections.
Leaders in nursing must advocate for information & knowledge systems that support nursing practice. This is best accomplished by: a. Participating in organizational information technology committees. b. Submitting written requests for needed information systems. c. Requesting budgetary funds needed for systems. d. Sending staff nurses to conferences that discuss cutting-edge technologies.
a. Participating in organizational information technology committees Nurse leaders and direct care nurses must be members of the selection team, participate actively, and have a voice in the selection decision. The information system must make sense to the people who use it and fit effectively with the processes for providing patient care.
The chief nursing officer is pleased with the nurse manager's strategy of improving patient satisfaction in the pediatric intensive care unit. She decides to implement these changes throughout the hospital. What would be important to consider in implementing a new program focused on improving relationships with consumers? a. Recognition of the nursing staff for excellence in promoting consumer relationships b. Holding the staff accountable for resolving patient complaints c. Selecting a staff nurse leader to implement the program d. Identifying key staff members who have already demonstrated excellence in consumer relationships
a. Recognition of the nursing staff for excellence in promoting consumer relationships
Which of the following is a meta-analysis? a. Review of 35 studies on nurse work satisfaction to determine the significance of the aggregated research findings b. Review of multiple chart audits to determine which errors are being reduced through implementation of evidence-based guidelines c. RCT comparing the effectiveness of a local anesthetic in reducing the pain of venipuncture in young children d. Analysis of factors contributing to nurse burnout and dissatisfaction at emergency room sites
a. Review of 35 studies on nurse work satisfaction to determine the significance of the aggregated research findings Meta-analysis statistically combines the results of several similar studies to determine whether aggregate findings are significant.
Of the following, which is the most effective strategy that a nurse manager could employ to reduce unnecessary costs in specific healthcare settings? a. Training nurses on accurate documentation of supplies used for patient care b. Reducing the number of overtime hours worked by staff c. Reducing the number of staff on a unit d. Making decisions for patients about which care is important to their health
a. Training nurses on accurate documentation of supplies used for patient care
Which of the following activities would represent a customer-friendly approach in a healthcare setting? (Select all that apply) a. Using a local anesthetic before inserting a needle into a child's arm b. Repeating patient history information to the admitting clerk, the admitting nurse, and the ultrasound technician c. Ensuring that birthing preferences are on file and available when a laboring mother comes in d. Providing support to families when a family member is brought into trauma
a. Using a local anesthetic before inserting a needle into a child's arm c. Ensuring that birthing preferences are on file and available when a laboring mother comes in d. Providing support to families when a family member is brought into trauma A service orientation means delivering services in a manner that is least disruptive. When possible, services should come to the patient and should be as easy, comfortable, pleasant, and effective as possible. Meeting the emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual needs of the patient is important.
A staff nurse regularly works two 12-hour shifts each week and one 8-hour shift every other week. How many FTEs is this position? a) 0.6 b) 0.7 c) 0.8 d) 1
b) 0.7 Assuming that a full-time RN works 2080 hrs/yr (40 hrs X 52 weeks), the nurse works (24 hrs x 52 weeks + 8 hrs x 26 weeks)/2080 = 0.7 FTE
Before terminating an employee, a nurse manager must: a. Be an expert in all legal aspects of termination and discipline practices. b. Know the organization's specific policies for addressing disciplinary problems and termination. c. Function as a counselor for problem employees. d. Do everything to assist and protect the employee by adjusting standards and policies.
b) Know the organization's specific policies for addressing disciplinary problems and termination It is important to know the policies of the organization to address disciplinary issues fairly and equitably, as well as to know the model that is employed to address employee problems.
