Lecture Test One: (Ch. 1- Ch. 3)

The tympanic membrane translates sound energy into mechanical energy by vibrating at a certain ___ determined by the pitch, and a certain ___ determined by the loudness of the sound A) frequency, amplitude B) convergence, cycles per minute C) refraction, convergence D) amplitude, refraction E) amplitude, frequency

A) frequency, amplitude

Examples of hormone release controlled by humoral stimuli include... A) glucagon release stimulated by decreased blood glucose levels B) cortisol release stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) C) prolactin release with suckling by an infant at the breast D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release stimulated by CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) E) somatostatin release stimulated by growth hormone

A) glucagon release stimulated by decreased blood glucose levels

Which structure of the brain does NOT receive visual input? A) hypothalamus for circadian rhythm B) superior colliculi of the midbrain C) cochlear nuclei of the medulla D) visual cortex of the occipital lobe E) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

A) hypothalamus for circadian rhythm

After suffering a viral infection, a patient is suspected of an autoimmune hemolysis or destruction of red blood cells. This diagnosis is supported by the result of... A) increased bilirubin in the blood B) decreased platelets in the blood C) increased leukocytes in the blood D) decreased reticulocytes in the blood E) increased hematocrit

A) increased bilirubin in the blood

Which of the following is NOT a result that follows renin release stimulated by decreased renal blood pressure? A) increased blood glucose B) formation of angiotensin II C) release of aldosterone D) increased sodium reabsorption from the kidney filtrate back into the blood E) increased blood volume and increased blood pressure

A) increased blood glucose

Binding of a hormone to a plasma protein... A) is reversible B) shortens the half-life of the hormone C) transports polar amine hormones such as epinephrine in the blood D) is typical for peptide and protein hormones E) is necessary to activate the hormone

A) is reversible

Hyposecretion of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) during growth and development can result in... A) mental retardation B) an elevated body temperature C) giantism D) an increased basal metabolic rate E) chronic, excessive urine output

A) mental retardation

Which of these special senses retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons? A) olfaction B) hearing C) equilibrium D) gustation E) vision

A) olfaction

The first synapse in the olfactory afferent pathway is between... A) olfactory bipolar neurons and the olfactory bulbs B) olfactory tracts and the hypothalamus C) olfactory supporting cells and the olfactory tracts D) CN I and olfactory supporting cells E) olfactory bulbs and the frontal lobe

A) olfactory bipolar neurons and the olfactory bulbs

A hormone that is rarely secreted in males because of continual secretion of inhibitory hormone (dopamine) from the hypothalamus is... A) prolactin (PRL) B) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTh) D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A) prolactin (PRL)

The position of the head relative to gravity is sensed through... A) sliding of otoliths in the maculae which results in the bending of underlying hair cells B) waves of perilymph transmitted through the endolymph of the cochlear duct C) vibration of the oval window transmitted through the perilymph to the round window D) flow of the perilymph in the semicircular canals resulting in bending of hair cells E) movement of ossicles with the resulting movement of perilymph in the cochlea

A) sliding of otoliths in the maculae which results in the bending of underlying hair cells

When the ciliary muscle contracts and releases tension on the suspensory ligaments... A) the lens becomes more rounded for near vision B) the lens becomes more flattened for far vision C) the cornea changes shape D) the pupil dilates E) the pupil constricts

A) the lens becomes more rounded for near vision

Which of the following senses does NOT involve hair cells or hair receptors? A) vision B) static equilibrium C) hearing D) dynamic equilibrium E) olfaction

A) vision

Hormone-receptor complexes may activate a second messenger system in target cells by... A) entering the cell and binding to nuclear receptors B) activating enzymes that increase intracellular cyclic AMP or calcium C) binding to mitochondria to increase metabolism D) releasing ATP which activates acetylcholinesterase

B) activating enzymes that increase intracellular cyclic AMP or calcium

A patient complains of lateral field visual disturbances and abnormal lactation from her mammary glands. The most likely cause of her symptoms is a tumor of the... A) adrenal medulla B) anterior pituitary gland C) pineal gland D) oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain E) thyroid gland

B) anterior pituitary gland

Which of the following is true of olfaction? A) olfactory impulses from CN I synapse in the thalamus, which transfers the information to the olfactory cortex B) bipolar neurons of CN I are interspersed in the upper nasal mucosal cells and have axons that travel through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid C) the vestibular-olfactory pathway connection integrates smell with coordinated muscle movement D) there are six primary smells known due to six unique types of olfactory receptors E) olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity in the inferior meatus and concha

B) bipolar neurons of CN I are interspersed in the upper nasal mucosal cells and have axons that travel through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? A) growth hormone (GH) B) corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) C) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E) prolactin (PRL)

B) corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Which of the following is NOT true of mature red blood cells (RBC's)? A) the RBC cell membrane is a flexible, biconcave disc shape B) erythrocytes divide by mitosis within the blood vessels as needed to replace old RBC's C) RBC production is stimulated by the hormones erythropoietin from the kidney D) erythrocytes function in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport E) macrophages destroy old RBC's in the liver and the spleen and the iron is recycled

