Lesson 11: Society and Culture Part II

Match each Generational Cohort with the years of birth for that Cohort: (A) Baby Boomers (B) Silent Generation (C) GI Generation (D) Generation Z (E) Generation X (F) Millennials (1) 1901 to 1924 (2) 1925 to 1942 (3) 1943 to 1964 (4) 1965 to 1973 (5) 1974 to 2000 (6) 2001 to Present

(A) Baby Boomers -> (3) 1943 to 1964 (B) Silent Generation -> (2) 1925 to 1942 (C) GI Generation -> (1) 1901 to 1924 (D) Generation Z -> (6) 2001 to Present (E) Generation X -> (4) 1965 to 1973 (F) Millennials -> (5) 1974 to 2000

In America, the Baby Boomer Population is aging quickly and living longer than ever before. What type of population pyramid would you expect to see in this situation? (A) Constrictive Population Pyramid (B) Retroactive Population Pyramid (C) Expansive Population Pyramid (D) Stationary Population Pyramid

(A) Constrictive Population Pyramid

Which of the following situations best exemplifies Outsourcing? (A) Ford hires employees in Mexico to help build its cars and in turn closes down a United States-based factory. (B) Nike conducts a survey of Chinese citizens in order to discern which shoe products appeal to them the most. (C) Microsoft starts selling its products abroad in Sudan. (D) Apple pays another company for the use of Trademarked information, which becomes the property of Apple.

(A) Ford hires employees in Mexico to help build its cars and in turn closes down a United States-based factory. Outsourcing refers to the practice of producing inexpensive products by building factories and hiring workers abroad as is the case in this example.

Jimmy sees an old lady walking down the street and says to him mom, "Look at that old fart." His mom reprimands him and says, "Jimmy! You are aging too. We all are. It is something that happens throughout our entire lives. You and that nice old lady have more in common than you think! She was once a young child like yourself." Jimmy's Mom's remarks are most similar to which theory? (A) Life Course Theory (B) Age Stratification Theory (C) Activity Theory (D) Disengagement Theory

(A) Life Course Theory Life Course Theory looks at aging as a process that takes place over a long period of time. It looks at events as resulting from one's past history and examines their entire life instead of just the current situation as is the case with Jimmy's Mom.

Software companies bought up land in Silicon Valley, and as they did so many people began to move away from the city to this new area, creating organized neighborhoods. This is an example of which of the following? (A) Suburbanization (B) Urban Sprawl (C) Urban Decline (D) Urban Renewal

(A) Suburbanization Suburbanization refers to the movement away from a city into a nearby smaller neighborhood as is the case here.

Robert writes in his dissertation that countries can be broken down into different types that are hierarchical in nature. Robert's Dissertation lends support to which Globalization Theory? (A) World Systems Theory (B) Modernization Theory (C) Dependency Theory (D) Butterfly Effect Theory

(A) World Systems Theory World Systems Theory divides the world into three types of countries.

In Demographic Transition, first the _________ rate will decrease and then the ____________ rate will decrease, stabilizing the population growth. Will this result in an increase or decrease in the overall population? (A) mortality, birth (B) birth, migration (C) birth, mortality (D) migration, birth

(A) mortality, birth In Demographic Transition, first the mortality rate will decrease and then the birth rate will decrease, stabilizing the population growth. This results in an increase of the overall population

Use the following information to calculate the Population Growth Rate: Birth Rate = 5.2 Fertility Rate = 3.1 Mortality Rate = 9.8 Emmigration Rate = 4.1 Immigration Rate = 6.3 (A) -4.5 (B) -2.4 (C) 2.4 (D) 4.5

(B) -2.4 Population Growth Rate = (Birth Rate + Immigration Rate) - (Mortality Rate + Emmigration Rate) Population Growth Rate = (5.2 + 6.3) - (9.8 + 4.1) Population Growth Rate = (11.5) - (13.9) Population Growth Rate = -2.4 *Need help with MCAT math? Become an MCAT math wizard using Andrew's High-speed Math Mastery Course @ https://mcatselfprep.com/course/andrews-high-speed-math-mastery-course/*

In a given community, there are people of only 7 different ages. Calculate the Dependency Ratio given the population of each age: 5 year olds: 132,869 11 year olds: 342,987 15 year olds: 1,496,932 25 year olds: 9,864,234 54 year olds: 2,435,312 67 year olds: 4,897,013 78 year olds: 734,896 (A) .23 (B) .44 (C) .61 (D) .74