Nurse Stacey is a self-admitted drug addict and has been a heavy abuser of codeine. Stacey and the unit manager decide that changes have to occur. Stacey enrolls in an addiction program, and the manager has her transferred to a drug-free area. What other strategies might be appropriate? a. The manager could refer Stacey to the Human Resources Department. b. The manager could assist in monitoring Stacey's progress. c. The manager could counsel Stacey if Stacey has formed a trusting relationship with her. d. Stacey needs to be asked not to involve her family in the recovery program because this is a work-related situation.
b) The manager could assist in monitoring Stacey's progress Effective management demands that the organization take an active role in helping employees with special needs. Humanistic strategies that counsel and assist employees are cost-effective and necessary
Tara, the unit manager, is telling her colleague about her recent project, which involves seeking the most effective approaches to incontinence care, with the intention of adopting evidence-supported approaches on her dementia care unit. Her colleague suggests that translation of research into practice is: a. Less important than knowledge-generating research, which is required to advance the nursing profession. b. A priority of all healthcare practitioners to improve patient care. c. Characterized by lack of knowledge about how to use evidence to guide practice. d. So difficult that it is useless to begin the query in the first place.
b. A priority of all healthcare practitioners to improve patient care The National Institutes of Health identified translational research, or getting research into the hands of practitioners to improve patient care, as a priority.
You are excited by evidence supporting the use of PDAs at the bedside to improve documentation and patient outcomes. You have disseminated the information through discussions and e-mails and are now ready to begin the process of considering implementation on the unit. To develop positive attitudes toward the use and implementation of the technology, you would discuss your ideas with (Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory): a. Harvey, RN, a technology guru, who enthusiastically tries on all new software. b. Berta, RN, who thoughtfully considers evidence and regularly uses it to try new approaches in her practice. c. Carol, LPN, who is positive about new ideas but looks to her friends for their ideas about whether or not to try something new. d. Ben, a 10-year veteran of the unit, who wonders why technology should be used at all. He says that he will use it when there is no chance of security breaks.
b. Berta, RN, who thoughtfully considers evidence and regularly uses it to try new approaches in her practice. Berta is the one with whom you should now have informed conversations, because she is an early adopter who is respected for her thoughtful acquisition and critique of knowledge and application of knowledge to practice. Berta, an early adopter (Rogers' characteristics of innovation adopters), is more effective in this stage than Harvey, an innovator who may be seen as open to all new ideas regardless of merit.
At a newly built outpatient surgical center, an integrated information system has been purchased. The chief nursing officer creates a series of staff development classes to orient the staff to this new system. One of the advantages of an integrated information system is that client-care data from all sites can be stored in and retrieved from a: a. Nursing information system b. Central data repository c. Nurse expert system d. Handheld device
b. Central data repository Computer information systems manage large volumes of data, examine data patterns and trends, solve problems, and answer questions. In other words, computers can help translate data into information from both within and among organizations. Data from all patient encounters with the healthcare system are stored in a central data repository, where they are accessible to authorized users. Patient information in a centralized database is organized, legible, and easily retrievable from a variety of sources and reflects a variety of data.
A nurse manager is planning to request three new infusion pumps at a cost of approximately $1500 each. What would BEST support the capital request? a. Number of patient care hours anticipated for the year b. Cost comparisons; how much and how often infusion pumps are used; condition of existing pumps c. Outline of cost for each pump d. Estimation of total cost; no further details
b. Cost comparisons; how much and how often infusion pumps are used; condition of existing pumps Complete well-documented justifications are needed because the competition for limited resources is stiff. Justifications should be developed using the principle of any business case and should include, at minimum, projected amount of use; services duplicated or replaced; safety considerations; need for space, personnel, or building renovation; effect on operational revenues and expenses; and contribution to the strategic plan.
During the budgeting process, nurse managers are typically responsible for which of the following? (Select all that apply) a. Determining inflationary rates for the upcoming year b. Developing unit operation objectives c. Justifying capital equipment requests d. Predicting cash flow e. Negotiating budget with other managers and administration
b. Developing unit operation objectives c. Justifying capital equipment requests e. Negotiating budget with other managers and administration Although involvement in budget processes will vary from institution to institution, these are typical responsibilities for nurse managers during the budget process.