B) erythrocytes divide by mitosis within the blood vessels as needed to replace old RBC's

Which of the following hormones does NOT increase blood glucose levels? A) glucagon B) insulin C) glucocorticoids D) growth hormone E) cortisol

B) insulin

Monocytes and neutrophils share the function(s) of... A) producing antibodies B) phagocytosis and diapedesis C) modulating the allergic responses D) releasing histamine and heparin E) crosslinking pathogens to aid in destruction

B) phagocytosis and diapedesis

To prevent light from scattering within the eye and restimulating photoreceptors, light energy passing through photoreceptors is absorbed by the... A) ora serrate and optic disc B) pigmented layer of the retina C) fovea and iris D) pupil and pigmented layer of the retina E) iris and ora serrate

B) pigmented layer of the retina

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system? A) maintains the chemical composition and volume of internal en environment B) reflex action to withdraw from pain C) controls growth and development D) regulates reproduction E) aids the body in dealing with stress

B) reflex action to withdraw from pain

Which of the following is true of growth hormone (GH)? A) hyposecretion of GH causes giantism and acromegaly B) some of growth hormone effects are mediated by somatomedins from the liver C) GH inhibits amino acid uptake and decreases protein synthesis by cells D) GH is produced by neurons in the hypothalamus E) GH decreases blood glucose and stimulates lipogenesis

B) some of growth hormone effects are mediated by somatomedins from the liver

Which of the following is NOT true of steroid hormones? A) steroid hormones are secreted immediately after synthesis B) steroid hormones are produced in ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum C) steroid hormones diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes D) most steroid molecules circulate attached to plasma proteins in the blood E) steroid hormones work through direct gene activation to turn on (or off) for transcription

B) steroid hormones are produced in ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

The extrinsic eye muscle coordinates convergence so that... A) light will not scatter within the eye and restimulate photoreceptor neurons B) the image is focused on the same portion of the retinas of both eyes for single vision C) the eye does not dry out and get irritated D) the amount of light entering the eye is limited to prevent retinal damage E) light rays bend more for near vision

B) the image is focused on the same portion of the retinas of both eyes for single vision

Which of the following is NOT true of the thyroid stimulating hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)? A) thyroid hormones are formed by addition of iodine to a modified amino acid, which is then attached to thyroglobulin in colloid B) thyroid hormones are secreted immediately after synthesis; they are not stored in the thyroid gland C) thyroid hormones work through direct gene activation and the stimulation of mitochondria in target cells D) hypersecretion of thyroid hormones can result in increased body temperature and excess energy productions E) thyroid hormone release is stimulated by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland

B) thyroid hormones are secreted immediately after synthesis; they are not stored in the thyroid gland

Which of the following is NOT true of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A) ADH stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys back into the blood B) ADH release is stimulated by a low water concentration (high solute concentration) in the blood to the hypothalamus C) ADH is a prostaglandin produced from cholesterol E) lack of ADH results in diabetes insipidus and a large urine volume F) ADH is also called vasopressin, and acts as a vasoconstrictor on blood vessels to increase blood pressure

C) ADH is a prostaglandin produced from cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT true of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A) PTH release is stimulated by decreased blood calcium B) PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, releasing calcium C) PTH increases calcium excretion by the kidneys into the urine D) PTH increases the activation of Vitamin D in the kidneys E) PTH is produced by the parathyroid gland

C) PTH increases calcium excretion by the kidneys into the urine

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ____, and sympathetic activation causes ____. A) dilation, dilation B) dilation, constriction C) constriction, dilation D) constriction, constriction

C) constriction, dilation

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of normal blood? A) half or more of the blood volume consists of plasma B) blood functions to transport gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and enzymes C) homeostatic pH of blood is neutral (7.0) D) blood contains clotting mechanisms as a potential system to prevent fluid loss E) blood volume is approximately 5-6 liters in an adult

C) homeostatic pH of blood is neutral (7.0)

Release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone ADH) are controlled by... A) tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary B) negative feedback from elevated blood glucose C) impulses traveling through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary D) releasing and inhibiting hormones in the hypophyseal portal system

C) impulses traveling through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary

Which of the following is NOT true of the aqueous humor? A) nourishes the avascular lens and cornea B) produced from filtration of the blood by ciliary processes of the ciliary body C) reabsorbed from the vitreous chamber by the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles D) helps maintain intraocular pressure E) increased volume and pressure cause glaucoma and can damage the retina

C) reabsorbed from the vitreous chamber by the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles

Which of the following is true of mineralocorticoids? A) mineralocorticoids are paracrine factors produced from arachidonic acid B) mineralocorticoids increase sodium reabsorption from the kidney filtrate back into the blood C) the major mineralocorticoid form is glucagon D) mineralocorticoids bind to membrane receptors in target cells to increase intracellular second messengers E) mineralocorticoids are produced and stored in follicles in the adrenal medulla

C) the major mineralocorticoid form is glucagon

Transcription may be turned on or off through direct gene activation by... A) the anterior pituitary hormones B) growth hormone C) the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) D) parathyroid hormone E) epinephrine

C) the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Which of the following does NOT result with rotation of the head in dynamic equilibrium? A) endolymph flows in the semicircular cuts B) cranial nerves III, IV, and VI coordinate eye movement in a process called nystagmus C) the tympanic membrane and ossicles vibrate at a certain frequency D) the gelatinous cupula and the underlying hair cells bend E) an action potential is generated in the vestibular branch of CN VIII

C) the tympanic membrane and ossicles vibrate at a certain frequency

In adrenogenital syndrome, an infant is unable to produce glucocorticoids due to an inherited enzyme deficiency. How does this glucocorticoid deficit affect the hypothalamus (CRH), the anterior pituitary (ACH), and the adrenal cortex (cortisol and androgen)?

