Learning Check 1 - Chapter 1 and 11

Correlational research designs allow for cause-and-effect interpretations to be made. True/false question. True False

False

When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present. True/false question. True False

False

___ social influence refers to the influence that other people have on us because we want to be right.

Informational

___ aggression refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly.

Overt

__ aggression requires social and cognitive skill in order to do the most damage.

Relational

Which of these is an advantage of the case study? Multiple choice question. It is the only method that allows researchers to draw conclusions about cause and effect. Researchers can gain a richer level of detail about an individual person. Because it is anonymous, its results tend to be more reliable. This method allows researchers to study large numbers of people fairly easily.

Researchers can gain a richer level of detail about an individual person.

Fill in the Blank Question ____ threat is a person's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group.

Stereotype

_____ is concerned with the components of the mind, whereas _____ is concerned with the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment. Multiple choice question. Structuralism; behaviorism Functionalism; structuralism Behaviorism; functionalism Structuralism; functionalism

Structuralism; functionalism

The scientific method is a continuous process. True/False Question True False

True

Arjun is answering a telephone survey about marital satisfaction in the United States. When asked about his own marital satisfaction, he doesn't tell the researcher the truth because he worries that his marriage is worse than many other marriages. Instead, he says what he thinks other recipients might say. This behavior is considered Multiple choice question. a benefit of the survey method. unnecessary if participants would just stop lying about their lives. statistically irrelevant, as researchers take into account that up to half of the sample will provide a socially acceptable answer. a drawback to the survey method.

a drawback to the survey method.

What is survey research? Multiple choice question. a study that is concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more variables observing how children resolve conflicts while playing a game a standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic an in-depth look at a single individual

a standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic

Which of the following is an example of a case study? Multiple choice question. a study in which researchers take notes on how people of different ethnic groups interact with each other a study in which people complete a questionnaire about how they feel about people of different ethnic groups a study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior toward people of different ethnic groups a study examining ethnic differences in neighborhoods using census data

a study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior toward people of different ethnic groups

Select all that apply Which of the following are among the contemporary approaches to psychological science? (More than one option may be correct.) Multiple select question. behavioral cognitive chemical investigative sociocultural metaphysical humanistic

behavioral cognitive sociocultural humanistic

The _____ perspective on human behavior asserts that biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant ingredients in producing behavior. Multiple choice question. humanistic biopsychosocial evolutionary sociocultural

biopsychosocial

Mark wants to become a successful businessperson. He studies how Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, became wealthy. This is an example of a(n) Multiple choice question. case study. experiment. correlational study. survey.

case study.

An advertiser that engages the audience with thoughtful and sound arguments is using the _____ route to persuasion. Multiple choice question. intellectual social central peripheral

central

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what? Multiple choice question. cognitive dissonance fundamental attribution error assumed-similarity bias social cognition

cognitive dissonance

Select all that apply Which of the following personality traits are associated with aggression? Multiple select question. coldness toward others low levels of agreeableness low levels of conscientiousness low levels of neuroticism low levels of introversion

coldness toward others low levels of agreeableness low levels of conscientiousness

Select all that apply What might researchers do after they have conducted a study and generated their conclusions? Multiple select question. conclude that they have found the answer to their question and do not need to do more research collect more data, using different methods share their findings with others collect more data, using the same methods revise their theories

collect more data, using different methods share their findings with others collect more data, using the same methods revise their theories

Your roommate tells you that he spent four hours at Starbucks this week and his GPA is a 3.1. You spent six hours at Starbucks this week and your GPA is 3.5. You have started collecting data in which type of research? Multiple choice question. experimental research case study standardized testing correlational research

correlational research

Fill in the blank question. Operational ____ are important to research because they provide clarity in the explanation and measurement of a phenomenon.

definitions

A persuasion tool that involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale is called the ___-in-the-face technique.

door

Select all that apply Which of the following are NOT among the contemporary approaches to psychology? (More than one option may be correct.) Multiple select question. exploratory physical psychodynamic evolutionary sociocultural biological

exploratory physical

For a theory to be scientific, there must be some way to prove it wrong. In other words, the theory must be Blank______. Multiple choice question. falsifiable useful flawless plagiarized

falsifiable

A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called the ____ -in-the-door technique.

foot

What is NOT one of the three basic types of research used in psychology? Multiple choice question. correlational inferential descriptive experimental

inferential

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as Multiple choice question. deindividuation. normative social influence. obedience. informational social influence.

informational social influence.

