Lifespan Development Ch. 5

During the sensorimotor stage, babies use their ____ to explore and understand their world.

senses

Infants learn about themselves and their world through their developing sensory and motor activity in the ______ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.

sensorimotor

The Bayley Scales of Infants and Toddler Development is a test designed to assess children from one month to three and a half years old in the area of

- language - cognitive development - motor skills

Which of the following is a major approach to studying cognitive development?

- psychometric - cognitive - behavorial

Babies usually say their first word around the age of _____ months.

12

At 18 months of age, the typical infant can remember a condition response for

13 weeks.

At 2 months of age, the typical infant can remember a conditioned response for

2 days.

Symbolic gestures usually appear before children have a vocabulary of ____ words.

25

During Substage ____, babies repeat actions that result in exciting or pleasurable outcomes.

3

Bradley, age 20 months, is putting together a wooden puzzle. As he picks up each piece, he determines in which slot it belongs and carefully places the piece in the correct space. Bradley is in Substage ____.

6

A developmental test given to children between 1 month and 3½ years is called the

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.

_____ focuses on the prediction of events based on their associates.

Classical conditioning

The ________ approach seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition.

Cognitive neuroscience

______ memory includes recollection of facts, names, or events.

Explicit

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of multitasking?

Fran is eating popcorn while watching a movie.

A group of questions or tasks to show how much of the measured abilities a person has by comparing his or her performance with the established norm of a large group for a standardized sample is a(n) ______ test.

IQ

_____ memory refers to memory without conscious recollection—memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.

Implicit

Both Piaget and information-processing researchers discuss the concept of causality. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Information-processing researchers argue that understanding of causality may emerge earlier than Piaget proposed.

________ focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Operant conditioning

Which of Cindy's actions indicated object permanence?

She lifted the cloth.

________ and _______ are correlated with later cognitive development.

Speed of habituation; a preference for novelty

Which of the following is Piaget's stage of cognitive development for infancy?

sensorimotor

The person involved in much research in the area of the social-contextual approach to learning is

Vygotsky.

Johanna has learned to tie her shoes with much help from her mother. Johanna is most likely from what geographic area?

a small town in the United States

Repeated consonant-vowel strings like ma-ma-ma are called

babbling.

The study of the basic mechanics of learning and how behavior changes in response to experience is of interest to _______ developments.

behavioral

The sensorimotor stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development includes what age group?

birth to two years old

A small child who has learned to tie his or her shoes without help is most likely from what geographic area?

both of these

The tremendous growth of the _____ system in the early months and years of life is closely linked with language development.

brain

Matsuyo is seven months old. He knows that the bigger the toy truck, the farther it will push his ball when it collides with it. This suggests that Matsuyo has an understanding of _____.

causality

Kristal is the mother of baby Nyah. Before feeding Nyah, Kristal always strokes the baby's head gently. Nyah now begins to root each time Kristal strokes her head. Nyah's behavior is an example of

classical conditioning

Each member of a class finds his or her chosen chair on the first day of school. From that day forward, this chair "belongs" to that child, even though there are no names on the chairs. This association is an example of

classical conditioning.

Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response is called

classical conditioning.

Mario and Linda have noticed that their son will use elements of both English and Spanish, often in the same utterances. This use of more than one language is called

code mixing.

The study of the hardware of the central nervous system to identify what brain structures are involved is of interest to _______ developments.

cognitive

The ability to use information gained from one sense to guide another is called

cross-modal transfer.

A test that compares a baby's performance on a series of tasks with norms established on the basis of observation of what infants can do at a certain age is called _______.

developmental

Of the following, developmental quotients, or DQs, are most useful for

early detection of emotional disturbances.

Jonas has learned to play "patty cake" after many repetitive demonstrations by his mother. This action demonstrates _____ imitation.

elicited

When Billy went to bed for his nap, the doorway was empty. When Billy awoke from his nap, a wreath was placed on the door. He noticed this immediately, which demonstrates a violation of

expectations

Seventeen-year-old J.T. spends a great deal of time texting his friends. He is so accustomed to texting that the process of texting has become virtually automatic. That is, he does it quickly and only occasionally looks down at the keyboard. However, when asked if he can recollect the order of the letters on the keyboard, J.T. struggles to recall the exact locations from memory. J.T. is demonstrating

explicit memory.

For school-age children, intelligence test scores predict academic performance

fairly accurately.

Sarah points at the refrigerator when she wants her sippy cup. This is an example of a

gesture.

Cassie is told to wave bye-bye when her grandparents are leaving. Cassie is demonstrating her ability to use her

gestures.

