Ling HW

What does "I don't fool with them" correspond to in Standard North American English, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer article?

"I do not belong to their social circle."

A LING 1 student ponders the results of constituency tests that she ran on this sentence. What conclusions can she reach?

"The Jawa has done so with a blaster" shows that "attacked the Wookie" is a VP constituent.

"You rolled into a ball"

"You rolled into a ball"

Offset bought a minivan for Cardie from Craigslist. A LING 1 student is asked to run a do-so Substitution test on this sentence. What are some of the conclusions that the student should reach about constituency from the do so Substitution test results on this sentence?

"bought a minivan" is a constituent. "bought a minivan for Cardie" is a constituent.

[ɪ] [ʊ] [ə] [ɛ]

. Tenseness

Which statement describes the correct tree for this sentence?

.The string has attacked the Wookie with a blaster is a constituent. With a blaster is a constituent. The string attacked the Wookie is a constituent.

We examined reduplication in both Standard North American English and Singlish. What statement is true about these cases?

A and B are true.

Based on the class videos and cases discussed in the Philadelphia Inquirer article, what can you conclude about dialects of American English?

A speaker of Standard North American English does not necessarily understand the intended meaning of sentences in other dialects. A word, like be or dog, may occur in two different dialects, but function differently in each.

Why would we not want to say that reinforcement/correction plays a major role in first language acquisition?

Adults often provide positive feedback, irregardless of whether the child's utterance is grammatical or ungrammatical. Adults do not systematically correct children if they say something ungrammatical.

Which statement is true about dialects of any language?

All of the statements above are true.

Comparing the cases of Genie and Chelsea, which one is more likely a better candidate to test the Critical Period Hypothesis for Language?

Chelsea is better. She was brought up in a non-abusive environment so we know that psychological factors do not play a role.

Children produce sentences like "Daddy goed to work" that they have clearly never heard from their parents. This serves as evidence against which claim(s) below?

Children learn language based on what they hear from their parents. Children do not acquire rules of grammar.

In the video, the narrator says, "uptalk is simply the sound of your voice going up at the end of a sentence or a thought, instead of down where a period would be." Is this a descriptive or prescriptive statement?

Descriptive - he is explaining what the phenomenon is, as it is used by speakers.

Does the case of Genie provide evidence for or against the existence of a critical period for language?

For. Genie began receiving language input only at puberty near the end of the critical period. She has not been able to acquire English to native-like levels.

Why can/can't Joe name items in his left visual field?

Given the contralateral nature of brain function, stimuli in the left visual field are processed in the right hemisphere. Therefore, he cannot name items in his left visual field.

[i] [u]

Height, tenseness

What is linguistics?

Investigating human language from a scientific perspective.

Why is it significant that there are particular kinds of grammatical errors that children do not make?

It suggests that language acquisition is guided by an innate mechanism. This is evidence that even very young children have grammars, although those grammars may be different than the adult grammar.

[f] [θ] [s] [ʃ] [h]

Manner, voicing

The following data come from Dinka, a Nilo-Saharan language of The Sudan. Ayen ace cuiin caam ne paalAyen has food eaten with knife"Ayen has eaten food with a knife"

NP and VP. VP is made up of V and VP. Next VP is made up of VP and PP. VP is made up of NP and V. PP is made up of P and NP.

Consider the following quote and then answer the question below. "When nine hundred years old you reach, look as good you will not." Would this sentence be correct according to a descriptive grammar of English?

No. A descriptive grammarian would judge this sentence to be incorrect because native speakers of English reject such sentences.

Are spoken and signed languages fundamentally different?

No. Signed languages activate Wernicke's Area and Broca's Area.

The Jawa has attacked the Wookie with a blaster. To answer Questions 11-13, consider only the interpretation where the Jawa has the blaster and the phrase structure tree that corresponds to that specific interpretation Which statement describes the correct tree for this sentence?

None of the above statements is correct.

Which of the following statements is true about the following sentence? The Wookie borrowed a hairdryer yesterday.

None of the above statements is correct.

Which PS rule(s) do you have evidence for in Dinka?2

P → VP PP

Consider the following scenario: Your friend, who is a French major, is telling you about her travel plans for the summer. She says, "Every day I'll be able to visit the McDonald's by the Eiffel Tower. They make the best McRib ever. Ahh! I can't believe I get to spend two whole months in Feris, Prance....Ha ha, well, Paris, France!"

Performance: Your friend knows English grammar, and recognizes that she has made an error.

[k] [g]

Place, manner

Is the discussion of getting rid of "uptalk" an example of language descriptivism or prescriptivism?

Presciptivism: The narrator suggests how language should be spoken as opposed to how speakers actually speak it.

