LEARNING PSY

Positive punishment is which of the following?

Addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

instinctive drift

the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when _____.

the unconditioned stimulus is absent

_____ conditioning occurs when organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Openrent

_____ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

Acquisition

Which of the following describes spontaneous recovery?

An extinguished conditioned response reemerges.

the form of ____learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning.

Associative

___conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.

Aversive

When the structure of an organism's body inhibits what the organism can learn, it is called a___ constraint.

Biological

Primary reinforcers are _____, whereas secondary reinforcers are learned.

innate

Learned information stored cognitively in an individuals memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.

latent

Motor reproduction is the process of__ the models action.

modeling / inmiating

One cognitive factor of learning is ____ which is the idea that much of behavior is goal-directed.

Purposiveness

_____ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

counterconditioning

True or false: A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis

false

True or false: Stimulus generalization occurs when one responds only to the original conditioned stimulus.

false

true or false : Operant conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

false

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a _____ schedule

fixed interval

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a _____ schedule.

fixed interval

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a(n) _____ schedule.

fixed ratio

Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?

shaping

Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Sarah's participation. This is an example of _____.

the law of effect

Classical conditioning can explain habituation to a drug's effects because the _____ to the drug can be the body's way of preparing itself for the drug.

conditioned response

Deanna goes to the closet to grab the leash when she walks her dog, Maximus. Maximus gets excited and begins to run back and forth. In classical conditioning terms, the leash would be a _____.

conditioned stimulus

shaping behavior

rewarding approximations of desired behaviors

___ in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

Discrimination

________ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Discrimination

__learning occurs, for example, when a patient anticipates feeling the pain of injections based on past experiences.

Expectancy

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears,___ has occurred

Extinction

tolerance and __occur when an individual needs a higher and higher dose of a substance to get the same effect.

Habituation

Classical conditioning can produce ________, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person's ability to fight disease.

Immunosuppression

___is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

Reinforcement

variable-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

fixed-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called___ conditioning

classical

In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response known as _____.

generalization

___is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

positive reinforcement

The idea that much of behavior is goal-directed and therefore related to cognitive factors is referred to as _____.

purpose behavior

In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding, a__, schedule should be utilized.

ratio

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous____

recovery

A(n) _____ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

variable ratio

Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining _____ behaviors.

voluntary