(B) .44 Dependency Ratio = (population that is 14 and under + 65 and older)/(population that is 15 to 64 years of age) Dependency Ratio = (132,869 + 342,987 + 4,897,013 + 734,896)/(1,496,932 + 9,864,234 + 2,435,312) Dependency Ratio = approx. 6,000,000 / 14,000,000 (actual: 6,107,765 / 13,796,478) Dependency Ratio = approx. a little less than .5 (actual: 0.44) *Need help with MCAT math? Become an MCAT math wizard using Andrew's High-speed Math Mastery Course @ https://mcatselfprep.com/course/andrews-high-speed-math-mastery-course/*

Thompson was quite rowdy as a young man. Now that he is older and has taken on more responsibility as a superior in his community he has settled down and is contributing more to society. Thompson's situation is most similar to which theory? (A) Life Course Theory (B) Age Stratification Theory (C) Activity Theory (D) Disengagement Theory

(B) Age Stratification Theory The Age Stratification Theory looks at age as a way of hierarchically organizing a society. There is a sense of role and prestige associated with one's age. It can be detrimental though when age is a source of inequality such as with Ageism. In this case, Thompson is experiencing a change in his role due to his age.

When Phil's Wife dies at the age of 65, he decides to start dating again and ends up remarrying. He finds this relationship to be satisfying as it fills the need in his life for companionship. This most closely relates to which theory? (A) Life Course Theory (B) Continuity Theory (C) Activity Theory (D) Disengagement Theory

(B) Continuity Theory Continuity Theory suggests that we try to maintain the same foundational structure throughout our lives in order to maintain consistency and to meet our needs. In this case, Phil is meeting his need for companionship.

*CRB* Fill in the blanks: _____________ would be moving away from a geographic space, whereas ________ is moving into a new geographic space. (A) Migration, Emigration (B) Emigration, Immigration (C) Immigration, Emigration (D) Migration, Immigration

(B) Emigration, Immigration Emigration would be moving away from a geographic space, whereas Immigration is moving into a new geographic space.

*CRB* Sociologists also investigate Medical Ethics. Which of the following is NOT one of the four key tenants of Medical Ethics? (A) Beneficence (B) Equality (C) Nonmaleficence (D) Respect for Patient Autonomy

(B) Equality The four key tenants of Medical Ethics are as follows: I. Beneficence II. Justice III. Nonmaleficence IV. Respect for Patient Autonomy

Joseph writes in his dissertation that any country can become industrialized. He believes that all countries take a similar path to get there. Joseph's Dissertation lends support to which Globalization Theory? (A) World Systems Theory (B) Modernization Theory (C) Dependency Theory (D) Global Positivity Theory

(B) Modernization Theory Modernization Theory states that any country can become modernized and industrialized through a similar process.

Just outside of Denver, city dwellers began buying the land surrounding the city randomly, which resulting in a sprawling urban area that was totally disorganized. This is an example of which of the following? (A) Suburbanization (B) Urban Sprawl (C) Urban Decline (D) Urban Renewal

(B) Urban Sprawl Urban Sprawl is what happens when a city expands in a disorganized fashion. This is the case here in Denver.

Bill recently retired and is finding less meaning in his day-to-day life. He misses going to work each day and feeling like a contributing member of society. His wife Jenny suggests that he pick up a new hobby to fill the void. Jenny's advice is most similar to which theory? (A) Life Course Theory (B) Age Stratification Theory (C) Activity Theory (D) Disengagement Theory

(C) Activity Theory Activity Theory suggests that when you stop one activity, you should replace it with another to maintain morale and well-being. This is in line with Jenny's recommendation.

Which of the following is the best example of Demographic Transition? (A) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population increases more rapidly. (B) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population declines more rapidly. (C) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population stabilizes. (D) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population declines more slowly.

(C) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population stabilizes. This is the basic premise of Demographic Transition, namely that as a country industrializes its birth and death rates will decrease, resulting in a more stable population.

The conclusion of Jessie's Dissertation is that South America is trapped in never ending subordination to countries such as the United States. Jessie's Dissertation lends support to which Globalization Theory? (A) World Systems Theory (B) Modernization Theory (C) Dependency Theory (D) Butterfly Effect Theory

(C) Dependency Theory Dependency Theory states that some countries are dependent upon other countries in ways that may be hard to disrupt. It states that these countries cannot follow the same path to industrialization as countries like the US and Canada did.

