Lesson 3
_____ engulf and destroy dying erythrocytes.
Macrophages
Since RBC antigens promote agglutination, they are more specifically called _____.
agglutinogens
WBCs are able to wander through body tissues by _____ _____.
amoeboid motion
Define the following and name a possible reason for it: Polycythemia
an excess of RBCs that increases blood viscosity. Can be caused by living at high altitudes (normal) or blood marrow cancer.
When mismatched blood is transfused, a transfusion reaction occurs in which the recipient's plasma _____ attack the donor's red blood cells. This can result in acute renal failure and death.
antibodies
Factors that inhibit clotting are called _____.
anticoagulants
Red blood cell plasma membranes, like those of all body cells, bear highly specific molecular markers at their external surfaces, which identify each of us as unique from all others. These glycoprotein and glycolipid markers are called _____. A/n (same response) is anything the body perceives as foreign and that generates an immune response. Examples are toxins and molecules on the surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells--and mismatched red blood cells.
antigens
Blood exits the heart via _____.
arteries
In _____ _____ the patient predonates his or her own blood and it is stored and immediately available if needed during surgery.
autologous transfusions
What cell type has a lobed nucleus, large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules, a diameter of 10-14 micrometers, releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation, contains heparin (an anticoagulant). Is it a granulocyte or an agranulocyte?
basophils. granulocyte.
As oxygen-deficient blood leaves the capillary beds, it flows into _____, which return it to the heart.
veins
What test is used when anemia is suspected?
hematocrit
Hemoglobin is made up of the red _____ pigment bound to the protein _____.
heme. globin.
When oxygen is bound to heme, it is called oxyhemoglobin and the color is bright red. Deoxyhemoglobin is dark red in color and is a result of the oxygen unbinding from the heme group. Where in the body would you expect to find bright red or oxyhemoglobin?
in the lungs because that's where blood gets oxygenated
What type of leukocyte will mount an immune response either directly or by producing antibodies?
lymphocyte
Which leukocyte is smallest in size?
lymphocyte
Name the agranulocytes.
lymphocytes, monocytes. The agranulocytes end in -cyte and the granulocytes end in -phil.!
What cell type has a nucleus that is spherical or indented, a pale blue cytoplasm, a diameter of 5-17 micrometers and mounts immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies? Is it a granulocyte or an agranulocyte?
lymphocytes. agranulocyte.
Platelets are cell fragments of large multinucleate cells called _____.
megakaryocytes
What blood cell will specialize into a macrophage when involved in an immune response?
monocyte
Which leukocyte is the largest in size?
monocyte
What cell type has a nucleus that is U- or kidney-shaped, a gray-blue cytoplasm, a diameter of 14-24 micrometers, phagocytoses, and develops into macrophages in tissues? Is it a granulocyte or an agranulocyte?
monocyte. agranulocyte.
What leukocytes is most numerous in blood?
neutrophil
Name the granulocytes.
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. The agranulocytes end in -cyte and the granulocytes end in -phil.!
What cell type has a multilobed nucleus, inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules, a diameter of 10-12 micrometers, and phagocytizes bacteria? Is it a granulocyte or an agranulocyte?
neutrophils. granulocyte.
Do erythrocytes have cell organelles?
no
Is a blood cholesterol level of 160 mg per 100mL low, normal, or high?
normal
Of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, which are complete cells?
only leukocytes
Define hypoxia.
oxygen deprivation
When oxygen binds to iron, the hemoglobin, now called _____, assumes a new 3-D shape and becomes ruby red.
oxyhemoglobin
Over half of your blood is _____.
plasma
What is the nonliving fluid portion of blood?
plasma
What formed element is described as granular cytoplasmic fragments?
platelet
Clinicians do a _____ _____ when thrombocytopenia is suspected.
platelet count
What cell type are discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules, stain deep purple, have diameters of 2-4 micrometers, and seal small tears in blood vessels?
platelets
The liquid part of blood, called plasma, is made of _____, _____, and _____.
water, salts, and protein
Explain the path of blood circulation throughout the body.