Susan is a student in the 4rd grade. She is the best player on her soccer team, and excels in her math and science classes. Her favorite subject is Art, and she especially loves to draw birds and dogs. In her art class, Susan has been overheard saying things like "We has five dog," "Her like yellow," and "You like picture?" What do these facts suggest about Susan?

She likely has Specific Language Impairment. Her visual/spatial abilities are intact, and her IQ seems to be in the typical range, but she has problems with grammar.

Based on the linguistic facts, what can be said about Standard and non-standard varieties of English?

Standard English and non-standard English varieties have differences in particular grammar rules.

Consider the following data set, with grammatical and ungrammatical uses of the -ity suffix: curious/curiosity manatee/*manateeity electric/electricity pickle/*picklity eccentric/eccentricity fern/*fernity stupid/stupidity tamale/*tamality monstrous/monstrosity monster/*monst(e)rity Why are the forms in the right column be ungrammatical?

The -ity suffix does not attach to nouns.

Why do we think that Universal Grammar plays a central role in first language acquisition?

The Poverty of the Stimulus The rapidity of acquisition and the depth of grammatical knowledge attained Similar stages of language acquisition for both spoken and signed languages

After washing their hands, a child says, "All gone sticky". Which of the following is likely true?

The child currently has a grammar that simply does not match the adult grammar.

Data Set A Mary ran off the tiger. *Off the tiger, Mary ran. Data Set B Mary ran off the bridge. Off the bridge, Mary ran. Consider the intuitive notion that words in sentence are like beads on a string, with no internal structure. What does the pattern of data suggest?

The data shows that we can't treat words in a sentence like beads on a string. If this were the case, words in identical positions should pattern the same.

In what sense does first language acquisition involve a "logical problem"?

The kinds of input that a child receives does not seem commensurate with the grammatical knowledge that native speakers possess.

Consider next data from Patient B, when a speech therapist provides her with a mug and Patient B says: "It is used to hold coffee and tea. It's made of ceramic, with a handle that you can hold. I have one on my desk at home, but I really can't remember what it is called." The patient's response indicates that...

The patient has Anomia because there are difficulties naming objects. But the syntax is fine.

Consider the following statement, "Joe can name items that are presented in his right visual field." Choose the statement below that best describes the facts about Joe.

The statement is true because an item in the right visual field will be processed in the left hemisphere.

Joe is presented with two items simultaneously - a car in the right visual field, and a dog in the left visual field. When asked what he sees, he responds, "Car".

The statement is true because the stimulus presented to the right visual field will be processed in the left hemisphere.

Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that children do not depend on direct instruction in acquiring their native language?

There are cultures where adults do not typically direct speech to children, but the children fully acquire the language anyway. Children produce grammatical sentences that they could not have heard before

What does SLI suggest about the relation intellectual abilities and language?

There is no relationship between them.

Below are some slang terms that are totally on fleek: basic "interested in common, boring things"ratchet "trashy"woke "aware of current issues in social justice"adorbs "extremely cute or charming"turnt "drunk or high on drugs"craycray "very crazy" What can we say about this group of slang words?

They are adjectives because they pass the seem test.

What is true about the [s], [z], and [ɪz] that typically occur on plural nouns?

They are allomorphs of a single morpheme because they all mean "plural" and their appearance is predictable.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this type of aphasia?

They are unable to retrieve vocabulary.

Savants are significant for the study of language because:

They show that low IQ can be accompanied by high language ability.

Consider the trees below and what meanings they correspond to: Which statement(s) is/are true? word: UNOPENABLE

Tree 2 means not able to be opened.

The fact that all languages have sentences with subjects and objects, words, questions, and negation supports the existence of:

Universal Grammar

Which PS rule(s) do you have evidence for in Dinka?

VP → V PP

Select the true statement about the differences between SNAE and ME. (Hint: Write phonetic transcriptions of the SNAE words first.)

Voiceless stops in SNAE are voiceless stops in ME.

[b] [z] [n] [r] [l]

Voicing

For questions 9 and 10, consider the following utterance from an aphasia patient: Clinician: "What's the weather like today?"Patient: "Fully under the jimjam and on the altigrabber." Based on the above utterance alone, what type of aphasia do you think this patient has?

Wernicke's aphasia

The Wada Test suggests that language is lateralized to the left hemisphere because:

When the left hemisphere is anesthetized, a patient is able to identify an object that they held, but cannot use language to name it.

For understanding the relationship between language and intelligence, why is Williams Syndrome of interest?

With Williams Syndrome there is a dissociation between language and other cognitive abilities like IQ.

Select the true statement about the differences between SNAE and HKE. (Hint: Write phonetic transcriptions of the SNAE words first.)

Word final [l] following a back vowel in SNAE is deleted in HKE.