John is an older adult patient who comes regularly to the multigroup practice in which you are a nurse practitioner. He says that he doesn't understand what he is supposed to be doing about his medications, because every time he comes to the clinic, he sees someone else who has different ideas. John's experience represents what aspect of the current consumer experience? a. Nurses are well-trusted members of the healthcare team. b. Fragmentation of care results in lack of respect and trust. c. Care providers often have conflicting ideas about care. d. The public does not trust care providers other than nurses.
b. Fragmentation of care results in lack of respect and trust When consumers visit a multigroup practice, they do not have the option of selecting a specific healthcare provider, and thus, there is less opportunity to build a trusting relationship with a provider.
After reviewing her monthly budget report, the nurse manager sees that she has a negative variance, which prompts her to change the staffing schedule. A negative or unfavorable variance in a monthly expense report may result from: a. Overestimation of inflation b. Higher than expected client acuity c. Net revenue exceeding net expenses d. Not replacing staff who called in sick
b. Higher than expected client acuity Variance reflects the difference between what was projected and the actual performance in a budget. When the variance is negative or unfavorable, the amount spent is more than what was budgeted (expenses exceed revenue); this may be a result of higher acuity. To help managers interpret and use variance information better, some institutions use flexible budgets that automatically account for census variances.
The nurse manager has to develop a patient satisfaction survey. What is one of the critical elements in selecting a patient satisfaction instrument? a. Being able to use the same instrument for all clinical units b. Including items that are important from the patient's perspective c. Being able to administer the instrument before a patient's discharge from the hospital d. Being sure that the reading level is no higher than third grade
b. Including items that are important from the patient's perspective
Before implementation of the new policy and procedure on central line catheter care, the nurse manager uses an appraisal system to evaluate the evidence. What is important in using an appraisal system to evaluate the evidence gathered in preparation for development of a new protocol? a. Limiting the search to randomized clinical trials b. Matching the appraisal tool to the type of evidence c. Eliminating qualitative research studies d. Using only pre-processed evidence
b. Matching the appraisal tool to the type of evidence Appraisal tools are specific to the number of studies, as well as to the study design (type of evidence), type of review, and strategy for determining the applicability of evidence to your practice.
Volunteers in a study are assigned randomly to groups. Some of the volunteers receive an herbal supplement that is reputed to control nausea, and some of the volunteers are assigned to a control group where a placebo is administered. This is an example of a(n): a. Longitudinal study b. RCT c. Meta-analysis d. Appraisal tool
b. RCT RCTs, or randomized controlled trials, always involve testing of a treatment through the random assignment of subjects in the study to an experimental or treatment group or to a control group that receives a placebo.
A primary care clinic in a small urban center sees a high volume of cardiology pts. Patients who attend the clinic have smart cards that they use at hospitals, clinics, & ED within that region of the state. A primary benefit of the smart card for these patients would be: a. Rapid and accurate treatment in emergency situations. b. Reduced wait times to see specialists. c. E-mail notification of test results. d. Readily available information regarding medications.
b. Reduced wait times to see specialists Credit card-like devices called smart cards store a limited number of pages of data on a computer chip and serve as a bridge between the clinician terminal and the central repository of the electronic health record (EHR), making patient information available to the caregiver quickly and cheaply at the point-of-service. Smart cards provide information to healthcare providers regarding the patient's demographic and contact information, allergies, immunizations, lab results, and past patient care encounters and are presented at the point-of-service.
A strategic goal developed by the chief nursing officer is to implement an evidence-based practice program. What is an appropriate strategy that can be used by a nurse manager who is beginning to implement an evidence-based practice program? a. Conducting a review of adverse events and incident reports b. Soliciting input from staff members c. Reviewing specialty organization guidelines d. Identifying patients with extended lengths of stay
b. Soliciting input from staff members Stakeholders need to be involved early, and staff members need to be involved when initiatives involve direct patient care. Involvement assists in understanding issues and concerns, motivations, and unmet needs.