--Deoxygenated blood travels to the heart. --The heart pumps it to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated blood via respiration. --The oxygenated blood flows form the lungs back to the heart, where it is pumped out to the capillaries all over the body. --While there, it becomes deoxygenated blood, and the cycle repeats.
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis in order?
1) vascular spasm, 2) platelet plug formation, and 3) coagulation
A hemoglobin molecule can transport ____ molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with 1 mlcl. of oxygen.
4
What percentage of normal whole blood is formed elements?
45%
What percentage of normal whole blood is plasma?
55%
Which of the following describes erythrocytes? A. are anucleate B. contain granules C. clot blood D. can travel by diapedesis E. produce hormones
A. are anucleate
What mature blood cell is derived from a reticulocyte? A. erythrocyte B. neutrophil C. monocyte D. platelet E. basophil
A. erythrocyte
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? A. increased tissue demand for oxygen B. decreased tissue demand for oxygen C. an infection D. moving from a high to a low altitude E. an increased in the amount of red blood cells
A. increased tissue demand for oxygen
What type of leukocyte has no visible granules when stained? A. monocyte B. neutrophil C. basophil D. eosinophil E. band cell
A. monocyte
Why are type AB people considered the universal recipient? A. type AB blood has no antibodies so it is compatible with any blood type B. type AB blood has both A and B antibodies so all antigens in the donor's blood are neutralized C. type AB blood has no antigens so it is compatible with any blood type D. it is the most common blood type E. type AB blood has both A and B antigens so it neutralizes the antibodies in any donor
A. type AB blood has no antibodies so it is compatible with any blood type
Universal recipient is blood type
AB
What is the least common human blood type?
AB
_____ compatibility does not require sensitization by a previous blood transfusion, while _____ incompatibility does.
ABO, Rh
Antigens determining the _____ and _____ blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions (in which the foreign erythrocytes are destroyed) when they are improperly transfused. For this reason, blood typing for these antigens is always done before blood is transfused.
ABO, Rh.
_____ is a condition in which the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism or there are too few RBCs. Can be caused by blood loss/hemorrhage or conditions that destroy RBCs or hinder their production.
Anemia
Which leukocyte contains a nucleus that occupies most of the cell? A. eosinophil B. neutrophil C. lymphocyte D. monocyte E. basophil
C. lymphocyte
Which of the following is a bleeding disorder characterized by petechiae? A. leukopenia B. anemia C. thrombocytopenia D. polycythemia E. leukemia
C. thrombocytopenia
What form is bilirubin when it is excreted in urine or feces? A. ferritin and hemosiderin B. biliverdin and transferrin C. urobilinogen and stercobilin D. interleukin E. deoxyhemoglobin
C. urobilinogen and stercobilin
_____ _____ tests whether the recipient's serum will agglutinate the donor's RBCs or the donor's serum will agglutinate the recipient's RBCs.
Cross matching
Which of the following is associated with anemia? A. over production of leukocytes B. deyhdration C. living at high altitude D. decreased oxygen carrying capacity E. deficient normal platelets
D. decreased oxygen carrying capacity
What substance makes up the structural basis of a clot? A. plasmin B. prothrombin C. thrombin D. fibrin E. thromboplastin
D. fibrin
Which of the following is associated with polycythemia? A. low blood volume B. anemia C. low viscosity D. high hematocrit E. normal circulation
D. high hematocrit
A failure to produce clotting factors may indicate an imbalance in what organ? A. kidneys B. small intestine C. bone marrow D. liver E. pancreas
D. liver
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood? A. delivery of oxygen to body cells B. transport of metabolic wastes from cells C. prevention of blood loss D. maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
D. maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
What is the reason whole blood would appear bright red? A. it is lacking in hemoglobin B. it is lacking in clotting factors C. the hemoglobin is abnormal D. the hemoglobin is fully oxygenated E. the hemoglobin is lacking in oxygen
D. the hemoglobin is fully oxygenated
In which of these blood types does the person carry no ABO antibodies? A. type O B. type A C. type B D. type AB E. both type O and type AB
D. type AB
What is the potent aggregate that attracts more platelets to the site of an injury? A. thromboplastin B. prothrombin C. histamine D. transferrin E. adenosine diphosphate
E. adenosine diphosphate
What type of anemia is inherited and characterized by faulty hemoglobin that forms rod shapes? A. hemorrhagic B. aplastic C. thalessemia D. hemolytic E. sickle cell
E. sickle cell
What are the 3 major functions of blood?
