Learning and Conditioning Ch.6

The medial prefrontal cortex is rich in receptors for ___________ and which modulate the release of __________ among other neurotransmitters. 5-HT, dopamine dopamine, serotonin serotonin, dopamine cannabinoid; glutamate A and C are both correct

A and C are both correct

Punishment fails when: 1) It is delayed 2) It is initially weak 3) It is highly intermittent 4) All of the above are correct

All of the above are correct

Hackenberg and Hineline (1987) gave one group of rats an avoidance period from electric shock before food and one group after food. They found that: rats respond to long-term aversive consequences in their environment only the rats below 85% body weight were interested in food after electric shock the avoidance period had more of an effect when it came after food there was no difference in response based on positive reinforcement being before or after the avoidance Both a and c are correct.

Both a and c are correct

Discriminated avoidance procedure is to ________________ as non-discriminated avoidance procedure is to ______________. 1) CS/warning signal; no CS/no warning signal 2) Free-operant trials; Discrete trials 3) Sidman; Bechterov 4) Avoidance response; escape response

CS/warning signal; no CS/no warning signal

In a non-discriminated avoidance procedure, the interval between consecutive presentations of the aversive stimulus is referred to as the R-S interval. 1) True 2) False

False

In avoidance learning, the escape response prevents an impending aversive stimulus. 1) True 2) False

False

Intense punishment given after the initial offense decreases the effectiveness of a punishment procedure. 1) True 2) False

False

Laboratory studies of human aggression have been questioned in terms of their internal validity. True False

False

Punishment must involve physical pain. 1) True 2) False

False

The effectiveness of punishment is greatly decreased by positive reinforcement of an alternative behavior. 1) True 2) False

False

Whether or not punishment can permanently suppress behavior is not debated, it typically does so. True False

False

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of electric shock as a punishing stimulus? 1) It can be varied over a range that, on one end of the continuum, produces no effect on behavior to intensities where complete response suppression occurs. 2) It is easily quantified. 3) In addition to operant suppression, it produces conditioned fear reactions. 4) It can be delivered in a way that makes unauthorized escape impossible.

In addition to operant suppression, it produces conditioned fear reactions

Herrnstein and Hineline exposed rats to random electric shocks. The frequency of shocks was reduced by bar-pressing, but some responses were still followed by shocks. What happened? 1) Most of the rats in this experiment pressed the lever. 2) Most of the rats in this experiment did not press the lever. 3) The rats gave up and developed ulcers. 4) The rats tended to freeze and perform poorly.

Most of the rats in this experiments pressed the lever

Pretend you are conducting an experiment. A rat is at 95% body weight and is punished when it responds for food - its behavior is completely eliminated. Next, the level of food deprivation is increased (to 80%) and you test for bar pressing. What will happen? 1) Responding recovers. 2) Responding remains at zero. 3) Responding recovers but is suppressed. 4) Responding is at operant level.

Responding remains at zero

Evidence suggests that laboratory studies of human aggression constitute a reasonable analog of human aggression in everyday life. This conclusion is based on several lines of evidence. Which of the following is NOT one of those lines of evidence? 1) Participants in aggression experiments are convinced that their actions harmed the confederate. 2) When an accomplice provokes a subject, he/she deliver greater amounts of painful stimulation than when they are not provoked. 3) People who are known to be violent usually select and deliver stronger levels of aversive stimulation than those without such a history. 4) Several studies have actually allowed the use of intense aversive stimulation and these investigations have produced outcomes similar to mock aggression studies.

Several studies have actually allowed the use of intense aversive stimulation and these investigations have produced outcomes similar to mock aggression studies.

Brad is a smoker but his girlfriend, Julie, despises his habit and reprimands him each time he smokes a cigarette around her. Now Brad avoids the punishment by only smoking when Julie is not around. Why does his undesired behavior continue and this punishment procedure fail? 1) Punishment is delayed 2) Punishment occurs consistently 3) The punishment is signaled by a distinct antecedent stimulus, it can be avoided. 4) Punishment is not signaled by a discriminative stimulus.

The punishment is signaled by a distinct antecedent stimulus, it can be avoided

Which of the following environmental changes has the greatest influence onresponding during a timeout from avoidance procedure? The stimulus change signaling the onset of the timeout period The reduction in overall frequency of the aversive event The reduction in response effort during the timeout period The increased availability of food during the timeout period The decrease in the variability of aversive events during the timeout period.