In a nurse managers' meeting, the chief nursing officer encourages the managers to brainstorm ways to reduce costs. Nurse managers have the greatest impact on reducing costs by managing: a. Supplies b. Staffing c. Fixed costs d. Medication costs
b. Staffing Because staffing constitutes the largest portion of any healthcare budget, managing the mix and numbers of staff required for patient care to meet identified outcomes will have the largest impact on budgets.
The chief nursing office continues to seek ways to improve healthcare services to clients and to save the hospital money. However, with the federal guidelines of paying agencies based on capitation, the chief nursing office faces a challenge. Capitation provides incentives for healthcare providers to control costs by: a. Providing fewer services to fewer clients b. Using fewer services per client c. Using high-technology treatments d. Requiring second opinions
b. Using fewer services per client In a capitated environment, a single fee is paid for all services provided. To be financially viable under this reimbursement model, organizations would be interested in decreasing the volume of services used and increasing the volume of patients. High-technology treatments and second opinions may increase the number of services used.
Technology is integral to a cardiac ICU. Sue, the nurse manager, implements a patient-centered approach that focuses on the meaning of the experience for the patient and family, primary nursing, and a health literacy approach. Sue is: a. Using high-tech-low-touch approaches. b. Using high-tech-high-touch approaches. c. Providing products. d. Providing tangible products of satisfaction.
b. Using high-tech-high-touch approaches The provision of humanistic care within a high-tech environment is characteristic of high tech-high touch approaches and reflects the idea that the more that high-tech is used, the more patients also desire high-touch.
The most important approach that a nurse manager can take with an emotionally troubled employee is to: a. Act as a therapist for the employee. b. Adjust the standard of care to assist the employee. c. Assist the employee in obtaining professional help. d. Adjust the employee's work schedule to decrease stress
c) Assist the employee in obtaining professional help Emotional difficulties are usually beyond the scope of skills that a nurse manager would normally employ. A referral needs to be made to a professional who is specifically prepared to deal with this kind of difficulty.
Nurses generally experience difficulty in identifying behaviors and actions that could signal chemical dependency in a co-worker. Which of the following is not a behavioral change that occurs with chemical dependency? a. Personality and behavioral changes b. Job performance changes c. Changes in educational involvement and pursuit d. Absenteeism
c) Changes in educational involvement & pursuit A manager needs to be alerted when suspicions of chemical dependency are raised by behavioral changes in the employee. These include mood swings, changes in hygiene and appearance, heightened interest in the pain control of patients, frequent changes in shifts, increases in absenteeism, and increases in tardiness.
A nurse manager must be familiar with the agency's policies regarding termination. Termination procedures include which of the following? a. Following specific procedures from other organizations b. Having an attorney present at the termination meeting c. Having adequate written documentation to support the action d. Having a friend present during the termination meeting
c) Having adequate written documentation to support the action All steps should be followed, including full appropriate detailed documentation and following the procedures of the organization.
In preparing her budget, a nurse manager determines that she needs to budget for six FTE RN positions in the upcoming year. Based on a 40-hour week, this means that the nurse manager has determined that the budget will provide for _____ hours. a. 12,480 productive b. 10,820 productive c. 12,480 paid d. 10,800 patient care
c. 12,480 paid From the information given, it is not possible to determine how many non-productive hours (vacation, holiday, sick time, education) the nurse manager has accounted for in her budget calculations and therefore whether the total # of hours (40 hrs × 52 weeks × 6 staff = 12,480 paid hrs) is productive (paid time that is worked) or non-productive hrs. 12,480 accurately reflects the total number of hours of work paid per year.
You document your patient's vital signs into a bedside documentation device and are able to compare your patient's vital signs with patients who have similar diagnoses and similar medications, and who are of a similar age. You are accessing: a. E-mail b. Telecommunications c. A database d. Technology
c. A database A database is a collection of data elements stored and organized together for the purposes of interpreting information such as vital signs.