Dana and Tyler are both committed to their relationship, and neither feels particularly enticed to stray from their significant other, as neither finds anyone more attractive than they find each other. The ____ model of relationships suggests that they are likely to remain happily committed to their relationship.

investment

When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social ___

loafing

Like functionalism, structuralism focuses on Multiple choice question. neuroscientific explanations for behavior. mental processes. behavior. introspection.

mental processes.

Select all that apply Burger suggested four key factors in explaining obedience in Milgram's obedience study. Which are they? Multiple select question. opportunity to punish a stranger novelty of the situation opportunity to deny responsibility limited time to think about the decision normative information provided

novelty of the situation opportunity to deny responsibility limited time to think about the decision normative information provided

The four core attitudes in the scientific approach are critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and ________

objectivity

Select all that apply Which of these are among the steps in the scientific method? Multiple select question. preparing meta-analyses observing some phenomenon drawing conclusions formulating hypotheses and predictions thinking critically

observing some phenomenon drawing conclusions formulating hypotheses and predictions

The ___ ____ process occurs when researchers submit their research findings to a journal for examination by their colleagues, who make a decision about whether to publish the research paper.

peer review

Fill in the Blank Question Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chen have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of ____ ____

relational aggression

Making messages _____ is one way avoid the tendency to counterargue. Multiple choice question. self-relevant comprehensive illogical threatening

self-relevant

Select all that apply Which of the following are significant ingredients in producing behavior, according to the biopsychosocial approach? Multiple select question. social factors psychological factors metaphysical factors biological factors

social factors psychological factors biological factors

A(n) ___ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any individual differences.

stereotype

Which approach to psychology did Wilhelm Wundt endorse? Multiple choice question. functionalism gestalt structuralism introspection

structuralism

A person who experiences stereotype _____ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for them as a member of a group. Multiple choice question. bias factors threat serving

threat

Critics of the conclusion that violent video game exposure leads to aggression believe that aggression observed in research may not generalize to real-world violence. True/false question. True False

true

Select all that apply When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior? Multiple select question. when a person has strong attitudes when a person is very aware of their own attitudes when the person's attitudes do not affect the individual personally when a person rehearses and practices their strong attitudes when the person's attitude changed recently

when a person has strong attitudes when a person is very aware of their own attitudes when a person rehearses and practices their strong attitudes

When can cause-and-effect determinations be made in psychological research? Multiple choice question. when correlational research techniques are used in all psychological research when a true experiment is conducted when descriptive research is used

when a true experiment is conducted

The peripheral route to persuasion is most likely to use Multiple choice question. an attractive spokesperson. an in-depth analysis. a thought-provoking pitch. a logical argument.

an attractive spokesperson.

The ___ ___ effect refers to the idea that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person (or thing).

mere exposure

The process whereby researchers submit their research findings to a journal for examination by their colleagues, who will make a decision about whether to publish the paper, is called Multiple choice question. the research audition. single-blind research. peer review. double-blind research.

peer review.

The steps in the scientific method do NOT include Multiple choice question. formulating hypotheses and predictions. drawing conclusions. preparing meta-analyses. observing some phenomenon.

preparing meta-analyses.

Survey research is the preferred method for studying socially undesirable phenomena such as holding racist attitudes. True/false question True False

False

In Milgram's classic obedience study, what proportion of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator—450 volts—to shock the learner? Multiple choice question. one-quarter one-half two-thirds three-quarters

two-thirds

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, they were more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was _____, they were likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all. Multiple choice question. with another bystander; alone happy; sad alone; with another bystander sad; happy

alone; with another bystander

What is one method people use to resist persuasion? Multiple choice question. counterarguing cognitive dissonance groupthink social comparison

counterarguing

Select all that apply Which of these are among the steps in the scientific method? Multiple select question. thinking critically preparing meta-analyses drawing conclusions observing some phenomenon formulating hypotheses and predictions

drawing conclusions observing some phenomenon formulating hypotheses and predictions

Reducing dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called Multiple choice question. effort justification. the fundamental attribution error. false consensus. groupthink.

effort justification.

