Lifespan - Chapter 6
Formal operational thought includes which of the following? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Hypothetical and logical reasoning Abstract propositions Lack of presentation Idealism
Hypothetical and logical reasoning Abstract propositions Idealism
What term refers to adolescents' belief that others are watching them and that they are on stage?
Imaginary audience
Postformal thought is characterized by which of the following types of thinking?
Reflective Realistic Relativistic Contextual Provisional
In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called:
Schemes
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object-oriented and less focused on their own body?
Secondary circular reactions
A bottle is placed in baby Erika's mouth. She begins to suck on the nipple immediately. In which sensorimotor substage is baby Erika?
Simple reflexes
How do theorists today see cognitive development? Multiple select question. Children cannot think abstractly. Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier. It is not as stage-like as Piaget proposed. Children can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive stage.
Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier. It is not as stage-like as Piaget proposed. Children can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive stage.
According to Piaget, a(n) ___ is an internalized sensory image or word that represents an event.
Symbol
Baby Carter sees an empty box on the floor. He crawls over to the box and begins putting his blocks into it. A few minutes later, he tips the box on its side and crawls into it. He then crawls out of the box, stands up, and puts the box on his head. He walks around with the box on his head until he bumps into the wall. Which sensorimotor substage is Carter in?
Tertiary circular reactions
The preoperational thought limitation called animism is best illustrated by which statements? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Spring showers make the flowers grow. The sunshine is happy. Thunder is mad and yelling at us. The tree has deep roots and long branches.
The sunshine is happy. Thunder is mad and yelling at us.
Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conservation tasks? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. They are capable of seriation and transitivity. They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets. They can consider several characteristics of an object at once. They only focus on a single property of an object at at time.
They are capable of seriation and transitivity. They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets. They can consider several characteristics of an object at once.
Which of the following is true of neo-Piagetians?
They have elaborated on Piaget's theory. They stress attention to children's strategies.
Vygotsky saw private speech as:
a tool for self-regulation.
Which of the following are characteristic of adolescent thought in the formal operational stage?
abstract idealistic systematic logical
Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds.
actively construct
Neither Vygotsky's theory nor Piaget's had much to say about
adult cognitive development.
Karl covers his stuffed toys before bedtime to make sure they are not cold. This is an example of
animism
In assessments of the ability to conserve, research findings indicate that this ability
can improve with training and practice.
Nathan and Sara are eating granola bars. Sara breaks her bar in half. Nathan gets upset because Sara has two granola bars. Nathan has not developed the concept of
conservation
The awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as:
conservation
Jacob is playing hide-and-seek with his aunt. He believes she cannot see him hiding in a glass-enclosed shower. This is an example of ___, or only seeing things from his perspective.
egocentrism
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called:
egocentrism
Gisela Labouvie-Vief and her colleagues argue that it is necessary to consider how ___ maturity might affect cognitive development to understand cognitive changes in adulthood.
emotional
The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next is referred to by Piaget as:
equilibration.
According to Piaget, ___ ___ thought is the final stage in cognitive development and characterizes adolescents as well as adults.
formal operationl
Martina is working on a problem in chemistry. She has formed several ideas about how to solve the problem and, based on systematic and logical thinking, she has decided which approach would be the best. She is engaging in
hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
Some developmental psychologists propose that as young adults enter the world of work, their thinking changes. They face the constraints of reality, and their:
idealism decreases.
The preoperational thought substage that is called ______ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions.
intuitive
Janie is exhausting her father with a barrage of "why" questions. She is trying to figure out why things are the way they are. Janie is in Piaget's __________ substage.
intuitive thought
All of the following are enduring components of Piaget's theory EXCEPT assimilation. accommodation. object permanence. latency.
latency
When Nancy moves 8-month-old Abigail's toy out of her crib, Abigail begins to look for it. Abigail has developed:
object permanence.