Mutual interactions with adults that help structure a child's activities and bridge the gap between a child's understanding and an adult's is called _____ participation.

guided

The mutual interactions with adults that help shape children's activities is called _____ participation.

guided

Twins Bill and Bob are working together to build a tower with their blocks. This form of shared play is an example of ______ participation.

guided

Shawna was shown the flashing face of a chimpanzee seven times. Though she was very interested in the face initially, later she turned away and began observing other aspects of the environment. This is an example of _____.

habituation

A type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus reduces attention to that stimulus is called

habituation.

Baby Chase is presented with a bright red rattle. After several seconds of looking, he loses interest. Chase is then presented with a bright green rattle and his attention returns to a high level. Chase's loss of interest in the red rattle is an example of ________, while his increased attention to the green level illustrates ________.

habituation; dishabituation

Cole is naming things in his environment as a method of showing off his skills. When asked what the camera is, he calls it, "big smile." This is an example of

imitation.

Knowing how to get dressed in the morning is an example of ______ memory.

implicit

When Brandon sees his favorite mobile, he kicks with excitement. This demonstrates _____ memory.

implicit

Joint attention occurs when individuals focus on the same object or event and are able to track each other's behavior. Joint attention considerably increases

infants' ability to learn from other people.

Cody is able to learn his ABC's, he can remember them, and he can identify the letters in words. This is a demonstration of Cody's

intelligence.

A behavior that is goal oriented and adaptive, directed at adjusting to the circumstances and conditions of life is called

intelligent.

Nine-month-old Danny has learned to stick his tongue out and does it often. This action demonstrates ____ imitation.

invisible

A communication system based on words and grammar is called

language

According to Chomsky, children have a ________ that enables them to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.

language acquisition device

The communication system based on words and grammar is called

language.

Piaget suggested that the third substage of the sensorimotor stage occurs between

months 4 and 8.

In most cultures, ______ seem to be the easiest type of word to learn.

nouns

Rachel does not look for the keys once they are no longer in her sight. Which Piagetian concept does she still have to develop?

object permanence

According to Piaget, one of the most important accomplishments in infancy is the development of

object permanence.

Jared has lost sight of his mother, since she has walked into another room in the home. Jared starts to cry because he cannot see her and has not yet developed

object permanence.

Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences is called

operant conditioning.

achel shows interest in the rattling keys, but does not repeat an action. In which sensorimotor substage is she?

primary circular reactions

The measurement of the quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict abilities is the _____ approach.

psychometric

The study of the measures of quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities is of interest to _______ developments.

psychometric

The goals of psychometric testing are to measure _________ the factors that make up intelligence and the results of that measurement.

quantitatively

Joey has learned to blow bubbles. He loves this activity and repeats the behavior all day long. This behavior is an example of Piaget's concept of circular

reactions.

According to Piaget, between 18 months and 2 years of age, children become capable of

representational activity.

Gannon takes the hat off of his teddy bear and attempts to put it on his own head. Gannon is making a(n) ______ error.

scale

According to Jean Piaget, an organized pattern of thought and behavior is called a

scheme.

Organized patterns of thought and behavior are

schemes.

You are having fun joking around with the new student in your school. There are some other students talking not too far away, but you don't even realize they are there until you hear one of them say your name. This is an example of

selective attention.

Piaget's cognitive approach has four stages. The first of these stages is the

sensorimotor.

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores are

significantly correlated with measures of cognitive development.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development has ____ substages.

six

The study of the effects of environmental aspects of the learning process, especially the role of parents and other caregivers, is of interest to _______ developments.

socio-contextual

You have been writing that dreaded term paper all night. It's 3am and you are very tired. You finally decide to quit and go to bed after you find yourself reading the same paragraph over and over. In this example, you have lost the ability to use which kind of attention?

sustained attention

An intentional representation of reality is identified as a

symbol.

Kiley walks by a decorative glass flower and stops to sniff, this is a sign of her developed ______ gestures.

symbolic

Intentional representations of reality are called

symbols.

The basic rules for putting a sentence together are called

syntax

"Allie want cookie" is an example of ____ speech.

telegraphic

Sentences consisting of only a few essential words are called

telegraphic speech.

Piaget's fifth substage of the sensorimotor period involves __________ circular reactions.

tertiary

Attention is defined as

the limited capacity to process information under our conscious control.

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, infants learn about themselves and their world through

their developing sensory and motor activity.

Belinda has just looked at her mother and for the first time said "Mama." Belinda would probably be about _____ months of age.

twelve

Which of the following occurred when the cloth was placed over the toy?

violation of expectations

By 12 months of age, Hannah is probably able to

wave bye-bye

Short-term storage of information the brain is actively processing is called ______ memory.

working