Select the true statement about the differences between SNAE and HKE. (Hint: Write phonetic transcriptions of the SNAE words first.) 2

Word final [l] following a non-back vowel in SNAE is [w] in HKE.

For these questions, you are to characterize some differences in pronunciation between two dialects: Standard North American English (SNAE) and Malaysian English (ME). (If you are not a native speaker of SNAE, you can access the "hwk_4_powerpoint with audio" file (just under the "Homework 4" tab) to listen to a powerpoint movie with the SNAE pronunciation of these words.) Malaysian English data: scoop [skup]slab [slap]plastic [plastɪk]big [bɪk]meet [mit]need [nit]maybe [mebi]Wednesday [wɪnzde]go [go] Select the true statement about the differences between SNAE and ME. (Hint: Write phonetic transcriptions of the SNAE words first.)

Word final voiced stops in SNAE are voiceless stops in ME.

Does Susan's case support the claim that there is no relationship between general intelligence and language ability?

Yes, because Susan has typical range intelligence but impaired language abilities.

We have discussed the difference between lexical and functional morphemes. Is there independent evidence to support the idea we should divide morphemes into these two classes?

Yes. Broca's Aphasia and Specific Language Impairment selectively affect functional morphemes, but not lexical ones.

Does this data provide evidence that children have grammatical rules?

Yes. For this child, word final voiced stops and fricatives become voiceless.

Consider a subject taking a hypothetical dichotic listening experiment. "Sa" is played in her left ear, while "ka" is played simultaneously in her right ear. When asked what she heard, the subject reports that she heard "ka". If language is lateralized to the left hemisphere, is this result expected?

Yes. If language is lateralized to the left hemisphere, then the stimulus presented to the right ear should be reported.

Consider this hypothetical situation: You go to a website looking for new words that have been added to English dictionaries since 2016. You see that three prepositions have been added. Should you be surprised?

Yes. Prepositions are from a closed lexical class. So, I would not expect to find any new ones.

How is the word "iron" pronounced in South African English? (Time: 00:56)

[ajən]

How is the word "lawyer" pronounced in South African English? (Time: 01:43)

[lɔjə]

How is the word 'pecan' pronounced in South African English? (Time: 01:16)

[pikən]

How is the word "aluminum" pronounced in South African English? (Time: 01:51)

[æləmɪniəm]

Which of the following statements is true about the constituency of this sentence? The Wookie stole a comb.

a. The string "The Wookie" can undergo pronoun substitution. b. "It's a comb that the Wookie stole" shows that "a comb" can be clefted".

Consider the following unambiguous sentence and the phrase structure tree that would be used to represent it: The Wookie stole a comb. Which of the following statements are false about the correct PS tree for this sentence?

a.The NP "a comb" is a sister to VP. b.The string "Wookie stole a comb" is a constituent.

Consider the following sentence and the phrase structure tree that would be used to represent it: The shuttle crashed on Hoth. A Ling 1 student runs constituency tests on this sentence and reaches some conclusions. Which are correct?

c.The NP "the shuttle" is sister to a VP. d.The string "on Hoth" is a constituent.

What string is a VP?

cuiin caam ne paal

We know that the relation between the sound of a word and its meaning is arbitrary because:

different languages have different words that refer to the same objects/concepts.

The Wug Test provides evidence that

even very young children know the phonological rules of their language.

Which of the following statements is true about the constituency of this sentence? The Wookie stole a comb. 2

f.None of the above statements is correct.

What is the correct word tree for "inalterability"?

inalterable(ity)-(in)alterable-alter(able)

If you run a constituency test and the result is positive, this...

is evidence that the relevant string is a constituent.

If you run a constituency test and the result is negative, this...

is, by itself, inconclusive. Other tests must be run to reach a conclusion.

In the video lecture, Torrence discusses the phenomenon of "Expletive Infixation" in English. This data is important because

it suggests that native speakers of a language know grammar rules that they have never been taught.

"S/he will try to roll into a ball"

kanohteebankux

Identify the following morpheme in Akple: "boil"

mitsho

How would you say "I will boil" in Akple?

nikamitshon

Identify the following morphemes in Akple: "try"

nohtee

The data from Singlish is important because it shows that

non-standard varieties of English can possess grammatical intricacies that are absent in the standard language.

What is the correct word tree for "renationalize"?

re(nationalize) - national(ize)-nation(al)

Consider only the lyrics at 00:00:14-00:0027 and 00:00:42-00:00:56.(14-27 seconds and 42-56 seconds) They indicate...

that African American Vernacular English exhibits both Negative Inversion and Negative Concord.

Studies of the acquisition of American Sign Language suggest that...

there is a critical period for the acquisition of signed languages, just as for spoken language.