Lecture 14: Melatonin, Serotonin, Sleep, and Species-specific Biological Rhythms
Domestic dogs spend > than or equal to ___ hours/day sleeping/resting- mostly in ___
-12 -scotophase
Lying incudes....
-45 mins of REM -3.5 hours of SWS
Kennel dog time & sleep
-active- 33% -resting- 34% -light SWS- 12% -deep SWS- 15% -REM- 6%
Like dogs, cats have periods of ___ interspersed with periods of ___.
-activity -rest
Moving pigs to a new group disrupts ___ ___ of behavior and physiology due to ___ ___
-circadian rhythms -stress response (fight or flight)
Cats are ___- meaning that they're most active at...
-crepuscular -dusk & dawn
Melatonin synthesis is promoted by ___ and inhibited by ___
-dark -light
Cattle are ___ and sleep about ___ hours/day
-diurnal -4
Horses are predominantly ___ so most grazing activity is during ___
-diurnal -photophase
EEG (electroencephalography): as nerves fire in the brain, they generate ___ ___ that are propagated through neighboring cells, which produces a ___ of electrical activity
-electrical impulses -wave
REM: "sleep of the body" is characterized by...
-high brain activity (high frequency if EEG) and vidid dreams & little to no body movement -dreaming in humans; dreaming in pets? -animal difficult to arouse
For pigs, eating (rooting) ___ to ___% of time budget when housed outdoors
-increases -30%
Serotonin synthesis is promoted by ___ & inhibited by ___
-light -dark
Cattle are entrained to ___ & ___
-light -feeding
SWS: "sleep of the mind" is characterized by...
-low brain activity (low frequency in EEG) -animal fairly easy to arouse
Stabled horse time budget
-moving 2% -drinking 2% -lying 6% -feeding 44% -standing 46%
Serotonin is a ___ produced by the ___
-neurotranmitter -CNS
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the ___ ___ in response to a signal by the ___
-pineal gland -SCN
Przewalski's horse time budget
-resting 11% -moving 12% -standing 22% -grazing 55%
Dogs have ___ periods of activity interspersed with ___.
-short -rest
Primary cow behaviors are...
1. feeding (2-8 hours/day) 2. lying (10-14) 3. standing (4-8) 4. ruminating (12)
What 2 things are used to classify the type of wave?
1. frequency 2. amplitude (voltage)
The main 2 functions of serotonin
1. important in regulating circadian rhythms of body temperature, sleep, and appetite 2. regulates anger, aggression, and mood
Pet cats entrain to...(3)
1. light 2. feeding time 3. owner behavior
The 2 most important hormones in regulating behavior are...
1. melatonin 2. serotonin
Circadian rhythm hormones incude...(4)
1. melatonin 2. serotonin 3. cortisol/corticosterone 4. IGF-1
Importance of sleep (3)
1. occupies 1/6-1/5 of animal's time budget 2. extended sleep deprivation is fatal 3. rebound sleep is observed after short term sleep deprivation
3 main functions of sleep
1. replenish neurotransmitters 2. conserve energy 3. consolidate memories/learning
Types of sleep (2)
1. slow wave sleep (SWS) 2. rapid eye movement (REM)
The 2 main functions of melatonin
1. to signal photoperiod to body tissues (along with cortisol/corticosterone which coordinates body tissues function to approbate time of the day) 2. stimulates immune system
Cats sleep about ___ hours/day and "rest" most of their day
10
Pigs rest ___ hours/day; more than any other domestic species
19
Horses sleep about ___ hours/day
3
Pigs sleep ___ hours/day
8 (6 slow wave & 2 REM)
What major cat behavior (comfort behavior) accounts for 30% of cat's time budget?
????
Horses must lay down (sternal or lateral) for ___ sleep though.
REM
Domestic pigs show ___ activity pattern
diurnal
Feral pigs are often nocturnal (to avoid predators?) whereas farmed pigs are...
diurnal
Beef cattle in summer are both ___ & ___
diurnal & crepuscular
Chickens exhibit ___ & ___ behaviors as well
diurnal & crepuscular
EEG (electroencephalography): ___ are placed on scalp that measure waves of electrical activity in the brain
electrodes
Main activity of the mare is ___
feeding (grazing)- 12 to 19 hours/day
Cattle spend most of the photophase ___
foraging
Providing feed reduces the time spent....
foraging/grazing
Horses spend more time ___ when grass is lower in yield/quality
grazing
Rumination occurs mostly when ___
lying
___ prevents animals from displaying natural behavioral patterns
overcrowding
Pet dog behavior patterns are strongly influenced by ___
owners- active when owner's home
Dogs tend to be the most active in...
photophase
Cattle spend much of the scotophase ___
ruminating
Cattle display circadian rhythms in ___
rumination
Horses have unique ability to have ___ ___ ___ when standing (cows can't do this)
slow wave sleep
Feeding mostly occurs when ___
standing
REM EEG looks just like...
the EEG of an awake person!
Indoor housing reduces time spent...
waling & grazing/foraging
