Lifespan Development 203 - ch. 2 pt2 and ch. 1 pt. 1
When does lateralization of the cortex develop/myelinate?
0-10 years - should've known
What is the sequence of CNS development?
1. Cell proliferation 2. migration 3. Integration 4.Synaptogenis 5.Differentiation 6. Myelination 7. Pruning 8. Cell death Pay me in some Delicious Maple popcorn
What are the nine observations about human development
1. Continual and cumulative process - we change throughout life 2. Domain of development are interrelated (getting better cognitively will show improvements in motor) 3. Individual differences in development due to culture, nutrition, affordance 4. Environment plays a role 5. Critical period (young years) and sensitive periods (fetal) 6. aided by positive stimulation - exercise stimulates by bone, muscle, brain development 7. Human develop is plastic 8. Multifaceted - 9. Aging is inevitable and abilities regress - deteriorating vision, hearing, strength, psychomotor Cold Igloos In England Create Perfect Plastic Multifunctioning Accommodations
What are the two perspective of motor development?
1. Developmental Systems perspective: you develop because of changing environment and biological systems 2. Life-span Perspective: motor skills continually change from birth to death
What is the order of how the brain develops?
1. Occipital 2. Somatosensory (postcentral gyrus) 3. Primary auditory - hearing 4. Frontol lobe, primary motor 5. Premotor cortex, somatosensory association area, primary visual and association, auditory association area and wernicke's Association areas develop last
How many neurons do you have and when are they fully divided?
100 billion interneurons They are prewired for "survival" behaviours like breathing, heartbeat cell proliferation phase is complete at birth
What phase is the Adulthood stage and what is the time frame?
12-18 years
What phase is the Adolescence stage and what is the time frame?
12-18 years Abstract thought, accelerated growth (puberty), secondary sex changes (really separates genders), identity and independence (teen years) More consequential thinking - what is the consequence of this
What phase is the childhood stage and what is the time frame?
2-12 years Fundamental skills, perceptual-movement awareness, & ability to care for oneself, concrete thinker
When is peak performance?
25-30 in males, 22-25 females max motor performance in strength
Describe Reflexive spontaneous
3rd prenatal month to first year Reflexive movements and spontaneous movements (stereotypic rhythmic patterns of motion- become voluntary control
How much does the brain decrease in weight as you age? what factors increase the rate of loss? Why doesn't this greatly impact functioning?
7% Alcohol, drugs, lack of exercise, disease increase the rate that the weight is lost The brain's plasticity compensates for the loss of weight so function isn't lost
What are the four domains of human development?
Affective - social and emotional Cognitive - reaction time, movement time, learning Motor - athletic performance (limited to physical body) Physical - growth, muscle, weight The domains are all connected; developing one often leads to improvements in a another
Why could a hermispherectemy work in a young child but not an adult
As a child, the brain is still developing and is more plastic; as an adult, synapses are mostly done forming and pruning occurs;
When is most glucose used in the brain development? What is the glucose used for?
Between ages 2 and 4 Consume lots of glucose during cell growth Brain is growing really fast- uses glucose Used to build dendritic spikes (integration), axons, neurotransmitter supplies
What is brain plasticity? When does brain plasticity occur?
Brain plasticity - ability of the brain to change and form new synapses 1. during normal development 2. during adulthood learning 3. after brain injury -brain compensates for lost function
How is blood supplied to the brain and why is this important?
Brain uses 20-25% of blood and oxygen (more oxygen when you are thinking) cerebral blood vessels are crucial to bringing nutrients to the brain: without them, dementia develops Hypertension and cardiovascular health is important - EXERCISE
How fast does the brain grow?
By age 6 your brain is full sized age 3 - 90% of adult brain born with 100 billion neurons and that becomes 20x greater within 4 months
Which neurogenesis stages occur in the womb? When do they occur?
Cell proliferation - 2nd prenatal month (cell second) Migration- early Integration - 6th prenatal month (almost 3rd trimester) up to 1 year of birth (6th inning) Dendritic spikes - 30 weeks (part of integration) Synaptogenesis - both in utero and after birth; born with trillions of synapses (2000 per neuron)
in what direction do you grow as a baby?
Cephalocaudal - from head to feet Myelination of spinal cord goes in the opposite direction Proximodistal - proximal first and distal last (middle to outside
What phase is the prenatal stage and what is the time frame?
Conception - birth Embryonic period - 0-8 weeks; physical change; organs begin to develop - very sensitive period to environmental factors Fetal period - 8 weeks to brith Reflexive/spontaneous movements occur
What is meant by the term Critical Period?
Critical period is a time of rapid brain development and the best time to acquire new skills because synapses (exuberant connectivity - birth -10 years) are being formed and the brain is very plastic The critical period for learning in humans is between 0 and 10 Skills include motor control, vision, language, and feeling
What happens in differentiation, myelination, Pruning, and cell death?