Which of the following is an example of mere exposure? Multiple choice question. finding a person attractive because they share many of your interests finding a person attractive because they are very different from you finding a person attractive because they are physically appealing finding a person attractive because you bump into them frequently

finding a person attractive because you bump into them frequently

Which of the following are NOT associated with aggression? Multiple choice question. high levels of introversion low levels of conscientiousness callous attitudes low levels of agreeableness

high levels of introversion

The _____ model of relationships emphasizes the ways commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction in a relationship. Multiple choice question. romantic love investment social exchange evolutionary

investment

Fill in the Blank Question Reducing dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort ___

justification

Critics of the conclusion that violent video game exposure leads to aggression have pointed out that Multiple choice question. the aggression observed in the research is criminal. lab-based aggression may not generalize to real-world violence. people will be aggressive in the lab and in the real world. lab-based aggression is too lifelike for research.

lab-based aggression may not generalize to real-world violence.

The functionalists focused on: Multiple choice question. asking people to examine their own thoughts through introspection. determining the most ethical way for human beings to live their lives. mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment. analyzing ways in which human behavior is shaped by our social and cultural environments.

mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

According to social exchange theory, the objective of relationships is to Multiple choice question. maximize costs and minimize benefits. minimize costs and maximize benefits. minimize costs and minimize benefits. minimize effort and maximize rewards.

minimize costs and maximize benefits.

According to social exchange theory, the objective of relationships is to Multiple choice question. minimize compromise and maximize gains. maximize costs and minimize benefits. minimize effort and maximize rewards. minimize costs and maximize benefits.

minimize costs and maximize benefits.

Boys and men tend to be _____ overtly aggressive than girls and women. Multiple choice question. no more or less more less

more

As the general science of human behavior, psychology Multiple choice question. must address all sides of the human experience. should focus solely on the negative aspects of humanity. would benefit from less study of human weakness. must ignore the positive aspects of the human condition.

must address all sides of the human experience

Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of ____ social influence.

normative

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is _____. Multiple choice question. informational social influence normative social influence deindividuation obedience

normative social influence

Select all that apply What are the core attitudes in the scientific approach? Multiple select question. objectivity curiosity critical thinking skepticism inflexibility pride

objectivity curiosity critical thinking skepticism

Select all that apply What are the core attitudes in the scientific approach? Multiple select question. objectivity inflexibility pride skepticism critical thinking curiosity

objectivity skepticism critical thinking curiosity

Nancy is doing a research project next week at a shopping center. She's worried about being systematic and whether she should bring someone along to make sure she is being accurate. She's concerned about technology and whether she should record her research in writing, by sound recording, or by video. What type of research is she conducting? Multiple choice question. standardized testing observational experimental longitudinal

observational

When trying to explain other's behavior, we can reduce the likelihood of making the fundamental attribution error by Multiple choice question. employing cognitive dissonance. taking the perspective of others. focusing more on a person's internal traits. accepting all of our inferences as facts.

taking the perspective of others.

Select all that apply Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance? Multiple select question. Change the level of dissonance. Ignore the attitude causing the dissonance. Change the behavior causing the dissonance. Change the attitude causing the dissonance.

Change the behavior causing the dissonance. Change the attitude causing the dissonance.

(Collectivistic/Individualistic) cultures value the group; therefore, they have been associated with greater levels of conformity.

Collectivistic

If two variables are correlated, then one of them must cause the other. True/false question. True False

False

(Functionalism/Structuralism) is the name of the approach to psychology endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt.

Structuralism

The fundamental attribution error likely occurs because people focus on trying to understand the mental states of others. True/false question. True False

True

We are more likely to be attracted to people who are similar to us in ideas, values, beliefs, and interests. True/false question. True False

True

Scores in bowling go up as ability goes up. This is an example of Multiple choice question. a cause-and-effect relationship. a positive correlation. no correlation. a negative correlation.

a positive correlation.

Scores on an exam go down as the time spent studying goes down. This is an example of Multiple choice question. a positive correlation. the absence of a systematic relationship. no correlation. a negative correlation.

a positive correlation.

