Lifespan Chapter 6

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Emotion Regulation

capacity to manage one's emotional state

Early Childhood

2-6 years old formal schooling starts around age 6

Social Learning Theory

Bandura learning by watching others modeling and self-efficacy

Initiative v. Guilt

Erikson: early childhood involving actively taking on life tasks

Industry v. Inferiority

Erikson: middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work receive systematic instruction

Shame

a feeling of being personally humiliated

Bullying

a situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse

Sympathy

a state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help

Learned Helplessness

a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying

Self-awareness

ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state

Aggression

any hostile or destructive act

Self-esteem

evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people

Bully-victims

exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized

Gender Schema Theory

explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically, the idea that once children know their own gender label (girl or boy), they selectively watch and model their own sex

Collaborative Pretend Play

fantasy play in which children work together to develop and act out the scenes

Empathy

feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing

Guilt

feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior

Reactive Aggression

hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt

Relational Aggression

hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships (rumors)

Proactive Aggression

hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal

Induction

ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person

Externalizing Tendencies

personality style involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively

Internalizing Tendencies

personality style involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression

Gender-segregated Play

play in which boys and girls associate only with members of their own sex; typical of childhood

Fantasy Play

play that involves making up and acting out a scenario; also called pretend play

Rough-and-Tumble Play

play that involves shoving, wrestling, and hitting, but in which no actual harm is intended; especially characteristic of boys

Prosocial Behavior

sharing, helping, and caring actions

Cyberbullying

systematic harassment conducted through electronic media

Hostile Attributional Bias

tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign

External Locus of Control

when you put the blame for failure on outside sources

Internal Locus of Control

when you put the blame for failure on yourself

Locus of Control

who you think is in control (connection between learned helplessness and locus of control


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