According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform ______, which are defined as reversible mental actions.
operations
Vygotsky's theory states that children use private speech not only for social communication but also for
planning their own behavior. All answer choices are correct. Correct self-regulation. monitoring their own behavior.
Some theorists have proposed a cognitive stage beyond Piaget's last stage of formal operational thought. They call this fifth stage ______ thought.
postformal
The stage of thought involves complex thinking, which is more reflective, relativistic, and contextual.
postformal
According to Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task is a sign that children are in the ______ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
Two-year-old Allison pretends that a banana is a phone. She is using the banana as a symbol, demonstrating that she can reconstruct actions and things in thought rather than relying on what is present. This demonstrates that Allison is capable of:
preoperational thought.
According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of development.
proximal (or ZPD)
According to Piaget, the level of thought of young adults is ______, as compared to that of adolescents.
qualitatively the same
Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.
schemes
When babies initially become less self-preoccupied and more interested in objects, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.
secondary circular reactions
The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following?
secure attachment emotional regulation compliance
Researchers who have evaluated Piaget's stages have suggested that his theory of ___ development needs to be changed and enhanced.
sensorimotor
The first of Piaget's stages, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions, is known as the ______ stage.
sensorimotor
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
piaget's stages
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Some developmentalists propose that the thinking of young adults changes when they enter the world of ______, since they have to face the constraints of reality.
work
According to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for which of the following reasons?
Social communication Problem solving Planning their behaviors
Which of the following are characteristic of children who have reached the concrete operational stage? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Transitivity Centration Seriation Conservation Manipulation
Transitivity Seriation Conservation
True or false: Assimilation dominates the initial development of formal operational thought.
True The initial development of formal operational thought is dominated by assimilation.
An infant sucks on a thumb, a pacifier, and a bottle. The scheme of sucking similar objects is an example of:
assimilation
Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like he plays with water in his bathtub. This is an example of
assimilation
Incorporating new information into existing knowledge is a description of:
assimilation
Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently, Ian is:
at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.
Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate:
contextual factors in learning.
An infant who demonstrates coordination of schemes and intentionality is engaging in the ______ sensorimotor stage.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory places more emphasis on:
cultural context and social interaction.
In Vygotsky's theory, the use of language for self-regulation is called:
private speech.
In Piaget's theory, ___ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order cognitive system.
organization
According to developmentalist William Perry, as compared to adolescence, thinking in adulthood is:
reflective
According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end?
24 months
True or false: Concrete operations do not allow the child to consider multiple characteristics of an object.
False Concrete operations allow the child to consider several characteristics rather than to focus on a single property of an object.
Halene is sure that all her classmates are staring at her new haircut. This is an example of
an imaginary audience.
According to Piaget, what is a child's motivation for change?
an internal search for equilibrium
Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of:
animism
When is the formal operational stage?
11 through adulthood
True or false: Piaget believed that children were like sponges and passively absorbed information from the world around them.
False Piaget believed that children actively construct their own knowledge
When is the preoperational stage?
2-7 years
Terry's mother is playing ball with him. She takes the ball and hides it behind the chair. Terry crawls over to the chair and gets the ball. Terry's mother then hides the ball behind the door. Terry crawls back to the chair and looks there for the ball. What concept describes Terry's actions?
A-not-B error
What is the overall term for an adolescent's heightened self-consciousness?
Adolescent egocentrism
Abby, a 15-month-old girl, has a white toy poodle as a pet at home. She knows that the pet is a dog. (She calls it "puppy.") While Abby is at the park with her mother, she sees a small white dog. She points at the dog and says,"Puppy!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Assimilation
Through which of the following processes do children seek equilibrium?
Assimilation and accommodation
When is the sensorimotor stage?
Birth to 2 years
Which of the following is an example of accommodation?
Carson has learned that it is good to eat the peel of an apple but not good to eat the peel of a kiwi fruit.