1. TRANSPORT: example, delivering oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells 2. REGULATION: example, maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss 3. PROTECTION: example, preventing infection. Drifting along in blood are antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells, all of which help defend the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
Red blood cells live about _____ day/s, platelets _____ day/s and white cells less than _____ day/s.
120, 6, 1
A single red blood cell contains about _____ hemoglobin molecules, so each of these tiny cells can scoop up about _____ molecules of oxygen.
250 million. 1 billion.
At least _____ groups of naturally occurring RBC antigens (blood groups) are found in humans, and many variants occur in individual families ("private antigens") rather than in the general population.
30
What would the blood type of a person be if it clumps with anti-B sera and has Rh antigens?
B positive
Which of the following describes leukemia? A. abnormally high amounts of RBCs B. abnormally high amounts of WBCs with one type of WBC in immature forms C. abnormally high amounts of both WBCs and RBCs D. abnormally low amounts of WBCs E. abnormally low amounts of RBCs but with normal amounts of WBCs
B. abnormally high amounts of WBCs with one type of WBC in immature forms
Which of the following describes plasma? A. it is red in color B. it contains protein in the form of albumin C. it contains a major protein called hemoglobin D. when measured the percentage of plasma is called the hematocrit E. it is the same as serum but without the clotting factors
B. it contains protein in the form of albumin
Which of the following is the correct sequence of white blood cell development? A. myeloblast, myeloid stem cell, band cell, neutrophil B. myeloid stem cell, myeloblast, band cell, neutrophil C. band cell, myeloid stem cell, myeloblast, neutrophil D. neutrophil, band cell, myeloid stem cell, myeloblast E. myeloid stem cell, myeloblast, neutrophil, band cell
B. myeloid stem cell, myeloblast, band cell, neutrophil
What does it mean if a patient is typed as B positive? A. the red cells contain B antibodies but no Rh antibodies B. the red cells contain B antigens and the serum contains no Rh antibodies C. the serum contains Rh antigens and B antigens D. the serum contains no antibodies E. the serum contains only B antibodies
B. the red cells contain B antigens and the serum contains no Rh antibodies
Which of the following describes platelets? A. they are precursors of fibrin B. they stick to the wall of a damaged blood vessel C. they survive in the circulation around 120 days D. they have bilobed nuclei E. they are specialized leukocytes
B. they stick to the wall of a damaged blood vessel
What enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin? A. heparin B. thrombin C. prothrombin D. tissue factor E. coagulation factor VI
B. thrombin
_____ _____, the spongy material inside your bones, makes new blood cells.
Bone marrow
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn is most likely to occur in which of the following situations? A. Rh positive mother with an Rh positive baby B. Rh positive mother with an Rh negative baby C. Rh negative mother with an Rh positive baby D. Rh negative mother with an Rh negative baby E. Rh negative mother with either an Rh positive of Rh negative baby
C. Rh negative mother with an Rh positive baby
Which of the following characterizes aging red blood cells? A. ATP production increases B. They continue to function for at least a year C. They are engulfed by macrophages D. They are eventually excreted through the digestive system E. The cell membranes are more flexible and recycled
C. They are engulfed by macrophages
What is a blood clot that has dislodged from its site of formation called? A. thrombus B. varicosity C. embolus D. heparin E. platelet plug
C. embolus
Which of the following describes blood cell formation? A. the main sites of blood cell formation are in both the spleen and the bone marrow B. the main sites of blood cell formation are in both the liver and the red bone marrow C. the main sites of blood cell formation are in both the yellow and the red bone marrow D. red blood cells are formed in the red marrow and the hemoglobin is formed in the yellow marrow E. the main sites of blood cell formation in adults is the red marrow
