Lifespan G&D Final Exam Review Unit 2

In 1980, _____ of children were diagnosed with special needs. a. 10 percent b. 5 percent c. 20 percent d. 13 percent

a. 10 percent

Stacey has a vocabulary of about 500 words, and she frequently asks, "What's that?" How old is Stacey likely to be? a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 6

a. 2

Henry attends a preschool with a low teacher/child ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. Henry is engaged in a long-term art project that he chose in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which child-centered approach does Henry's preschool most likely resemble? a. Reggio Emilia b. Head Start c. Montessori d. intervention

a. Reggio Emilia

_____, the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others, improves by age 7. a. Selective attention b. Embodied cognition c. Executive control d. Executive function

a. Selective attention

The developmental psychopathology perspective assumes that: a. abnormality is normal. b. adulthood should be better. c. diagnosis depends on socioeconomic status. d. disability remains the same over time.

a. abnormality is normal.

Brain scans: a. are not reliable and are controversial. b. are not reliable. c. are controversial. d. are reliable and valid.

a. are not reliable and are controversial.

Which of the following is an advantage of playing games? a. brain development b. reading ability c. mathematical skills d. solitary play

a. brain development

Some suggest that child psychopathology is now overdiagnosed, probably due to: a. earlier underdiagnosis, not current overdiagnosis. b. complicated pregnancies. c. the new criteria in the DSM-5. d. families having the opportunity to receive federal funding.

a. earlier underdiagnosis, not current overdiagnosis.

All forms of artistic expression blossom during: a. early childhood. b. middle childhood. c. adolescence. d. toddlerhood.

a. early childhood.

Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"? a. egocentric b. conservative c. preoperational thinking d. decentered

a. egocentric

The cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the many thoughts that arise from the various parts of the brain, which allows a person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior, is referred to as: a. executive function. b. private speech. c. social mediation. d. theory-theory.

a. executive function.

A goal of permanency planning in cases of substantiated child maltreatment is to: a. find a long-term living situation. b. clear the backlog of cases pending before family-law courts. c. keep the biological family intact. d. provide abusive parents a fair opportunity to reform.

a. find a long-term living situation.

When Gabe was 3 years old, the pictures he would draw were indecipherable because he had yet to master his _____. a. fine motor skills b. emotions c. social skills d. gross motor skills

a. fine motor skills

Sternberg and Gardner criticize standard IQ tests because the tests: a. ignore various types of intelligence. b. are used to predict success in school. c. measure linguistic and logical-mathematical aptitude. d. convert raw scores to quotients.

a. ignore various types of intelligence.

A primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to: a. improve the economic climate and decrease financial instability. b. remove the child from the home. c. jail the perpetrator. d. have social workers make a home visit.

a. improve the economic climate and decrease financial instability.

Vygotsky's term for a person who has more knowledge and directs a child's learning, understanding, and skills is: a. mentor. b. apprentice. c. scaffolder. d. coach.

a. mentor.

What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6? a. preoperational intelligence b. concrete operational c. sensorimotor d. formal operational

a. preoperational intelligence

The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves is called: a. private speech. b. abnormal behavior. c. secretive speech. d. animism.

a. private speech.

Which of the following is one of the three signs of an autism spectrum disorder? a. problems in social interactions b. dyslexia c. low IQ d. motor deficits

a. problems in social interactions

Most children entering kindergarten can do all of the following EXCEPT: a. read from left to right. b. recite the alphabet. c. identify 5 colors on their own. d. count to 10.

a. read from left to right.

Improved emergency room procedures are an example of ___________ prevention. a. tertiary b. secondary c. primary d. unitary

a. tertiary

An obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is: a. the school's physical setting. b. federal achievement tests. c. reporting attendance to state authorities. d. high school graduation requirements.

a. the school's physical setting.