In Africa, the Fertility Rate is close to 6, and due to high levels of disease people die at a relatively young age. What type of population pyramid would you expect to see in this situation? (A) Constrictive Population Pyramid (B) Retroactive Population Pyramid (C) Expansive Population Pyramid (D) Stationary Population Pyramid

(C) Expansive Population Pyramid

*CRB* A Ghetto may also have a shortage of cheap, healthy diet options. What would this best be described as? (A) McDonaldization (B) Inflation of Food Prices (C) Food Desert (D) This is not an actual phenomenon

(C) Food Desert A Food Desert is an area, usually a lower-income environment like a ghetto or slum, where there is a lack of healthy, fresh, cheap food.

*CRB* Intersectionality could be considered a Social movement, since it is attempting to promote social change. Since it is focused on increasing the representation and agency of these groups, what has this social movement been motivated by? (A) Class Conflict (B) Reactionary Thought (C) Relative Deprivation (D) Social Warfare

(C) Relative Deprivation Relative Deprivation is when a group is perceived to have less resources, representation or agency relative to the rest of society or to the same group in the past.

*CRB* Fill in the blanks: In the past half-century, there have been many shifts in understanding disease and the roles of patients. In the 1950s, patients were expected to carry out (the) _____________, where they would be exempt from their normal social rules and were not to be blamed for their illness. Now, there have been many additional conditions (like Hoarding and Binge Eating) defined as diseases and are treated as such, in a process called ___________. (A) Sick Role, Wide-Scope Disease (B) Nonmaleficence, Medicalization (C) Sick Role, Medicalization (D) Nonmaleficence, Wide-Scope Disease.

(C) Sick Role, Medicalization In the past half-century, there have been many shifts in understanding disease and the roles of patients. In the 1950s, patients were expected to carry out the Sick Role, where they would be exempt from their normal social rules and were not to be blamed for their illness. Now, there have been many additional conditions (like Hoarding and Binge Eating) defined as diseases and are treated as such, in a process called Medicalization.

Overtime, Bill's downtown neighborhood began to attract more crime, buildings became abandoned and the local school fell into disrepair. This is an example of which of the following? (A) Suburbanization (B) Urban Sprawl (C) Urban Decline (D) Urban Renewal

(C) Urban Decline Urban Decline describes the decline of a city into a worse condition, often caused by people moving away from the city. This is what is described as happening in Bill's neighborhood.

*CRB* One newer idea is that the bias and prejudice against someone may be compounded, and has been termed "Intersectionality". Which of the following pairs of descriptions would NOT be considered by current Intersectional thought? (A) Poor Transgender (B) Black Bisexual (C) White Male (D) Hispanic Woman

(C) White Male According to Intersectionality, multiple demographic factors interact, leading to increased discrimination or oppression. They do not consider being White or being Male to increase discrimination or oppression, whereas all of the other descriptors do.

Which of the following situations best exemplifies Diffusion as understood by a Sociologist? (A) Japanese school children are pushed to work harder in school in order to keep up with America. (B) African employees begin making more money, leading to industrialization within their country. (C) South American Countries begin to notice more Americans walking around their main industrial centers. (D) Chinese teenagers start listening to Lady Gaga, watch Kobe Bryant play basketball, and enjoy going to McDonalds.

(D) Chinese teenagers start listening to Lady Gaga, watch Kobe Bryant play basketball, and enjoy going to McDonalds. Diffusion is the transfer of culture from one place to another as is exemplified here.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a cohort? (A) Mary and her children. (B) Bill and his neighbors. (C) Jane and her siblings. (D) Dick and his high school graduating class.

(D) Dick and his high school graduating class. A Cohort is a group of people with a similar age. Because they are from the same age group, they've had similar experiences.

When Yoda reached age 932, he retired into the woods, and reflected upon all that he learned throughout his life. He found this to be extremely fulfilling. Yoda's experience is most similar to which theory? (A) Life Course Theory (B) Continuity Theory (C) Activity Theory (D) Disengagement Theory

(D) Disengagement Theory Disengagement Theory suggests that the elderly should detach themselves from society in order to engage in reflection. It views elderly that are still engaged with society as not adjusting to old age very well.

Put the following terms in order of increasing size: I. Metropolis II. Village III. City IV. Megalopolis (A) II < I < III < IV (B) II < III < IV < I (C) II < I < IV < III (D) II < III < I < IV

(D) II < III < I < IV In order of increasing size: Village < City < Metropolis < Megalopolis

Which of the following examples best exemplifies Urbanization? (A) A small grocery store is torn down to make way for a skyscraper. (B) A new sidewalk is built, allowing for more pedestrian traffic in a downtown area. (C) A new apartment building cannot accept any new applications as they have too many residents already. (D) Mexicans are moving out of small pueblos in order to move to Mexico City, which is now the largest city in the world.