E. the main sites of blood cell formation in adults is the red marrow
_____ is another name for red blood cells, which transport oxygen.
Erythrocytes
_____ vastly outnumber the other types of formed elements.
Erythrocytes
_____ is the process by which erythrocytes (red blood cells) are formed. This is a negative feedback loop.
Erythropoeisis
_____ is the hormone responsible for stimulating erythrocyte formation within the red bone marrow.
Erythropoietin
Erythrocytes are mononucleate. T/F
False, erythrocytes are anucleate
Hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) activates the bone marrow directly to produce more erythrocytes (red blood cells). T/F
False. Hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) does NOT activate the bone marrow directly. It stimulates the kidneys, which provide the hormonal stimulus that activates the bone marrow to begin erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).
_____ is an indirect measurement of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. More red blood cells mean more oxygen carried by the same volume of blood.
Hematocrit
_____ is the name of the stem cells that can go on to be erythrocytes (RBCs) or leukocytes (WBCs).
Hemocytoblast
_____ or erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when an Rh- mother gets pregnant with and Rh+ baby for a second time. She developed Rh anti-bodies from the first pregnancy. Now in the 2nd pregnancy, her antibodies cross through the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs. This result in the baby becoming anemic and hypoxic. Brain damage and death may result.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
_____ is an excess of RBCs that increases blood viscosity. Can be caused by living at high altitudes (normal) or blood marrow cancer.
Polycythemia
_____ is too few WBCs (below 4,000 cells/mL or mm^3) Can be induced by drugs like glucocorticoids. May indicate typhoid fever, measles, infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, TB, or excessive antibiotic or X-ray therapy.
Leucopenia
_____ too many abnormal WBCs or uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBCs accompanied by a reduction in RBCs and platelets. This is cancer of the blood cells.
Leukemia
_____ is another name for white blood cells, which act in various ways to protect the body.
Leukocytes
What formed element cell types are spherical and nucleated and are true cells?
Leukocytes/WBCs
_____ a high WBC count (over 11,000 cells/microliter). Normal response to an infection in the body. May indicate bacterial or viral infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, or poisoning by drugs or chemicals.
Leukocytosis
A normal hematocrit for men is _____ and for women is _____.
Men: 47 +/- 5% Women: 42 +/- 5%
Universal donor is blood type
O
_____ _____ _____ _____ released by platelets stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessel wall.
Platelet-derived growth factor
_____ are cell fragments that help stop bleeding.
Platelets
_____ is essentially plasma without clotting proteins.
Serum
What test is frequently used to estimate hemoglobin concentration?
Tallquist
Define the following and name a possible reason for it: Anemia
a condition in which the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism. Can be caused by blood loss.
Define the following and name a possible reason for it: Leukocytosis
a high WBC count (over 11,000 cells/microliter). Normal response to an infection in the body.
Another word for plasma proteins called antibodies in regards to blood typing.
agglutinins
Another word for proteins called antigens in regards to blood typing.
agglutinogens
One person's RBC antigens may be recognized as foreign if transfused into someone with a different red blood cell type, and the transfused cells may be _____ (clumped together) and destroyed.
agglutinated
What is hemostasis?
blood stopping
Arteries branch repeatedly until they become tiny _____.
capillaries
By diffusing across the _____ _____, oxygen and nutrients leave the blood and enter the body tissues, and carbon dioxide and wastes move from the _____ to the _____.
capillary walls. tissues. bloodstream.