Shelby is 10 years old and is physically active. According to the World Health Organization, how much physical activity does Shelby need daily for a healthy lifestyle? a. 3 hours b. 1 hour c. 4 hours d. 2 hours

b. 1 hour

The percentage of 3- to 21-year-olds officially designated as having special needs in the United States was: a. 8 percent in 1980 and 5 percent in 2011. b. 10 percent in 1980 and 13 percent in 2011. c. 13 percent in 1980 and 8 percent in 2011. d. 15 percent in 1980 and 20 percent in 2011.

b. 10 percent in 1980 and 13 percent in 2011.

_________ refers to the preferred permanent option for a child who has been taken away from or given up by his or her parents. a. Kinship care b. Adoption c. Placement d. Permanency planning

b. Adoption

Which of the following statements about asthma is TRUE? a. Families living in the same conditions will have similar rates of asthma. b. Childhood asthma continues into adulthood about half the time. c. Rates of asthma are high in North America but are declining in Asia and South America. d. Some experts think that rates of asthma are increasing because children are overexposed to bacteria and viruses.

b. Childhood asthma continues into adulthood about half the time.

In which country are 20 to 25 percent of 2- to 19-year-olds obese? a. Egypt b. Russia c. China d. India

b. Russia

Which of the following children is most likely to be diagnosed with asthma? a. Juan, an Asian American boy b. Sean, an African American boy c. Jill, a European American girl d. Hernando, a Hispanic American boy

b. Sean, an African American boy

Which theorist(s) proposed three distinct types of intelligence? a. Gardner b. Sternberg c. Binet d. Gibson and Gibson

b. Sternberg

Which of the following is a recent goal of Head Start? a. The standard curriculum categories that the program provides. b. The implementation of a teacher-directed program approach. c. Parents and teachers must communicate and cooperate with each other. d. Staff members have to have an early-education degree to work in centers.

b. The implementation of a teacher-directed program approach.

Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are most consistent with the views of: a. Chomsky. b. Vygotsky. c. Erikson. d. Freud.

b. Vygotsky.

The most common cause of death in childhood is: a. diabetes. b. accidents. c. cancer. d. allergic reactions.

b. accidents.

Which of the following has been shown to influence when a child exhibits a theory of mind? a. numerical understanding and having a theory-theory b. age and siblings c. age and private speech d. height and weight

b. age and siblings

One reason that children enjoy artistic expression is that they: a. draw people as tadpoles. b. are not yet very self-critical. c. confuse drawings of lollipops with those of balloons. d. prefer colors to shapes.

b. are not yet very self-critical.

Coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and limited breath are signs of which chronic disease that is a narrowing of the airway? a. bronchiolitis b. asthma c. obstructive pulmonary disease d. respiratory syndrome

b. asthma

A "language shift" refers to: a. using the grammar of one language and the vocabulary of another. b. becoming more fluent in the school language than in the language spoken at home. c. children serving as interpreters for their parents who do not speak the dominant language. d. combining the grammar of two or more languages.

b. becoming more fluent in the school language than in the language spoken at home.

Gary is 7 years old. He pours the remaining orange juice from the pitcher in the refrigerator into a small juice glass and understands that the amount of juice remains unchanged. Gary can understand: a. symbolic thinking. b. conservation. c. centration. d. static thought.

b. conservation.

Edgar is a nonverbal child who is on the autism spectrum and is extremely shy. This is an example of which principle? a. dyslexia b. equifinality c. multifinality d. dyscalculia

b. equifinality

Kids are great at picking up vocabulary words without much effort. This is known as: a. over regularization. b. fast mapping. c. recitation. d. under regularization.

b. fast mapping.

In childhood, overweight is defined as: a. having a BMI between 25 and 29. b. having a BMI above the 85th percentile of children the same age. c. having a BMI above the 95th percentile of children the same age. d. weighing more than 50 percent of what your peers weigh.

b. having a BMI above the 85th percentile of children the same age.

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area is: a. information processing. b. knowledge base. c. automatization. d. classification.

b. knowledge base.

Two-year-old Erich tells his father, "Put your shoes on your foots." This is an example of: a. expressive language. b. overregularization. c. receptive language. d. fast-mapping.

b. overregularization.

Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through: a. academics. b. self-direction and discovery. c. following adult directions. d. making children "read to learn."

b. self-direction and discovery.

Early childhood is __________ for language learning. a. a critical perioda b. sensitive period c. both a critical and a sensitive period d. neither a critical nor a sensitive period

b. sensitive period

Decades of research throughout the world has found a strong correlation between academic achievement and: a. success. b. socioeconomic status. c. ethnic background. d. the economy.

b. socioeconomic status.

This is a major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to do such things as understand that words can refer to things not seen and that an item can be used to represent something else. a. animism b. symbolic thought c. focus on appearance d. centration

b. symbolic thought

Children are classified as having an intellectual disability if: a. they have an IQ score below 70 and have other evidence of brain damage. b. they have an IQ score below 70. c. they have an IQ score below 80. d. they are markedly behind their peers in adaptation to daily life.

b. they have an IQ score below 70.

A valuable trait of young children that aids in language development is that they: a. have empathy for others. b. uncritically talk a lot. c. understand conservation. d. are careful about pronouncing new words correctly.

b. uncritically talk a lot.

A valuable trait of young children that aids in language development is that they: a. understand conservation. b. uncritically talk a lot. c. are careful about pronouncing new words correctly d. have empathy for others.

b. uncritically talk a lot.

What percentage of U.S. children are diagnosed with ADHD? a. 15 percent for the 10- to 13-year-old age range b. 15 percent of the 4- to 9-year-olds c. 13 percent for the 10- to 13-year-old age range d. 7 percent of the 15-year-olds

c. 13 percent for the 10- to 13-year-old age range

The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6. a. 800; 10,000 b. 500; 20,000 c. 500; 10,000 d. 800; 20,000

c. 500; 10,000

Throughout the world, ______ percent of 7-year-olds are in school. a. 10 b. 25 c. 95 d. 70

c. 95

In order to foster balanced bilingualism, what do children need? a. regular opportunities to speak both languages b. appreciation of both languages and cultures c. All of these are correct. d. scaffolding in both languages

c. All of these are correct.

In the United States, the federal government has funded which program for 4-year-olds since 1965? a. the Perry Project b. Montessori c. Head Start d. universal pre-K

c. Head Start

The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is: a. a preoperational period. b. a critical period. c. a sensitive period. d. a zone of proximal development.

c. a sensitive period.

When does a child's appetite decrease in childhood? a. between ages 1 and 2 b. between ages 3 and 4 c. between ages 2 and 6 d. between ages 5 and 9

c. between ages 2 and 6

As water is poured from a tall and thin container into a short and fat one, the preoperational child is likely to say that there is now less water: the child is focusing only on how high the water is. This tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation is what Piaget referred to as: a. irreversibility. b. egocentrism. c. centration. d. lacking conservation.

c. centration.

The discipline that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders is: a. sociocultural psychology. b. epigenetic psychopathology. c. developmental psychopathology. d. psychoanalysis.

c. developmental psychopathology.

When early-childhood programs are compared, the most important variable is the: a. amount of parent involvement. b. size of the classroom. c. effectiveness of teachers. d. curriculum.

c. effectiveness of teachers.

Jessica's husband works on car engines as a hobby. Jessica often fails to figure out exactly what a particular part is, but she gets the general idea of what it does and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of: a. guided participation. b. conservation. c. fast-mapping. d. scaffolding.

c. fast-mapping.

Embracing stereotypical gender roles has been associated with which of the following? a. intact peer groups b. consuming a specialized diet c. increased exposure to media and television d. residing in a two-parent household

c. increased exposure to media and television

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is referred to as a(n): a. inclusion document. b. least restrictive environment (LRE). c. individual education plan (IEP). d. mainstreaming environmental plan (MEP).

c. individual education plan (IEP).

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is referred to as a(n): a. inclusion document. b. mainstreaming environmental plan (MEP). c. individual education plan (IEP). d least restrictive environment (LRE).

c. individual education plan (IEP).