Which of the following statements illustrate the symbolic function substage? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Children continuing to see the world only from their perspective Children using logic in their mental processes Children scribbling a picture to represent their family Children dressing up to pretend they are knights and wizards
Children continuing to see the world only from their perspective Children scribbling a picture to represent their family Children dressing up to pretend they are knights and wizards
Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.
Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.
Which of the following statements best represent the typical results from Piaget's classic task of conservation involving pouring a liquid from one beaker into another beaker that is taller and thinner? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Children younger than 7 usually say that the beakers contain unequal amounts of liquid. Children older than 7 usually say that the beakers contain unequal amounts of liquid. Children older than 7 usually say that the beakers contain the same amount of liquid. Children younger than 7 usually say that the beakers contain the same amount of liquid.
Children younger than 7 usually say that the beakers contain unequal amounts of liquid. Children older than 7 usually say that the beakers contain the same amount of liquid.
MacKenzie is an elementary student who has demonstrated the understanding that even though the levels of liquid in two glasses may appear different, they can still have the same amount depending on the size of the glass. She can also line up items from smallest to biggest. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development is MacKenzie most likely in?
Concrete operational stage
______ intelligence refers to the accumulation of information and verbal skills.
Crystallized
Critics of the core knowledge approach believe that it underestimates the importance of which of the following in the development of infant cognition?
Environment
Which of the following is a tool of scaffolding in the ZPD that helps a child to develop more systematic, logical, and rational concepts?
Dialogue
According to the core knowledge approach, the domain-specific innate knowledge systems that infants are born with include which of the following? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Language Object permanence Intuition Number sense Space Egocentrism
Language Object permanence Number sense Space
Which of the following is true of the formal operational stage?
Many adults are not formal operational thinkers.
According to the neo-Piagetians, Piaget's theory needs more emphasis on which of the following? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Memory Attention Culture Adolescent vulnerability Children's strategies Information-processing speed
Memory Attention Children's strategies Information-processing speed
What was the paradigm shift that Piaget presented?
He stressed that children actively construct their own knowledge of the world (knowledge is not just poured into them)
The ___ audience emerges from adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are and that everyone is watching
Imaginary
______ is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Object permanence
Ben has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents, "My trike doesn't have brakes!" Piaget would say that Ben has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ben done with his knowledge of bike riding?
Organized his knowledge of bike riding
What term refers to adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility?
Personal fable
Adolescent egocentrism includes which of the following? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Personal fable Reduced self-consciousness Imaginary audience Cautiousness
Personal fable Imaginary audience
One of ___'s enduring contributions to childhood development is the understanding that concepts do not emerge suddenly, full-blown, but instead develop through a series of partial accomplishments.
Piaget
Vygotsky's Theory
emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development Language very important
Gisela Labouvie-Vief and her colleagues emphasize that in middle age, individuals become ______ inwardly reflective and ______ context-dependent in their thinking than they were as young adults.
more; less
According to Piaget, what is the fourth and final stage of cognitive development?
Formal operational stage
The limitation of preoperational thought that occurs when an individual focuses attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called:
centration
Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of __________ for cognitive development.
children's interactions with other people
According to Piaget, cognitive conflict is also known as:
disequilibrium
Brent is an emerging adult studying cross-cultural anthropology, which gives him the opportunity to examine a range of variable perspectives regarding marriage and family structures and attitudes. This kind of thinking is best described as:
relativistic
Changing the level of support in the zone of proximal development is referred to as
scaffolding
As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first helps him a lot but gradually decreases the level of support. This is an example of:
scaffolding.
The ______ stage is the name of the Piagetian stage that occurs between birth and 2 years of age.
sensorimotor
The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called:
simple reflexes.
Private Speech
speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves Used for self regulation
According to Piaget, during the ______ substage, young children gain the ability to represent mentally an object that is not present.
symbolic function
In Piaget's theory, internal representations of reality are called:
symbols
In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on:
the infant's own body.