The reduction in response effort during the timeout period

On the stretch of I-29 that Nicholas has driven daily for years, he has received two speeding tickets, but despite this, he often drives above the speed limit? 1) The response-outcome contingency is strong 2) The response-outcome contingency is weak 3) The response-outcome contiguity is strong 4) The response-outcome contingency is intermittent. 5) Two of the above are likely correct

The response-outcome contingency is intermittent

"Dropping out" of society's mainstream is likely due to negative reinforcement contingencies. True False

True

Apparently, infant caretaking is under the control of the occurrences of crying by the infant. True False

True

BDNF is a protein implicated in the persistent effects of social punishment and social defeat on avoidance responses. True False

True

Differential punishment of IRTs by a shock schedule and intensity of the shock explain why punishment procedures sometimes increase responding. True False

True

If an up-coming aversive stimulus is signaled by a distinctive antecedent stimulus and the aversive stimulus can be avoided by a reponse, the procedure is called signaled avoidance. 1) True 2) False

True

In a Sidman avoidance procedure, the avoidance response can be performed at any point in time. 1) True 2) False

True

In a discriminated avoidance procedure, we refer to the antecedent stimulus as a warning signal. 1) True 2) False

True

In avoidance learning, the avoidance response terminates an aversive stimulus. 1) True 2) False

True

On an FR schedule of reinforcement, punishment tends to increase the postreinforcement pause. 1) True 2) False

True

One way to control where elephants will and will not roam in the wild is with the sound of bees buzzing True False

True

Punishment fails when the benefits of the punished response outweigh the cost of the aversive stimulus (see 18 above). 1) True 2) False

True

Remove is to escape response as prevent is to avoidance response. 1) True 2) False

True

Severe punishment for an initial offense may sensitize the individual to further punishment, increasing its effectiveness, while mild punishment may immunize the individual to further punishment, decreasing its effectiveness. 1) True 2) False

True

The more immediate the response-punisher relation is, the more effective the punishment procedure. 1) True 2) False

True

The presence of bees and the sound of their buzz is an effective deterrent against elephants wandering due to a learning history amongst such a social species. True False

True

The research by Thompson and co-authors (2011) suggests that negative reinforcement by escape is a part of the early infant-caretaker relationship True False

True

Unconditioned elicited responses can be incompatible with an escape response, making it difficult for an animal to learn the escape response. 1) True 2) False

True

When different, desired behaviors are reinforced, and the undesired behavior results in the removal of the reinforcement, this is called DRO or Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior. 1) True 2) False

True

Skinner has consistently argued ________________ aversion techniques. 1) for the general use of 2) for the limited use of 3) for the use of mild 4) against the use of

against the use of

Once acquired, an avoidance reponse is resistant to extinction because respondent extinction may not happen warning stimuli that were paired with the aversive stimulus are functioning as conditioned aversive stimuli the organism will engage in avoidance of the stimuli that were paired with the aversive stimulus all of the above are correct.

all of the above are correct

When people and other animals are exposed to inescapable aversive events: 1) they may learn to give up and become helpless 2) they may become clinically depressed 3) they may be "immunized" from the effects of these events 4) all of the above except C are correct

all of the above except C are correct

Problems with the use of punishment include 1) the recipient may avoid the person delivering the punishment. 2) the recipient may become aggressive. 3) the recipient may later use punishment to control others. 4) all of these

all of these

A straightforward way to make punishment more effective is to give the organism ____________ to obtain the ____________ reinforcement. 1) another way, a different 2) another way, the same 3) an identical way, a different 4) an identical way, the same

another way; the same

During a timeout from avoidance procedure, the primary means by which negative reinforcement occurs is the reduction in the number of aversive events the response requirements for avoidance are reduced the stimulus change from avoidance to timeout reduced response effort both b and d are correct.

both B and D are correct

Seligman and Maier (1967) exposed dogs to intense non-contingent electric shock. Following this, they trained the animals to avoid signaled shocks. The dogs _____________ to avoid the shocks. 1) learned 2) did not learn 3) barked 4) attacked the trainers

did not learn

A parent may say to a child, "Judy, clean your room or you cannot go out to play." If Judy cleans her room, this is an example of: 1) non-discriminated punishment 2) discriminated avoidance 3) non-discriminated avoidance 4) discriminated punishment

discriminated avoidance

When an operant removes a stimulus and behavior increases, the procedure is called ____________ . When an operant prevents the occurrence of an aversive stimulus and this contingency produces an ____________ in operant behavior, the contingency is called ____________. 1) escape; decrease; avoidance 2) escape; increase; avoidance 3) avoidance; increase; escape 4) avoidance; decrease; avoidance

escape; increase; avoidance

With regard to respondent aggression, Ulrich and Azrin (1962) found that the probability of attack following any single shock: decreased as the number of shocks went up increased then decreased as the number of shocks went up remained constant as the number of shocks increased increased as the number of shocks increased

increased as the number of shocks increased

Recent neural studies suggest that learned helplessness techniques may contribute to depression by: increasing inhibitory synaptic responses in the LHb decreasing inhibitory synaptic responses in the LHb increasing excitatory synaptic responses in the LHb decreasing excitatory synaptic responses in the LHb

increasing excitatory synaptic responses in the LHb

In the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment, the dogs that displayed an inability to avoid shock were those that had been exposed to 1) extinction. 2) inescapable shock. 3) escapable shock. 4) unpredictable shock.