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of play? a. it helps children learn more efficiently b. play lowers stress c. it can hinder social skills d. play can reduce obesity

c. it can hinder social skills

Preschools benefit early-childhood learning by providing opportunities for children to get practice in: a. all of these are correct. b. emotion expression. c. language skills. d. attachment.

c. language skills.

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is: a. limbic processing. b. associated tasks. c. lateralization. d. integrative processing.

c. lateralization.

Brianna is three-years-old and is playing with one of her friends. They begin to fight over the ball and Brianna says, "He hitted me!" Brianna is demonstrating: a. recitation. b. fast mapping. c. over regularization. d. under regularization.

c. over regularization.

Many children use codes in their text messages (LOL, L, 411). The use of these codes in this context indicates that the child understands: a. dialect. b. phonemes. c. pragmatics. d. mnemonics.

c. pragmatics.

Immersion refers to: a. teaching both parents and their school-age children a second language. b. separating ELL students from non-ELL students. c. providing all instruction in the language that the child is learning. d. providing all instruction in Spanish.

c. providing all instruction in the language that the child is learning.

The time it takes to respond to a physical or cognitive stimulus is: a. automatization reaction. b. emergent reaction time. c. reaction time. d. response time.

c. reaction time.

Reaction time: a. increases as a result of automatization. b. decreases as a result of advances in self-control. c. refers to the time it takes to respond either cognitively or physically to a stimulus. d. is the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.

c. refers to the time it takes to respond either cognitively or physically to a stimulus.

A recent educational strategy for children in the United States is called: a. intervention response. b. response to special education (RTSE). c. response to intervention. d. least restrictive environment (LRE).

c. response to intervention.

A major problem with most state early-intervention programs is that: a. they start too early. b. not enough children enroll. c. the funding allocated is not adequate to provide the needed characteristics for quality programs. d. there are not enough teachers.

c. the funding allocated is not adequate to provide the needed characteristics for quality programs.

One explanation for immigrant children to "language shift" is: a. their stranger anxiety. b. role reversal. c. their egocentrism. d. fast-mapping.

c. their egocentrism.

Which of these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control? a. Injuries result from careless parenting or accident-prone children. b. Fate determines the frequency and consequences of accidents. c. Accidents are random events. d. Appropriate controls can minimize harm.

d. Appropriate controls can minimize harm.

Which of the following statements about Head Start is true? a. All use the same curriculum and work to achieve the same goals. b. Its long-lasting beneficial effects are well documented. c. All employ teacher-centered approaches. d. Children from low-income families, or in rural areas, or with disabilities benefit the most.

d. Children from low-income families, or in rural areas, or with disabilities benefit the most.

Which of the following is one of the lessons of developmental psychopathology that applies to all children? a. Childhood disabilities worsen during adolescence and adulthood. b. Abnormality is unusual. c. Abnormality is a problem that must be addressed immediately. d. Disability changes year by year.

d. Disability changes year by year.

Which of the following early-intervention programs did not consistently enroll children for years nor was it research-based? a. Child-Parent Centers b. Perry Program c. Abecedarian Program d. Head Start

d. Head Start

Which of the following early-education approaches focuses on the artistic, creative drive in each child and is reported to provide a "science-rich context"? a. Montessori b. interventionist-based c. Head Start d. Reggio Emilia

d. Reggio Emilia

How can Vygotsky's theory be associated with the development of math skills? a. When adults count for children, showing written examples of the numbers will help children learn math more quickly. b. When adults count for children, pointing to items being counted will help children make the association to other math skills. c. If babies are exposed to counting and shapes, they will develop skills quickly. d. When adults help children with math, they should present challenges, offer assistance, add important information, and encourage motivation.

d. When adults help children with math, they should present challenges, offer assistance, add important information, and encourage motivation.

A measure of abilities in reading, mathematics, or some other subject is a(n): a. Flynn test. b. intelligence test. c. aptitude test. d. achievement test.

d. achievement test.