CRH- more growth hormone (giantism/acromegaly) ACTH- more sex steroid production Adrenal Cortex- makes it harder to release cortisol and androgens, so less would be produced

Give an example of a positive feedback loop in the endocrine system, including the name of the hormone involved.

Contractions in pregnancy and the hormone involved in this is oxytocin or the follicle stimulating hormone

What is the function of the cytoplasmic fragments that are released into the blood by megakaryocytes of the bone marrow?

Cytoplasmic fragments form platelets into the blood

The average life span of a normal erythrocyte in the bloodstream is... A) 12-24 hours B) 7-10 days C) 4-6 weeks D) 4 months E) 6 months

D) 4 months

Sensory dendrites wrapped around gustatory cells in taste buds send graded potentials to peripheral processes of... A) CN IV abducens nerve and CN I trigeminal nerve B) CN V trigeminal nerve and CN VII facial nerve C) CN VI trochlear nerve and CN VII facial nerve D) CN VII facial nerve and CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve E) CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve and CN XI accessory nerve

D) CN VII facial nerve and CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve

Administration of a nasal spray containing a hormone that is absorbed into the bloodstream can be used to inhibit nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) by decreasing the volume of urine formed during the night. This hormone works like... A) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) B) oxytocin C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E) prolactin (PRL)

D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E) prolactin (PRL)

Stress stimulates the release of.... A) insulin and prolactin B) growth hormone and oxytocin C) aldosterone and glucagon D) epinephrine and cortisol E) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone

D) epinephrine and cortisol

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of... A) growth hormone from the anterior pituitary B) prolactin from the anterior pituitary C) estrogen from the ovary D) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary E) progesterone from the uterus

D) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary

To see an object more clearly, the image is focused on the part of the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones called the... A) choroid B) ciliary body C) ora serrate D) fovea centralis E) optic disc

D) fovea centralis

An antibacterial enzyme that helps prevent infections on the surface of the eye is ___, which is produced by the ___ A) conjunctiva, palpebrae B) vitreous humor, ora serrata C) aqueous humor, ciliary body D) lysozyme, lacrimal gland E) mucus, nasolacrimal duct

D) lysozyme, lacrimal gland

The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla with sympathetic stimulation is an example of hormone release controlled by.... A) inhibiting hormones B) humoral stimuli C) releasing hormones D) neural stimuli E) positive feedback

D) neural stimuli

With a vitamin A deficiency, the rods are unable to regenerate sufficient rhodospin under conditions of decreased or low light, resulting in... A) color blindness B) astigmatism C) glaucoma with increased eye pressure D) night blindness due to problems with dark adaption E) conjunctivitis

D) night blindness due to problems with dark adaption

Hormones found in high concentration in blood of the hypophyseal portal system include... A) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH0 B) progesterone C) thyroxine (T4) D) prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) E) insulin

D) prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

With a cold or seasonal allergies, it is difficult to smell because... A) basal cell division decreases B) olfactory glands stop producing mucus C) olfactory supporting cells block odorant molecules from reaching the receptors D) the hypothalamus stops responding to olfactory stimulation E) congestion and mucus block odorant molecules from reaching the receptors

E) congestion and mucus block odorant molecules from reaching the receptors

The part of the retina that contains the axons of ganglionic cells, but contains NO photoreceptor neurons is the... A) central fovea B) macula lutea C) pigmented epithelium D) ora serrate E) optic disc

E) optic disc

To induce labor for delivery or childbirth, a drug can be administered that combines with.... A) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) B) cortisol receptors C) luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors D) aldosterone receptors E) oxytocin receptors

E) oxytocin receptors

An Olympic athlete is suspected of "blood doping" through illegal administration of erythropoietin, and his erythrocyte production is best assessed through a blood test measuring his... A) platelet count B) serum bilirubin concentration C) leukocyte count D) serum iron level E) reticulocyte count

E) reticulocyte count

Following cataract surgery, a patient may have difficulty with accommodation for near vision because... A) the eye muscles cannot coordinate a single field of vision B) the cornea of the eye was removed C) the vitreous humor may be depleted D) the aqueous humor may be excessive E) the lens of the eye was removed

E) the lens of the eye was removed

What is the function of the auditory/eustachian tube?

It equalizes pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane and connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

What is a paracrine factor?

It transfers information from cell to cell within single tissue