Fill in the Blank Question The self-serving ____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

bias

Fill in the Blank Question Researchers may choose to use ____ research when they want to use one variable to predict another or if they want to do research in a situation in which they cannot ethically conduct a true experiment.

correlational

There is a(n) ___ relationship between playing violent video games and aggression, but this relationship does not imply causation.

correlational

There is a(n) ______ relationship between playing violent video games and aggression. Multiple choice question. cause-and-effect experimental correlational negative

correlational

Operational definitions are important to research because they Multiple choice question. provide clarity in the explanation and measurement of a phenomenon. allow researchers to brand their research. make it hard for research studies to be copied by rivals. allow researchers to come up with new vocabulary words.

provide clarity in the explanation and measurement of a phenomenon.

Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized are known as Multiple choice question. fundamental attribution errors. self-fulfilling prophecies. acts of discrimination. stereotypes.

self-fulfilling prophecies.

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate? Multiple choice question. discrimination prejudicial behaviors self-fulfilling prophecy modern racism

self-fulfilling prophecy

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures. Multiple choice question. bystander effect fundamental attribution error false consensus effect self-serving bias

self-serving bias

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that the person is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe? Multiple choice question. a self-fulfilling prophecy conformity discrimination stereotyping

stereotyping

Select all that apply Which statements are true of survey research? Multiple select question. It is usually done in a case study. A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly. It can be used to study variables that are unconscious. People are asked to self-report.

A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly. People are asked to self-report.

What is the difference between a theory and an opinion? Multiple choice question. An opinion is a theory that has been falsified. A theory has been proven completely true, whereas an opinion still needs more proof. There is no difference; theory is just the word scientists use to describe their opinions. A theory is falsifiable, whereas an opinion is not.

A theory is falsifiable, whereas an opinion is not.

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error? Multiple choice question. Antonio got an "A" grade in psychology because he studied hard, and a "D" grade in biology because the teacher doesn't like him. Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner. Antonio is attractive, so he is also a good student. You just met Antonio and already feel like you have lot in common.

Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner

_____ is a historical approach advocated by William James that concentrated on mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment. Multiple choice question. Introspection Structuralism Behaviorism Functionalism

Functionalism

_____ refers to a tendency to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation. Multiple choice question. Fundamental attribution error Biases of attribution Error of attribution False consensus effect

Fundamental attribution error

Which of these is a limitation of the case study? Multiple choice question. Because researchers are observing only outward behavior, they cannot know what a person is thinking or feeling. It can be difficult to sort out the statistical data from so many people. Case studies don't provide very much detail about the people being studied. It can be difficult to generalize from one person to the larger population.

It can be difficult to generalize from one person to the larger population.

Identify a true statement about the role similarity plays in romantic relationships. Multiple choice question. It makes relationships less comfortable. It increases relationship satisfaction. It lowers the self-esteem of a person. It restricts the development of intimacy.

It increases relationship satisfaction.

What is the correct interpretation of the statement "Extroversion and attending parties are positively correlated"? Multiple choice question. Extroversion causes people to go to more parties. Going to parties causes people to be extroverted. Extroverted people tend to not go to parties. People who go to parties tend to be extroverted.

People who go to parties tend to be extroverted.

Which of the following is an example of correlational research? Multiple choice question. An in-depth analysis of Joan revealed that her depression was caused by trouble with her father. SAT scores are related to GPA. When people are assigned to a red room, they feel hungry, but not when they are assigned to a white room. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala produces a positive mood, but chemical stimulation of the same area has no effect.

SAT scores are related to GPA.

The view that human behavior is caused by the expression of unconscious impulses has had a lasting impact on the field of psychology. This view was proposed by which theorist? Multiple choice question. B. F. Skinner Sigmund Freud William James Mary Whiton Calkins

Sigmund Freud

Select all that apply For what reasons might researchers use correlational research? Multiple select question. to work with variables that can only be measured or observed to investigate real-world events to conduct research in situations in which it would not be ethical to carry out an experiment to determine if there is a causal link between two variables

to work with variables that can only be measured or observed to investigate real-world events to conduct research in situations in which it would not be ethical to carry out an experiment

Select all that apply When you are doing observational research, you must know Multiple select question. when and where you will make your observations. whom you are observing. what the results will be. how you will make the observations.

when and where you will make your observations. whom you are observing. how you will make the observations.

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would NOT expect attitudes to guide behavior? Multiple choice question. when the person's attitudes recently changed when a person has strong attitudes when a person is very aware of their own attitudes when a person rehearses and practices their strong attitudes

when the person's attitudes recently changed