To help staff nurses adjust to using research in practice, what strategy would the nurse manager use? a. Attendance at a regional research conference b. Formal classes in electronic search techniques c. Establishing a journal club d. Issuing reports on the adverse consequences of outdated practices
c. Establishing a journal club Journal clubs provide opportunities for engagement in reading research and considering how it might be applied to clinical practice problems, which is considered very effective in behavioral change.
After searching the literature, Tara, the unit manager develops a table that outlines the findings of studies on management of incontinence. She then examines the studies in terms of risk and whether the findings fit within her practice context and for her population of moderately to severely cognitively impaired patients. This is which phase of Stetler's research utilization model? a. Preparatory b. Validation c. Evaluation d. Application
c. Evaluation The third phase, comparative evaluation and decision making, involves making a decision about the applicability of the studies by synthesizing cumulative findings; evaluating the degree and nature of other criteria, such as risk, feasibility, and readiness of the finding; and actually making a recommendation about using the findings of the studies.
Nurses need to know how to operate a computer, compare data across time, and look for patterns in client responses to treatments. These are examples of: a. JCAHO standards b. Information systems c. Informatics competencies d. Requirements for nursing licensure
c. Informatics competencies The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project identified informatics competency as a necessary component of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes for quality patient care. Nurses are anticipated to be able to use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision making. Nurses must utilize hospital database management, decision support, and expert system programs to access information and analyze data from disparate sources for use in planning for patient care processes and systems.
Despite the implementation of bar-code medication administration (BCMA) on your busy medical unit, you notice that the number of medication errors has not significantly decreased. Which of the following reasons might explain the lack of change in errors? a. A number of new medications have been introduced into the hospital pharmacy that are not yet recognized in the CDS. b. There have been an unusually high number of patients on the unit who have been unable to confirm their identity at the time of medication administration. c. Lack of staff understanding and support for BCMA has led to overrides or failures to scan bar codes during busy times. d. Clinical data that have been entered into the system to guide administration of the medications are outdated.
c. Lack of staff understanding and support for BCMA has led to overrides or failures to scan bar codes during busy times Most errors related to technology involve mislabeled bar codes on medications, mistakes at order entry because of confusing computer screens, or issues with management of information. Errors also are related to dispensing devices and human factors, such as failure to scan bar codes or overrides of bar-code warnings.
In writing the patient satisfaction survey, the nurse manager is aware of the education levels of the families. What is the most critical element in the concept of health literacy? a. Providing instructional materials at appropriate reading levels b. Facilitating access to translators for persons with language barriers c. Obtaining, processing, and understanding basic health information so appropriate decisions can be made d. Knowing that most people have limited health literacy skills
c. Obtaining, processing, and understanding basic health information so appropriate decisions can be made
A nurse manager approves two staff nurses to attend a national conference. When reviewing the budget, the nurse manager looks at which line item? a. Cash budget b. Capital budget c. Operating budget d. Supply and expense budget
c. Operating budget The operating budget includes a personnel budget, which takes into account productive and nonproductive paid work hours. Education hours are covered under nonproductive paid work hours in the operating budget.
A home health nurse has been assigned to cover a 300-square-mile area of remote Montana. Mrs. Baker has just been discharged home following bowel surgery and has a new colostomy. She will need daily contacts for at least 2 weeks & then regular weekly contact following that week. Because it is not possible to visit Mrs. Baker in person every day and see all of the other clients, the nurse gives her a laptop computer with net meeting software installed. Each morning, both dial in at an agreed-upon time and discuss her progress. The home health nurse assesses whether or not the client needs to be seen that day and is able to view the colostomy site. This type of technology is called: a. Distance learning b. Knowledge software c. Telecommunications d. Biomedical technology
c. Telecommunications Telecommunications and systems technology facilitate clinical oversight of health care via telephone or cable lines, remote monitoring, information links, and the Internet. Patients sitting in front of the teleconferencing camera can be diagnosed, treated, monitored, and educated by nurses and physicians. EKGs and radiographs can be viewed and transmitted.