A CBC or _____ _____ _____ includes counts of the different types of formed elements, the hematocrit, measurements of hemoglobin content, and size of RBCs.
complete blood count
The CMP or _____ _____ ____ is a blood chemistry profile that measures various electrolytes, glucose, and markers of liver and kidney disorders.
comprehensive metabolic panel
After the oxyhemoglobin releases its oxygen to tissues, it becomes _____.
deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin
The ability of WBCs to move in and out of blood vessels is called _____.
diapedesis
What is a term that means the ability of leukocytes to move in and out of blood vessels in order to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction?
diapedesis
A _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ determines the relative proportions of individual leukocyte types and is a valuable diagnostic tool.
differential white blood cell count
What cell type has a bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules, a diameter of 10-14 micrometers, and kills parasitic worms, destroys antigen-antibody complexes, and inactivates some inflammatory chemicals of allergy? Is it a granulocyte or an agranulocyte?
eosinophils. granulocyte.
What formed element is responsible for transport of respiratory gases?
erythrocyte
What formed element lacks a nucleus in the circulation?
erythrocytes
The formed elements of blood include what 3 major things?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What cell type is biconcave, anucleate, and salmon-colored
erythrocytes/RBCs
Hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of _____.
erythrocytes/red blood cells
Plasma proteins are normally taken up by cells to be used as fuels or metabolic nutrients as are most other organic solutes, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. T/F
false
What is an insoluble component of plasma that forms a meshwork of strands and is considered the structural basis of clot formation?
fibrin
A process called _____ removes unneeded clots when healing has occurred.
fibrinolysis
Individuals whose RBCs carry the Rh antigen are Rh _____ and make up approximately 85% of the population.
positive
Clotting factors are also called _____.
procoagulants
Clinicians determine the _____ _____ to assess the ability of blood to clot.
prothrombin time
What does acute mean?
quickly advancing
The solid part of your blood contains _____, _____, and _____.
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Well oxygenated blood is _____, normal deoxygenated blood at tissue level is _____ _____. Under hypoxic conditions, hemoglobin becomes _____ (this is a sign of a homeostatic imbalance).
red, dark red, blue
Well oxygenated blood is _____, normal deoxygenated blood at tissue level is _____ _____. Under hypoxic conditions, hemoglobin becomes _____ (this is a sign of a homeostatic imbalance).
red. dark red. blue.
Respiratory gases and other substances load and unload into the blood via _____ _____.
simple diffusion
What does chronic mean?
slowly advancing
Referred to as the "red blood cell graveyard"
spleen
Most blood cells do not divide. Instead, _____ _____ divide continuously in red bone marrow to replace them.
stem cells
In processing old RBCs, liver cells pick up bilirubin and in turn secrete it in bile into the intestine, where it is metabolized to _____. Most of this degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, as a brown pigment called _____.
urobilinogen. stercobilin.
Just as erythrocytes' production was controlled by erythropoietin, platelet formation is controlled by a hormone called _____.
thrombopoietin
What is the technical name for a blood clot?
thrombus
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a _____. The it breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an _____. These are usually no problem until they encounter a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass through. Then it becomes an _____, obstructing the vessel. These can dangerously impair the body's ability to get oxygen.
thrombus. embolus. embolism.
Define the following and name a possible reason for it: Leucopenia
too few WBCs. Can be induced by drugs like glucocorticoids
Define the following: Thrombocytopenia
too few circulating platelets
Define the following and name a possible reason for it: Leukemia
too many abnormal WBCs. Can be caused by cancer.
There is a delicate balance between blood clotting and prevention of unwanted blood clotting. We want to be sure that a hemorrhage is arrested, but at the same time, we need to prevent clot formation in unbroken vessels. T/F
true
Unlike ABO blood groups, neither the blood of the Rh-positive nor Rh-negative individuals carries preformed anti-Rh antibodies. However, Rh negative persons who receive transfusions from Rh positive blood become sensitized by the Rh antigens of the donor RBCs, and their systems begin to produce anti-Rh antibodies. T/F
true
When a patient's blood volume is so low that death from shock is imminent, normal saline or multiple electrolyte solution that mimics the electrolyte composition of plasma (example Ringer's solution) are the preferred choices to inject in the patient to temporarily imitate blood. T/F
true