(D) Mexicans are moving out of small pueblos in order to move to Mexico City, which is now the largest city in the world. Urbanization refers to the moving of more people from rural areas to urban areas.

In Europe, the population is neither increasing nor decreasing and birth rates largely match mortality rates. What type of population pyramid would you expect to see in this situation? (A) Constrictive Population Pyramid (B) Retroactive Population Pyramid (C) Expansive Population Pyramid (D) Stationary Population Pyramid

(D) Stationary Population Pyramid

Austin starts a new initiative to improve their urban areas. This is an example of which of the following? (A) Suburbanization (B) Urban Sprawl (C) Urban Decline (D) Urban Renewal

(D) Urban Renewal Urban Renewal is a process by which urban areas are made nicer.

World Systems Theory divides the world into three types of countries. Give an example of each type and explain why it is a good example: 1. Core Countries 2. Semi-periphery Countries 3. Periphery Countries

1. Core Countries - United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, Australia have a strong central government, are industrialized, and focus on higher-skill, capital-intensive production. 2. Semi-periphery Countries - Mexico, China, South Africa are a mix between Core and Periphery Countries 3. Periphery Countries - Peru, Chile, most of the Northern African countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Kenya, etc.), Russia, and Indonesia have a weak central government, are dependent upon Core Countries economically, and focus on producing raw goods or materials.

In the tale of Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Goldilocks eats porridge that is too cold, too hot, and just right. How might Goldilock's experience with porridge relate to these three Globalization perspectives: 1. Hyperglobalist 2. Transformationalist 3. Skeptical

1. Hyperglobalist - This theory suggests that Globalization is a great thing that is leading towards a future in which we are all united Globally. It is extremely hot like the bowl of porridge that was too hot. 2. Transformationalist - This theory suggests that governments are changing, but not necessarily in good or bad ways. It is fairly neurtral like the bowl of porridge that was just right. 3. Skeptical - This theory suggests that the world will not become united and that country borders are stronger than ever with poor countries being left in the dust. It is extremely cold like the bowl of porridge that was too cold.

*CRB* Many cities have areas that are less well-off than the neighboring parts of the city. Compare the terms Ghetto and Slum.

A Ghetto is actually racially, ethnically or religiously defined, made up of a minority group. Ghettos are often caused by social or economic inequalities that minority group face. A Slum, however, is just a densely populated area with low-quality housing and often poor sanitation. It does not need to consist of any specific demographic of people.

A Population Pyramid can tell you what information?

A Population Pyramid can tell you the population of a community based on age and gender.

*CRB* One famous metric for determining Heterosexuality and Homosexuality within society is the Kinsey scale, which ranks exclusive heterosexuality or exclusive homosexuality as the two extremes on the scale (0 and 6, respectively). Would most of the population have fallen into 0 and 6 (the extremes), or somewhere in the middle?

According to the Kinsey scale, the majority of the population fall somewhere in the middle of the scale, with relatively few people scoring a 0 or 6.

Compare Birth Rate and Fertility Rate.

Birth Rate is the number of new babies per 1,000 people per year. Fertility Rate on the other hand is the number of children a woman would be expecting to give birth to throughout her entire life based on averages (i.e. 2.1 average children per woman).

What equation allows you to calculate the Dependency Ratio?

Dependency Ratio = (population that is 14 and under + 65 and older)/(population that is 15 to 64 years of age) *Struggling to keep your MCAT equations straight? Simply conquer the 100 most important equations using Andrew's 100 Most Essential Equations Mastery Course @ https://mcatselfprep.com/course/andrews-equation-mastery-course/*

*CRB* In terms of Marriage, compare Endogamy and Exogamy.

Endogamy refers to the practice of marrying within a particular group, like within cousins. Exogamy is the opposite, requiring marriage outside of a particular group, and this is the standard in most cultures today.

True or False. Population Dynamics looks at the movement of a population from one region to another as in urbanization.

False. Population Dynamics looks at the rise or fall in a population. Is the population growing in size or decreasing?

True or False? Men live longer than Women on average.

False. Women live longer than men on average.

Ford markets itself as an American Company and has its headquarters in the United States. It also pays taxes to the United States. Can Ford still be considered a Transnational Corporation?

Ford can be considered a Transnational Corporation if is does business or produces goods outside the United States, which it does. Transnational Corporations are those which do business across multiple countries.

There is a hypothetical 5th stage. What does the Malthusian Theory suggest regarding this 5th stage?

Human population will grow exponentially while food availability will only grow arithmetically, leading to global food shortages.

Describe what it actually means to say that the Dependency Ratio is 2?

