Lesson 12: Surface and Groundwater
The percentage of the Earth's water that is fresh water that is not frozen is:
0.65%
The percentage of the Earth's surface that is covered by water is about:
70%
The percentage of Earth's water that is in the oceans is:
97%
A trellis drainage is a tree branchlike pattern of streams.
False
A v-shaped cross section and an irregular profile characterize a well-developed or "old" valley.
False
Alluvial fans are formed where running water flows into another body of water.
False
Along a graded stream, no sediment is eroded, transported, or deposited.
False
As long as limestone is present near the surface, karst topography will form in any climate.
False
Caves do not form in marble because it is a dense and hard rock.
False
Geysers are hot springs formed where the temperature of the water is above boiling point.
False
In hilly country the groundwater table's highest elevation occurs in stream valleys and around lakes.
False
Once an aquifer has been contaminated it "cleanses itself" rather rapidly because the contaminants adhere to rock/sediment particles.
False
The total load of a sediment a stream can carry consists of suspended load and bed load.
False
The water table is flat, featureless surface between the zones of aeration and saturation.
False
States in which extensive karst topography exists include
Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri
A 10-year flood could occur in two consecutive years or it could occur once in a 20 year period.
True
A drainage pattern typical of high mountains is radial drainage.
True
Agriculture is the primary user of groundwater in the United States.
True
Braided streams have an intricate network of dividing and rejoining channels.
True
By percentage volume most of the hydrologic cycle is limited to ocean-atmosphere transference.
True
Porosity of igneous rocks is generally less than that of sedimentary rocks.
True
Subsidence can occur as the result of extraction of oil.
True
Which of the following describes a well-developed or "old" stream valley?
a broad, flat floodplain with a meandering stream, oxbow lakes, and a graded profile
stream terraces will develop if
base level is lowered
The solid particles in a stream include
bed load and suspended load
The water table is lowered when
discharge is more than recharge
A dry surface has a higher infiltration capacity than a moist surface.
false
If rocks are porous then they are permeable too
false
Most detrital rocks are neither porous nor permeable.
false
the gradient of a stream does not change over the length of the stream
false
Within the zone of saturation, water always moves
from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
The primary purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority is to
generate electricity
Which of the following is most porous?
gravel
Conditions needed for the development of karst topography include
humid climate and carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth
Erosion of the streambed occurs by
hydraulic action, abrasion, dissolution
Deep, meandering canyons cut into bedrock are called
incised meanders
One of the reasons that geothermal energy is not as widely used as it could be because
it is not inexhaustible
Sheet flow is most likely to occur in areas with
low infiltration capacity
Streams of rivers possess two kinds of energy. Potential energy is the energy of:
position
The major source of groundwater is
precipitation that infiltrates the ground
An example of a rock type which could be a good aquifer is
quartz sandstone
Current production of groundwater from the High Plains Aquifer cannot be sustained because
recharge is less than discharge
Particles move along a streambed by
rolling, sliding, saltation
The ultimate base level for a stream is:
sea level
An example of a rock/sediment type which could be an effective aquiclude is
shale
A delta with long fingerlike sand bodies, each deposited in a distributary channel that progrades far seaward, such as the Mississippi River, is typically formed as in a(n) ____-dominated delta.
stream
Springs occur where
streams have cut valleys below the regional water table, where an impermeable layer intersects the surface, and where a perched water table intersects the surface
Flooding in Johnstown, PA, in 1889 was disastrous and deadly because
the town was built on a floodplain as well as the upstream dam failed, the flood wave traveled at velocities as high as 60 km/hr, and 20-25 cm of rain fell over a 24 hour period
Which of the following would be considered groundwater?
water infiltrating from precipitation, septic systems, and from the base of glaciers
A delta that has islands reworked by waves on the seaward side, such as the Nile delta, is typically formed as in a(n) ____-dominated delta.
wave