A 39-year-old patient awaits a kidney transplant. Because he must immediately arrange to get to the hospital when a donor kidney is available, it is important that he can be reached anywhere and at any time. To ensure that he receives the message, what type of technology is most effective? a. Internet b. Telecommunications c. WL pager d. CDS
c. WL pager Wireless (WL) communication is an extension of an existing wired network environment and uses radio-based systems to transmit data signals through the air without any physical connections. Patients awaiting organ transplants are provided with WL pagers so that they can be notified if a donor is found.
The chief nursing officer understands that clinical incompetence is best prevented by a: a. Flexible protocol for evaluating competency skills. b. Standardized clinical skills checklist. c. Administration of personality tests and competency assessments at point of hire. d. Formalized competency program with established standards for practice.
d) Formalized competency program with established standards for practice The competency program with established standards of practice outlines what the nurse must do to achieve desired competencies in her current position. Competency assessment and goal-setting should help the nurse identify how to excel and which competencies the nurse wants to achieve in the future.
he chief nursing officer reviews the policy about "progressive discipline process." The progressive discipline process includes which of the following? The manager: a. Is a counselor and friend to the employee. b. Should reprimand and suspend the employee as a last resort. c. Should rehire the employee after a reasonable length of time. d. Should terminate the employee if the problem persists.
d) Should terminate the employee if the problem persists Termination can be defined as the discharge of an employee who is performing at an unsatisfactory level or who is not a good match for the organization. Termination is always considered to be the last resort when dealing with poor performance.
When progressive discipline is used, the steps are followed progressively only for repeated infractions of the same rule. On some occasions, rules that are broken are so serious that the employee is: a. Transferred to another unit b. Suspended indefinitely c. Asked to attend a union grievance meeting d. Terminated after the first infraction
d) Terminated after the first infraction Behaviors that include violence, theft, and purposeful abuse of a client are sufficiently serious to warrant immediate dismissal with the first incident
Incivility is a disruptive behavior or communication that creates a negative environment and interferes with quality patient care and safety. The manager can implement steps that help to alleviate uncivil behavior on a unit. Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate first step? a. Suspending the staff member from work b. Providing written admonishment that is discussed and placed in the employee's file c. Providing verbal admonishment d. Terminating the staff member Arrange the strategies from Question 16 in the order in which they should occur in progressive discipline. a) A, B, C, D b) B, A, C, D c) C, B, A, D d) C, A, B, D
d) Terminating the staff member Dismissal does not enable the present organization to attempt remediation of the behavior and is not consistent with first steps in progressive discipline. c) C, B, A, D
The nurse manager knows that the most serious effect that absenteeism has on the nursing unit is that: a. Using replacement personnel with new ideas may be beneficial. b. Salary costs are lower because personnel are fewer, and outcome is favorable. c. Absence on the part of the rest of the staff is decreased. d. Unacceptable patient care may result.
d) Unacceptable patient care may result Reduced staffing adversely affects patient care. Employee morale suffers, care standards may be lowered, and additional stress is placed on working staff
The clinic nurse has just accessed a client's chart on the computer. The resident comes over and asks her to stay logged on because he needs to add a note to that client's chart. She should say: a. "No problem. Just log me off when you're done." b. "I'll put the note in for you. What do you want to say?" c. "Just make sure that you sign your note because it's under my password." d. "I'm sorry, but you will have to enter the information using your own password."
d. "I'm sorry, but you will have to enter the information using your own password" System users must never share the passwords that allow them access to information in computerized clinical information systems. Each password uniquely identifies a user to the system by name and title, gives approval to carry out certain functions, and provides access to data appropriate to the user. All users must be aware of their responsibilities for the confidentiality and security of the data they gather and for the security of their passwords.
The chief nursing officer at a local hospital seeking Magnet™ status creates staff development classes concerning translation of research into practice (TRIP). What best describes TRIP? a. Conducting an integrative review of the literature b. Searching the literature for a systematic review c. Providing the results of research studies to practitioners d. Applying strategies that aid in adoption of research in practice
d. Applying strategies that aid in adoption of research in practice The science of how research is adopted is known as translation science, the science of translating research into practice (TRIP). The primary aim of research utilization is to activate the change process to move research findings into practice to improve patient outcomes.