Differentiation - neurons become sensory, inter, or motor neurons; mediated by chemotaxis Myelination - the axons become myelinated (from the spinal cord up) which allows for faster communication. Made by ogliodendrocites Pruning - the brain decides which neurons to keep; based on which synapses are being used the most Cell death - RIP to 40-75% of neurons
What falls under the domain of environmental contexts and biological systems of the following: Ecological systems Maturation Self-organizing properties Heredity affordances
Environmental contexts: - ecological systems Biological: - maturation - Self-organizing properties Both: - heredity - affordances
How does exercise affect brain health?
Exercise builds healthier blood vessels which supply nutrients to the brain; makes the body better at using oxygen = healthier brain Leads to increase in gray and white matter - larger neurons with more myelination Retention of higher functioning (memory, tasks switching) Aerobic activity
Which cells are the underlying structure of the nervous system?
Glial cells - can become ogliodendrocites for myelination LOOK MORE INTO THESE
What two things are needed for development?
Growth and maturation with interaction with the environment
what is heredity, growth, development
Heredity - biological traits from parents; 23 pairs of chromosomes Growth - changes in quantity Development - changes in level of functioning -learning new motor skills
What is bloom's taxonomy of learning?
Higher order skills are on top and are learned last; need to develop skills to get to the higher order ones Psychomotor: perception set response, adaptation Cognitive knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation Affective receiving, responding, valuing, organizing, characterizing
Most proliferation is complete at birth except for in one area of the brain. What is this area?
Hippocampus - the area of working memory; cells proliferate to form new memories and connections with old information
What are the two theories about human brain development and how the brain is circuited?
Historically - genetics predetermined how your brain developed Present - you are prewired (in utero) for involuntary functioning but the environment fine tunes the connections (after birth)
What are the two ways growth can occur? what is the difference between the two?
Hyperplasia - increase in the number of cells Hypertrophy - increase in the size of cells
How is hypertrophy achieved? When is the number of neurons and muscle fibres established
Increase in cell size: - muscle cells increase through use and training (increase the amount of proteins myofibrils lay down)
How do myogenic movements occur?
Leaky calcium channels stimulate the sliding filament theory
What are the functions of the left hemisphere? Right Hemisphere?
Left - Language, logic, sequential processing (DAD) interpretive centre (Wernick'es area), speech centre, writing, analytical ie. Jill Bolte taylor had trouble speaking and understanding what was spoken when she had a stroke on her left side Right- (MOM) touch, spatial visualization, recognizing faces, analyzing emotions in conversation
What is maturation, motor behaviour change/development
Maturation - internal time table, qualitative, growth and time Motor behaviour change/development - observable changes in particular motor skill due to learning and growth Motor - motor skill, o for observable, change, due to development aka growth
What happens in the migration, integration, and synaptogeneis phases?
Migration - proliferated neurons push up through the neural tube to form the brain. Not all neurons migrate to the correct area Integration - cells grow; mediated by chemotaxis (hormones are secreted to areas of the brain: chemo - hormones, taxis - movement) Synaptogenesis - neurons begin to make connections to other neurons. The synapses are strengthened with use - continues after birth
What does a brain with alzheimer's look like? On a PET scan for plaque? PET scan for glucose?
More plaque (protein between neurons) and tangles within the neuron Larger ventricles, smaller memory and language regions, less grey and white matter PET detects plaque - will light up orange and red PET detects glucose - will have less areas of therein lit up because less of the brain is using glucose; loss of volume
What is the basic order of myelination of systems?
Most basic to most advanced Motor roots - neuromuscular junction for reflex arc (4 fmo - 1 month) Sensory roots 5fmo-6 months (get senses) Somesthetic Radiation (touch sensation) 8 months - 1.5 years Optic radiation (sight)- birth - 5 months Motor tracts (descending) (voluntary movement) - 9fmo-2 years Reticular formation - arousal/alertness - birth - 20+ Cerebral commissures and association areas - interpretation of info - 3 month - 10 years Rainbow Red - reflexes Orange - sOmatOsensOry Yellow - YA yellow afferent Green - mow the grass with a motor (descending) Blue - see blue skies at birth and you're aroused Purple - purple pulls it all together with commissures and associations
What is motor learning? What is motor control
Motor learning - change in movement pattern ability due to practice Motor control - process of performing a task -how movement is processed neurologically, environmentally, behaviourally
How do you develop motor learning, motor control, readiness, and adaptation?
Motor learning - permenant change due to practice Motor Control - controlled neurologically, physically, and behaviorally Readiness - maturation and experience Adaptation - altering behaviors to interact with environment
What age does myelination happen? What movements occur before myelination?
Myelination occurs during the 4th fetal month Myogenic movements occur before myelination and then become neurogenic movements after myelination Motor roots are the first to be myelinated: - allows for basic motor reflex arcs for breathing, etc. It starts at the spinal cord and works up to allow for faster reflex arcs (don't need the brain) that help with basic, survival mechanisms (respiration)
What is is neurogenic behaviour? when does it occur
Neurogenic behaviour is working neurons occurring through neuromuscular junctions. Includes: 1.First neurons pre-wired for survival functions 2. Basic reflexes - myelination causing suckling, rooting 3. Voluntary movements - myelination of motor cortex
Why is myelination important and how does it occur in brain development? What does it say about a child's learning?
Ogliodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS Without myelination: - muscle receive transmission slower (slower reaction) - neurons are more prone to fatigue - neurons can't repeat firing as well (less muscle simulation. HELPS MOTOR SKILLS Myelination - motor skills when a neuron is myelinated, it means the child is ready to learn motor skills
List the steps of development in neurogenesis.
Pay Me In Some Delicious Maple Pop Corn Neurogenesis - neurologist - Proliferation Migration Integration Synaptogenesis Myelination Differentiation Pruning Cell Death
What is lifespan physical development? What is motor development?
Physical: physical growth and maturation of a human over lifespan Motor: changes in movement patterns and motor skills due to maturation and integration with environment
Define plascticity and aging? How do they relate?
Plasticity - flexibility or adaptability Aging - Deteriorating cellular and molecular structure resulting in reduced chance of survival Plasticity helps retain brain function as we age - other things like adult height are not plastic
Why doesn't the brain stop functioning if it loses 7% of its weight and lots of synapses?
Plasticity - other neurons take over for parts that have died - less fine motor control though
At what stage does the phase of reflexive/spontaneous movements develop?
Prental - 6 months
What happens to the brain with aging? What specifically happens to the cerebellum and vestibules?
Psychomotor slowing - neurons less excitable Debris and tangled from proteins block NT storage and nutrients Loss of cerebellum layer - poor balance More vacuoles and debris (especially language and memory centres) Decrease in: -Weight (7%) -# of neurons (5-30%) -Dendrite density -Conduction velocity (especially in distal regions) -Connectivity (synapses - pruning); More 40% of vestibular hairs (in ear - balance) are lost
What are qualitative and quantitative measurements? maturation
Quantitative - numbers; height, weight, speed, Qualitative - walking, talking, emergence of new behaviour - most life development stages are documented qualitatively maturation - timing and progress and order of motor development
what is the order of the phases?
Reflexive/Spontaneous - Rudimentary Fundamental Movement Sport Skill Growth and Refinement Peak Performance Regression
What is brain lateralization? What is the role of the corpus callosum
Right hemisphere control left side of the body and left hemisphere controls right body the corpus callosum is a brain commissure that allows the right and left hemisphere to communicate
What is sport skill? What is growth and refinement?
Sport skill - 6-12 years - interest in sport and ability to learn practice these movements Growth and refinement - 12-18 -hormones, growth spurt in muscle/skeletal
How does physical activity play a role in brain development?
Strong determinant of early brain development; use it or lose it; coordination skills Gross motor development - prebrith - age 5 Fine motor development - 0-9 Most learning is done before age 4 (vision, math logic, vocabulary)
What is the study of motor development?
Study of change in motor behaviour resulting from interaction of biological processes and environment Motor = movement
What developmental change stages occur after birth? When do they occur
Synaptogenesis - born with trillions synapses; 3-4 months the connections increase by 20x Differentiation Myelination Pruning - until age 10; you either develop the synapses or you lose them Cell death
How do affordances affect growth and learning?
They allow for opportunities to engage with the enviornment
What are 3 examples of motor behaviour to which both nature and nurture contribute
Walking - nature because you instinctively do it; nurture because your parents help Eating - skills improve with practice
What is Regression?
after 30 years and physiological & neurological factors decline 1% per year psychomotor slowing
What is accretion
an increase in intercellular substances
What phase is the Infancy stage and what is the time frame?
birth to two years language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination Symbolic thought - putting a name to a face
What are myogenic movements? When do they occur?
direct muscle stimulation prior to myelination (8 fetal WEEKS)
What is epigenesis?
human development is a mix between the environment and biology (nutrition, genetics, PA); shows what someone's genetics shown
At what ages do the following occur: - fastest growth in brain size due to hypertrophy of neurons - Most synapse formation (exuberant connectivity) - Myelination - brain growth due to proliferation, myelination, dendritic & synaptic growth and refinement of enzymes -Pruning
hypertrophy of neurons - 6 months to a year Connectivity (critical period): birth - 10 years exuberant connectivity is a critical time Myelination: 4 fetal months to 30 years - "my" the 4th be with you - fourth fetal month; my whole life brain growth due to proliferation, myelination, etc.: 3rd trimester to 4 years 3to 4 Pruning: 10 years and on
How is hyperplasia achieved? When is the number of neurons and muscle fibres established
increase the number of cells (aka cell proliferation) by: - mitosis number of neurons determined mid pregnancy number of muscle fibres established after birth
What improves motor control?
motor learning and motor coordination
What are rudimentary behaviours? What are fundamental movements
rolling, crawling, grasping, creeping walking Fundamental Movements: Perceptual-motor awareness - aware of body and balance Locomotor skills - walking running climbing Nonlocomotor skill - twisting turning (don't need to move feet) Manipulative skills - throwing and kicking
On the developmental continuum, what are stages and what are phases?
stages - age (ie prenatal) Phases - abilities with a certain age ie rudimentary movements
What is maturation
the timing, process, and order of motor development