inescapable shock

When animals are exposed to unavoidable aversive stimulation, and then given an opportunity to escape, a phenomenon called ______________ may occur. 1) neurotic adaptation 2) avoidance frenzy 3) learned helplessness 4) behavioral compensation

learned helplessness

It is probably the case, that a student who receives a reprimand from a professor for talking in class will show _______ disruption of note-taking. In contrast, when the same student is regularly harassed after class by other students, his behavior may be ___________ disrupted. 1) much; not at all 2) no; slightly 3) little; very 4) much; slightly

little; very

Giving an organism another way to obtain reinforcement will: make punishment more effective make punishment less effective have no effect on punishment will not be compatible with a schedule of punishment

make punishment more effective

One brain structure that appears to have a relation between inescapable shocks (or stressors) and behavioral depression is the anterior cingulate gyrus medial prefrontal cortex dorsal prefrontal cortex lateral prefrontal cortex limbic cortex

medial prefrontal cortex

Individuals who effectively use positive punishment are__________ to use aversive regulation on future occasions. 1) less likely 2) more likely 3) not able 4) likely to decrease the intensity of the stimulus, but continue

more likely

Kristen's parents usually ground her when she misbehaves. They are using a ___________ procedure. 1) differential reinforcement 2) Escape 3) DRO 4) negative punishment

negative punishment

A stimulus may be removed when a response occurs and the response decreases in frequency. This is called _______________ . On the other hand, ________________ occurs when a previously strengthened response no longer produces reinforcement. 1) extinction; positive punishment 2) negative punishment; extinction 3) negative reinforcement; extinction 4) extinction; negative reinforcement

negative punishment; extinction

In an experiment involving the stimuli of a tone being followed by shock, the SD for an ______ response would be the ______. 1) avoidance; shock 2) escape; tone 3) both a and b are correct 4) neither a nor b are correct

neither a nor b are correct

There are people who compulsively wash their hands in order to get rid of unseen germs. In this case, hand-washing is the operant and the supposed absence of germs negatively reinforces the behavior. This is best described as: 1) non-discriminated punishment 2) discriminated avoidance 3) non-discriminated avoidance 4) discriminated punishment

non-discriminated avoidance

ou may shout and argue with another person when that individual expresses an opinion you strongly agree with. This is an example of: 1) negative punishment 2) positive punishment 3) negative reinforcement 4) none of these

none of these

In terms of operant-respondent interactions, persistence, and avoidance: operant avoidance prevents respondent extinction operant avoidance interacts with respondent aggression operant avoidance facilitates respondent avoidance operant avoidance sets the occasion for respondent aversion

operant avoidance prevents respondent extinction

When a response brings the next shock closer than not responding, research suggests that avoidance behavior is_________ maintained. 1) well 2) poorly 3) always 4) never

poorly

When an aversive stimulus follows an operant response and decreases its frequency, this procedure is called: 1) negative punishment 2) positive punishment 3) negative reinforcement 4) any of these

positive punishment

In escape, there is an immediate change from the _____________ of the aversive stimulus to its _____________. 1) high value; low value 2) absence; presence 3) low value; high value 4) presence; absence

presence; absence

In a time-out procedure, behavior modification is achieved by: 1) The careful administration of a mildly aversive stimulus 2) Preventing any access to an environment with numerous reinforcers 3) The administration of a relatively strong aversive stimulus 4) Reducing contact with an annoying stimulus.

preventing any access to an environment with numerous reinforcers

The study of positive punishment is most complicated by: 1) conditioned suppression 2) punished responses are typically maintained on some schedule of reinforcement 3) emotional reactions 4) positive punishment can produce a zero rate of response

punished responses are typically maintained on some schedule of reinforcement

To make positive punishment most effective: 1) punishment must be salient 2) punishment must be gradually increased 3)punishment must be suddenly introduced 4) punishment must be phylogenetically meaningful

punishment must be suddenly introduced

Conditioning an escape response with rats is most difficult when the following operant is used: 1) press the lever and hold it down 2) wheel running 3) standard lever pressing 4) jump onto a platform

standard lever pressing

People "drop out" of education, family, personal and community responsibility, citizenship, society, and even life. Sidman points out that the common element in all of these forms of "dropping out" is: 1) positive punishment 2) low self-esteem, caused by non-contingent aversive stimulation 3) ratio strain, caused by increasing response requirements 4) the dropping out results in negative reinforcement

the dropping out results in negative reinforcement

Azrin, Holz, and Hake's (1963) study on punishment and food deprivation in pigeons demonstrated that: the more food-deprived the pigeons were, the higher the efficacy of the punisher the more food-deprived the pigeons were, the lower the efficacy of the punisher the type of food reward in relation to deprivation changes the efficacy of the punisher the efficacy of the punisher remained constant regardless of the level of deprivation

the more food-deprived the pigeons were, the lower the efficacy of the punisher

Primary aversive stimuli are also called __________________ and conditioned aversive stimuli are also called 1) unconditioned punishers; conditioned punishers. 2) generalized punishers; conditioned punishers. 3) unconditioned punishers; generalized punishers. 4) conditioned punishers; unconditioned punishers.

unconditioned punishers; conditioned punishers

Mice who are lacking a gene for BDNF expression in the ___________ show reduced social avoidance after social defeat. nucleus accumbens ventral tegmental area medial prefrontal cortex more than one of the above is correct.

ventral tegmental area