A nurse manager is planning to request three new infusion pumps at a cost of approximately $1500 each. This item would typically be included in which budget? a. Operating b. Strategic c. Unit of service d. Capital
d. Capital Items that have a useful life of longer than a year, which is likely with the pumps, and that have a cost that usually exceeds $300 to $1000 (specific amount is set by the organization) are considered capital items. Operating budget items include what is used on a day-to-day basis, such as staffing.
Corrine, a student nurse, often hears that nurses are gatekeepers and wonders what that term means. As a nurse leader, you explain that this is a reference to the: a. Assessment and admission of patients into care. b. Orientation of patients to services once they are admitted. c. Function of controlling which patients see the physician and which do not. d. Coordination of care, services, advocacy, and access for patients within the healthcare system.
d. Coordination of care, services, advocacy, & access for patients within the healthcare system. As gatekeepers to the system, nurses advocate for and coordinate care, services, and access for patients across all providers, settings, and levels of care.
The primary reason for calculating productive hours paid instead of simply calculating work paid per year is that productive hours enable the manager to: a. Anticipate total costs for patient care. b. Know how much time staff will likely be unavailable because of illness .c. Determine when orientation needs to occur for new staff. d. Determine the number of hours available for patient care.
d. Determine the number of hours available for patient care Total hours are critical for determining the total number of hours that need to be paid for the year. Productive hours are needed to determine what hours are actually available for patient care. The number of FTEs required is determined by dividing the total patient care hours required by the number of productive hou
As part of an information technology implementation team, you are implementing a clinical decision support system. Particular considerations for successful implementation of this project include: a. Ensuring that the system is reliable. b. Ensuring that patient information is reliable. c. Developing unique identifiers for individuals. d. Developing rules that support inferences.
d. Developing rules that support inferences Clinical decision support systems provide support for novice nurses, in particular, as they enable entry of real-time data from patient situations and inferences that apply the logic that expert nurses would use. These inferences require rules to be developed for the system.
You are involved in designing a clinic for women in an inner-city neighborhood. A goal of this clinic might be: a. Development of services that are identified in various studies as important for this target group. b. Partnership with area city councilors and health professionals to provide services that are consistent with their vision and funding sources. c. Provision of immunization and addictions services and health screening services for women in the area. d. Development of services that have been identified by the women and neighborhood advocates as necessary for their health care.
d. Development of services that have been identified by the women and neighborhood advocates as necessary for their health care.
Which of the following is most accurate regarding evidence-based practice? a. Evidence-based practice replaces continuous quality improvement. b. Evidence-based practice began with medicine and assists in determining which medical models can be applied in nursing practice. c. Effective and efficient care can already be demonstrated, which means that EBP will soon become redundant. d. EBP is generally recognized across disciplines and by policymakers as state-of-the-art clinical practice.
d. EBP is generally recognized across disciplines & by policymakers as state-of-the-art clinical practice EBP is recognized across nursing and other disciplines as reflective of state-of-the-art clinical practice, as it is based on best available evidence.
The chief nursing officer decides to establish a client advocacy position in an oncology unit. Advocacy is best represented by: a. Establishing private and professional networking systems. b. Asking social services to handle clients' concerns. c. Identifying community support groups. d. Empowering others by promoting self-determination.
d. Empowering others by promoting self-determination. Advocacy involves empowering and promoting self-determination in others.
Within a multisite healthcare system, the most appropriate strategy for translation of research would be: a. Widespread development of protocols using EBP at unit levels. b. Dissemination of EBP and recommendations to individuals, units, and the organization. c. Development of the skills of individual managers on how to build guidelines based on EBP. d. Establishment of an interdisciplinary center to guide and lead the translation of research findings into practice.
d. Establishment of an interdisciplinary center to guide & lead the translation of research findings into practice At a systems level, the most appropriate approach would be establishing a center that leads in, guides, and promotes EDP across and at various levels.