If the Dependency Ratio was 2 that would mean that every working person will need to support two dependent/non-working individuals.

*CRB* An important distinction should be made when discussing diseases between Incidence and Prevalence. What is the difference between the two?

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of an illness in the population per population at risk (i.e. New cases are 328 At-risk people per year). Prevalence refers to the number of cases overall (not necessarily new) per population (i.e. 600 cases of the disease total).

How does Internal Migration differ from your typical Migration?

Internal Migration is when you move somewhere new within the same country or region.

What information does a Life Table tell you?

Ironically, a Life Table will tell you the chances of dying at a certain age.

What is going to happen to the Baby Boomers as a percent of the population by the year 2025?

It is going to double! We will have many old people to help take care of.

What causes the decrease in the Mortality Rate? What causes the decrease in the Birth Rate?

Mortality Rate decreases due to higher availability of food and decrease in disease due to better hygiene and healthcare possibilities. Birth Rate decreases due to expanding ability for birth control/contraceptives and due to a higher percentage of women in the workforce.

Why did Urbanization start during the Industrial Revolution?

People were losing their jobs on the farms to machines. They had to flock to cities where they could get a job at a factory. Also, new technology such as sewer, water, and transportation systems made larger urban centers possible.

What equation can be used to determine the Population Growth Rate?

Population Growth Rate = (Birth Rate + Immigration Rate) - (Mortality Rate + Emmigration Rate) *Struggling to keep your MCAT equations straight? Simply conquer the 100 most important equations using Andrew's 100 Most Essential Equations Mastery Course @ https://mcatselfprep.com/course/andrews-equation-mastery-course/*

*CRB* Whenever Migration is occurring, it can be affected by Pull and Push factors. Compare the two.

Pull factors will be positive attributes of the new location that attract the movement, whereas Push factors will encourage the migrant to leave.

What is the difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation?

Sex is determined by your genetic makeup, whether you have an XX, XY, or another combination of Sex Chromosomes. It is a physical construct. Gender is whether you identify/express yourself as male or female. It is a social construct in this view. Sexual Orientation is determined by whether you are attracted males or females.

*CRB* In the mid-1800s, Catholics were a minority group and often immigrated to the United States and lived in poorer neighborhoods. Could this be considered a Ghetto?

Since the Catholics were a minority group compared to the Protestants, and the Catholics were living together in poorer neighborhoods, this could be considered a Ghetto.

*CRB* Communities are held together by both Strong and Weak Ties. Compare the two, using a high school band as an example.

Strong ties refer to the specific peer group, and will have a powerful impact. Weak ties are superficial connections, but there are many of them to connect the community. In a high school band, your Strong Ties may be the people that play the same instrument, since you would sit with and interact with them most often, and you would compare yourselves to them. The entire band could be connected by Weak Ties, as they are more like associates.

The Fertility Rate is 2.9. Will the population of this community increase, decrease, or stay relatively the same?

The Population will increase as the Fertility rate is above 2. At exactly 2, the current population will almost exactly be replacing itself.

What is the purpose of the Dependency Ratio?

The purpose of the Dependency Ratio is to allow you to determine what percent of the population is dependent upon those who can work.

What does it mean to say the Population Growth Rate is 7?

There were 7 new individuals in that community per 1,000 people for that year.

*CRB* After travelling around South America for a few years, Jane returned to the United States and fell ill, mostly struggling with a bad cough, sweating and weight loss. The doctors quickly diagnosed these symptoms as pneumonia and tried treating it that way, but Jane worsened and eventually died. Post-mortem testing revealed that Jane actually was suffering from Tuberculosis. Did these doctors follow the Life Course approach to health?

These doctors clearly did not follow the Life Course approach to health. If these doctors had, they would have learned about Jane's recent travels and probably tested for tuberculosis and made the proper diagnosis!

What is the difference between Exurbs and Suburbs?

They are very similar except that Exurbs are farther away from the city as Suburbs and are often home to very rich individuals.

True or False? Globalization refers to the expansion of global interconnectedness.

True. Globalization refers to the expansion of global interconnectedness.

*CRB* True or false? Social Exclusion can arise from a feeling of powerless when poorer individuals, like those in a ghetto, feel segregated and isolated from the rest of society.

True. Social Exclusion can arise from a feeling of powerless when poorer individuals, like those in a ghetto, feel segregated and isolated from the rest of society.

What is the problem with Urban Renewal though?

When urban areas are made nicer, property values rise, and the poor are no longer able to afford housing there and are forced to leave to poorer areas. The new residents benefit while the previous residents are essentially punished and lose their home.