Neuroscientists agree that brain development: a. depends on a person's specific experiences. b. does not continue throughout life and does not depend on a person's specific experiences. c. continues throughout life. d. continues throughout life and depends on a person's specific experiences.

d. continues throughout life and depends on a person's specific experiences.

This is the basic principle that one symptom can have many causes. a. dyscalculia b. dyslexia c. multifinality d. equifinality

d. equifinality

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child ignoring all attributes that are not apparent? a. irreversibility b. static reasoning c. conservation d. focus on appearance

d. focus on appearance

Physical education in U.S. schools: a. involves few students waiting their turn rather than moving. b. has been abolished. c. involves students having a private exercise space. d. has decreased in allotted time for students.

d. has decreased in allotted time for students.

Sally, who has autism spectrum disorder, is provided appropriate aids and services in a "regular" classroom. This approach to education is referred to as: a. resource assistance. b. special education. c. individualized environment. d. inclusion.

d. inclusion.

Childhood medication for ADHD is thought to: a. reduce the risk of adolescent drug abuse later. b. have decreased from 1987 to 1996. c. be ineffective in the treatment of ADHD. d. increase the risk of adolescent drug use.

d. increase the risk of adolescent drug use.

Four-year-old Kanaan's mother makes him a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch. However, Kanaan refuses to eat the sandwich, stating "not like cheese." When Kanaan's mother removes the cheese from the sandwich, he still refuses to eat and again states "not like cheese." This is an example of: a. concentration. b. static reasoning. c. egocentrism. d. irreversibility.

d. irreversibility.

Children could be referred to as _____ in early childhood. a. slow-mappers b. self-conscious about mispronouncing new words c. telegraphic speakers d. language sponges

d. language sponges

According to a 1975 U.S. law titled the Education of All Handicapped Children Act, students with special needs must learn in the: a. most restrictive environment (MRE). b. special day class (SDC) setting. c. least restrictive classroom (LRC). d. least restrictive environment (LRE).

d. least restrictive environment (LRE).

Current research evaluating Head Start children found that academic benefits faded by first grade. One possible explanation is that: a. more boys are in the program, so gender-based differences in cognitive development could be the issue. b. the program is no longer federally funded, so the quality has deteriorated. c. various programs refuse to participate in the legislated requirements. d. many of the children in the comparison group are now enrolled in some other early-childhood program.

d. many of the children in the comparison group are now enrolled in some other early-childhood program.

Thinking about thinking is called: a. scaffolding. b. intelligence. c. thinking about doing. d. metacognition.

d. metacognition.

A significant contribution of Piaget's cognition theory is that he realized that school-age children become: a. capable of categorizing into one group at a time. b. All of these are correct. c. more egocentric. d. more flexible in their logic.

d. more flexible in their logic.

Middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because: a. All of these are correct. b. most illnesses occur before or after middle childhood. c. children have learned about consequences and are more cautious. d. motor skills are mastered, so accidents are rare.

d. motor skills are mastered, so accidents are rare.

If a child has a BMI above the 85th percentile of children the same age, he or she is considered: a. obese. b. average. c. morbidly obese. d. overweight.

d. overweight.

Of Piaget's four stages of cognition, which of the following is the second stage? a. sensorimotor b. illogical operations c. concrete operational d. preoperational intelligence

d. preoperational intelligence

School-age children's growth is: a. fast and staggered. b. unpredictable. c. dependent on the ethnicity of a child. d. slow and steady.

d. slow and steady.

According to research, children who are exposed to more than one language in early childhood: a. become confused and are unable to separate the two languages. b. can become fluent in one of the languages but not the other. c. usually end up with impaired language development. d. sometimes engage in code-switching while speaking.

d. sometimes engage in code-switching while speaking.

What does the developmental term perseveration refer to? a. biochemical messages from axons to dendrites b. processing of memory c. emotional regulation d. the tendency to stick to one thought or action

d. the tendency to stick to one thought or action

Which of the following competes with outdoor play for children? a. season changes b. organized sports c. playgrounds d. video games

d. video games