Which of the following is an effective approach in the appraisal of research studies? a. Accept only studies that use a RCT design. b. When ranking research studies, choose RCTs over qualitative studies. c. Select only studies with a large sample size. d. Evaluate the quality of the research against the standards for that type of research.
d. Evaluate the quality of the research against the standards for that type of research While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are generally considered the gold standard for research, it is important to assess not only the method but the quality of the study and its applicability to the question that is being asked. The quality of all studies should be appraised against the standards accepted for that that type of research.
The chief nursing officer works with her nurse managers by helping them understand how to develop and implement a budget. A nurse manager can best describe a budget as a: a. Day-to-day plan for operations b. Unit of service c. Statement of revenues and services d. Financial plan
d. Financial plan The budget is an overall financial plan that reflects organizational assumptions, objectives, and standards, and various types of budget planning, including operational and capital budgets, which, in turn, reflect revenues and costs.
As the head nurse involved in leading determination of which patient surveillance systems to acquire for your unit, one of your aims is to avoid adverse events through the implementation of appropriate technology. This particular aim recognizes that: a. Human error is significant in contributing to adverse events. b. Documentation of patient data is often illegible and therefore, misinterpreted. c. Data systems provide backup documentation with adverse events that staff cannot provide. d. Physiologic monitoring systems enable detection of early changes before an adverse event occurs.
d. Physiologic monitoring systems enable detection of early changes before an adverse event occurs Data about adverse events suggests that a majority of physiologic abnormalities are not detected early enough and may be present hours before the event actually occurs. Physiologic monitoring aids in early detection of changes.
A necessary, basic condition for successful integration of clinical information systems is: a. Software b. Standard medical nomenclature c. Confirmatory evidence from nursing-led studies d. Strong interdisciplinary cultures
d. Strong interdisciplinary cultures An integrated clinical information system draws on specific knowledge from many involved disciplines that interface at the patient. Successful integration of clinical information systems requires that the various disciplines work together collaboratively to transform the data into meaningful knowledge.
The chief nursing officer understands that to be able to compare data across client populations and sites, it is important that nurses use: a. Similar settings b. Information systems c. Knowledge systems d. Structured nursing languages
d. Structured nursing languages (old book) Data are standardized and use structured terminology, which enables cross-site comparisons.
Which of the following are considered variable costs? (Select all that apply) a. Salaries for the minimum number of staff b. Utilities and rent c. Managed care d. Supplies e. Medication and treatment supplies
d. Supplies e. Medication and treatment supplies The total fixed costs in a unit are those costs that do not change as the volume of patients changes. In other words, with either a high or a low patient census, expenses related to rent, utilities, loan payments, administrative salaries, and salaries of the minimum number of staff to keep a unit open must be paid. Variable costs are costs that vary in direct proportion to patient volume or acuity. Examples include nursing personnel, supplies, and medications.
As the unit manager, you are interested in determining whether patient autonomy is preserved through informed consent in surgical settings. You determine that participatory action research is the best method to address this question. Which of the following is consistent with a participatory action research design? a. You interview 125 pts who have recently undergone surgery & transcribe the interviews to determine themes. Themes are validated with an expert in informed consent. b. You circulate a questionnaire to patients who recently underwent surgery and ask for their opinions regarding consent. Data are analyzed and the findings distributed to administration and other groups. c. An audit is undertaken of signed consents for treatment, to determine if the consent is properly witnessed and signed. Findings are used to inform changes in policies. d. You meet with a patient group to determine which questions should be asked about patient informed consent and what issues might be encountered and addressed during the research.
d. You meet with a patient group to determine which questions should be asked about patient informed consent and what issues might be encountered and addressed during the research In participatory action research (PAR), the members of the community being studied are integral members of the research team and are involved in identifying the questions and addressing the issues involved in the implementation of the research project