Vygotsky's Scaffolding
theory that child's mind grows through interaction with social environment; depend on surrounding to learn providing children with help from more competent peers and adults to learn better Vygotsky emphasized that that a child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment. By giving children new words, the parents are providing a temporary scaffold in which children can step to higher levels of thinking.
Todd knows that he is taller than the person in front of him and shorter than the person behind him. Based on that knowledge, he concludes that the person behind him must be taller than the person in front of him. This example shows that Todd understands
transitivity
True or false: When using assimilation, children will extend their existing schemes to deal with new information and experiences.
true. Children will try to incorporate their existing schemes when dealing with new information and experiences.
What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Primitive reasoning
The ___ fable is the part of adolescents' egocentrism that involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.
personal
Like Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized that children actively construct their:
knowledge and understanding.
True or false: Current research supports Piaget's view that development occurs in distinct stages.
False The abilities of later stages may appear in earlier stages, and the limitations of the earlier stages may appear in later stages.
Which of the following emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction?
Social constructivist approach
Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conservation tasks? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. They only focus on a single property of an object at at time. They can consider several characteristics of an object at once. They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets. They are capable of seriation and transitivity.
They can consider several characteristics of an object at once. They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets. They are capable of seriation and transitivity.
Cognitive mechanics, linked to biological foundations and brain development, involve which of the following cognitive processes?
Processing speed Some memory Attention
Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into ______ substages, each of which builds on the previous one.
6
When is the Concrete Operational stage?
7-11 years
When infants correctly find an object hidden at location A and then continue to look in location A even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?
A-not-B error
Is Piaget's theory qualitative or quantitative?
Qualitative We think in a fundamentally different way at each step.
Baby Troy sees his favorite stuffed bear on the couch across the room. He crawls over to the couch, pulls himself up, and reaches for his bear. Into which sensorimotor substage does Troy fit?
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
During Piaget's fifth sensorimotor stage, in which the infant develops tertiary circular reactions, which two of the following are also developed?
Curiosity Interest in novelty
Baby Rebecca is putting her hands by her face. She accidentally puts her thumb in her mouth. She reflexively begins to suck on her thumb. Later in the day, she tries to put her thumb back into her mouth, and the assumption is that she enjoyed sucking her thumb earlier and is trying to repeat the action. Which sensorimotor substage is Rebecca in?
First habits and primary circular reactions
Callie is a toddler who has never seen a cow before. Initially she calls the cow a horse because she has a toy barn with a horse, and the cows were in the barn on the farm. Her mother tells her that the animal she is looking at is a cow. She quickly learns what a cow looks, smells, and sounds like after feeding it some grass. What has Callie done with the information she has gained about cows?
Accommodated the information about cows and created a cow scheme
Which of the following is an accurate description of critiques of Piaget's sensorimotor stage by recent research?
An infant's cognitive world is not as neatly packaged as Piaget portrays it.
Why does the finding that 4-month-old infants have intermodal perception challenge Piaget's theory?
Piaget argued that young infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources at a much later age.
What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
Preoperational stage
______ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
Assimilation Accommodation occurs when existing schemes are adapted to incoming information.
Lauren has just begun to use a sippy cup after sucking out of a bottle for the first year of her life. She becomes frustrated because she tries to suck out of the spout of the cup, but nothing comes out. Her father shows her that she needs to tip the cup to get the liquid to come out. Her initial drinking scheme has come into conflict. What Piagetian concepts fit with Lauren's cognitive experience? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Lauren will need to dishabituate from her initial drinking scheme. Lauren is in a state of disequilibrium. Lauren can assimilate the information about drinking from a sippy cup into her existing drinking scheme. Lauren will organize her knowledge of drinking after experiencing different types of cups. Lauren will need to accommodate her drinking scheme to fit the new information.
Lauren is in a state of disequilibrium. Lauren will organize her knowledge of drinking after experiencing different types of cups. Lauren will need to accommodate her drinking scheme to fit the new information.