LearningCurve 1b

Which age is NOT correctly matched with its Piagetian developmental stage?

13 years; preoperational stage

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between a sample and a population?

A population includes a sample.

_____is devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual human differences.

Behavioral genetics

In 1972, a team of researchers began following more than 1,000 children born in New Zealand. The researchers examined them at two-year intervals from age 3 into adult life. At each evaluation, they studied the participants' personalities, and looked at parenting practices and life events. The scientists are now tracking these babies as they move into middle age. This study is called the _____ Multidisciplinary and Development Study.

Dunedin

Which psychologist is correctly matched with his developmental theory?

Erik Erikson and psychosocial theory

How would history's leading developmentalists complete this sentence: "Human development depends on . . . "? Select the answer choice that pairs the theorist with his beliefs.

Erik Erikson; "the successful completion of a series of psychosocial tasks."

_____ emphasizes the role of innate species-specific processes in human development and behavior.

Evolutionary psychology

"Give me a dozen healthy infants . . . and I'll . . . take any one at random and train him to be any specialist I might select . . ." With this statement, _____ expressed the strong "nurture" stance of behaviorism.

John B. Watson

Attachment theory was formulated by:

John Bowlby.

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective, the child's development is shaped by:

an expanding circle of environmental influences.

Which stage of psychosexual development is correctly matched with its age range?

anal; 1-3 years

Four-year-old Darlene is exploring one day, and she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cupboard. They look just like the candies she got for Halloween so she eats them all. Darlene's error illustrates the process that Jean Piaget termed:

assimilation

Which term is MOST synonymous with correlation?

association

Which of the following describes naturalistic observation?

behavior is systematically described in its usual, everyday context

Correlational research:

cannot tell us about specific causes nor determine what causes what result.

Social learning theorists, sometimes called _____ behaviorists, stress the importance of thought and observation in learning.

cognitive

"The Baby Boomers," "Generation X," and "The Millennials" are labels that refer to age groups that have traveled through time together; that is, a _____. Differences between such groups sometimes pose a problem in interpreting the results of _____ research

cohort; cross-sectional

Cassie is charting the relationship between depression and anxiety. Cassie is conducting _____ research.

correlational

The research strategy that involves charting relationships between two or more variables as they naturally occur is called _____ research.

correlational

Dr. Anderson is evaluating a research study that looked at people of different ages and is concerned that it does not reflect how people really change as they age. The research study is MOST likely a ______ design.

cross-sectional

When a researcher compares different age groups on some quality, the researcher is conducting a _____study.

cross-sectional

A broad approach to development that stresses the interaction of many influences and the need to embrace a variety of theories is termed the _____ perspective.

developmental systems

A cross-sectional study compares:

different age groups at the same time.

In Sigmund Freud's personality theory, the _____ is the rational part of our personality.

ego

Ann and Margaret share 50 percent of their genetic material. Ann and Margaret are:

either fraternal twins or non-twin siblings.

Naturalistic observation entails:

examining behavior in the setting in which it typically occurs.

"Ignore her. She just likes to get a rise out of you." This advice suggests eliminating a bully's reinforcement. This suggestion promotes:

extinction

According to traditional behaviorists, a behavior will be _____ if it is not being reinforced.

extinguished

The statistical term for the degree to which any behavior is shaped by genetic forces is:

heritability.

People who stay in longitudinal studies tend to be:

highly motivated and successful.

In an experiment, the ______ variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

independent

Cross-sectional studies cannot tell us about _____differences in development.

individual

James and his identical twin brother Henry were raised by different parents. If James and Henry met as adults, they would tend to be most similar in:

intelligence test scores.

Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dawn is using a(n) _____ research design

longitudinal

The type of developmental research that involves testing one group repeatedly over many years is called a(n) _____study.

longitudinal

Dr. Irwin is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Jenner is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Irwin is using a _____ research design. Dr. Jenner is using a _____ design.

longitudinal; cross-sectional

A research strategy called _____ entails examining behavior in the setting in which it typically occurs.

naturalistic observation

Longitudinal studies test people:

over long periods of time.

According to Eric Erikson, each life stage has a particular:

psychosocial task.

Developmental scientists conduct _____ research when they interview people to obtain information that is difficult to assess using numerical scales.

qualitative

When researchers test groups of people and use numerical scales and statistics, they are conducting:

quantitative research.

One way to control for confounds is to use:

random assignment.

When a sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the population, it is said to be:

representative.

Jeanette is concerned that a study she is reading about is biased. She came to this conclusion after:

reviewing the measures used in the study.

A _____ is a representative subset of a population.

sample

At a DUI checkpoint, some cars are stopped at random; many others are not stopped. Using the terminology of psychological research, the cars that are stopped may be considered a _____ of all the cars that pass by the checkpoint.

sample

A _____ is a subset of a population. When it accurately reflects the characteristics of the population, it is said to be _____.

sample; representative

Jean Piaget used the term _____to refer to our mental frameworks.

schemas

Which research does NOT necessarily compare people of different ages?

self-report studies

Which sequence shows the correct order of the first three stages in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

In order to determine if a given treatment causes something to happen, a researcher must conduct a:

true experiment.

According to Sigmund Freud, our actions reflect:

unconscious motivations.

Which statement regarding cross-sectional studies is false?

They involve an enormous amount of time, effort, and expense.

In a study reported in the text, Michael Poulin and Roxane Silver (2008) asked adults in different age groups whether they believed in a benevolent world. Adults aged 65 and over agreed more strongly with the statement "People are basically good" than did adults aged 18-34. What kind of research design did Poulin and Silver use? What can they conclude from their research?

They used a cross-sectional design and can conclude that today's older adults are less cynical than today's young adults.