lipids

choline is a component of ______

sphingomyelin

_____ drugs inhibit HMG-CoA reductase

statin

_______ are not found in cell membranes

triglycerides

the major lipoproteins: chylomicrons-> protein % is _____, major lipid content is ______, caries lipids from ______ to the ______, chylomicron remnants-> protein % is _____, major lipid content is ______, caries lipids from ______ to the ______

1. 1 2. dietary TG 3. SI 4. extrahepatic tissues 5. 7 6. cholesterol 7. chylomicrons of extrahepatic tissues 8. liver

the major lipoproteins: VLDL-> protein % is _____, major lipid content is ______, caries lipids from ______ to the ______, IDL(VLDL remnants)-> protein % is _____, major lipid content is ______ and ______, caries lipids from _____ to the _____

1. 10 2. endogenous TG 3. liver 4. extrahepatic tissues 5. 11 6. TG 7. cholesterol 8. VLDL of extrahepatic tissues 9. liver

the major lipoproteins: LDL-> protein % is _____, major lipid content is ______, caries lipids from ______ to the ______, HDL-> protein % is _____, major lipid content is ______, caries lipids from ______ to the ______

1. 20 2. cholesterol 3. liver 4. extrahepatic tissues 5. 30-55 6. cholesterol 7. extrahepatic tissues 8. liver

lipoprotein density: _____ is ++++, _____ is +++, ______ is +++, _____ is ++, _____ is ++, _____ is +

1. HDL 2. LDL 3. IDL 4. VLDL 5. chylomicron remnants 6. chylomicron

steroids: the rate limiting step is the conversion of ______ to ______ via ______, cholesterol is a precursor molecule for other steroids-> ______, ______ hormones, ______ hormones, ______

1. HMG-CoA 2. mevalonate 3. HMG-CoA reductase 4. bile salts 5. sex 6. adrenocortical 7. vitamin D

______ is the major carrier of cholesterol in the blood, it is taken up by cell-mediated endocytosis, _____ is produced de novo in the liver

1. LDL 2. HDL

lipid storage disease: fabry's disease-> deficient enzyme is ______, accumulated lipid is ______, clinical features are ______, ______, ______, ______, inheritance is ______

1. a-galactosidase 2. ceramide trihexoside 3. peripheral neuropathy 4. skin lesions(angiokeratomas) 5. renal failure 6. cardiovascular 7. x-linked recessive

choline is necessary for ______ formation and an active component of ______

1. acetylcholine 2. lung surfactant

all fatty acids are ______(non-_____) carboxylic acids, most are _______ although some exist as ______ fatty acids

1. aliphatic 2.aromatic 3. esters 4. unesterified free

______ and ______ inhibit cyclooxygenase

1. aspirin 2. NSAIDs

familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by a ______ defect of the ______ receptor, leading to increased plasma ______ cholesterol and atherosclerosis

1. autosomal dominant 2. LDL 3. LDL

lipid storage disease: gaucher's disease-> deficient enzyme is ______, accumulated lipid is ______, clinical features are ______, ______, ______, ______, inheritance is ______

1. b-glucocerebrosidase 2. glucocerebrosides 3. splenomegaly 4. hepatomegaly 5. anemia 6. skin pigmentation(brown) 7. autosomal recessive

eicosanoids: leukotriene functions(2), lipoxin functions(1)

1. broncoconstriction 2. inflammatory 3. anti-inflammatory

functions of lipids(4)

1. cellular structure 2. metabolism 3. transportation 4. storage

steroids: ______ is the most basic steroid, they are a major constituent of ______ and ______, commonly present as a ______

1. cholesterol 2. cell membranes 3. lipoproteins 4. cholesterol ester

bile salts are formed from _____ in the liver, almost exclusively absorbed in the _____ and returned to the liver via the ______(_____) circulation, those that are not reabsorbed are excreted

1. cholesterol 2. ileum 3. enterohepatic 4. portal

______ is essential for the secretion of lipoproteins from hepatocytes, especially _______ lipoproteins

1. choline 2. very low density-> VLDL

phospholipids: lecithins-> function as ______ and are a ______ constituent, major constituent is ______

1. water soluble emulsifiers 2. plasma membrane 3. choline

lipid(lysosomal) storage diseases-> inherited disorders of the ______ system, caused by incomplete lysosomal breakdown of ______ and _____ within phagocytes which leads to their accumulation, most are common to _____ ancestry

1. reticuloendothelial 2. sphingolipids 3. mucopolysaccharides 4. ashkenazi jewish

linolenic acid is a _____ fatty acid

omega 3

linoleic acid is a ______ fatty acid

omega 6

oleic acid is a ______ fatty acid

omega 9

_______ consists of 2 fatty acids acylated to 2 carbons of a glycerol molecule and a phosphate group esterified to the 3rd carbon

phospholipids

eicosanoids: prostanoids-> formative pathway is ______, examples are(3), leukotrienes-> formative pathway is ______, examples are various leukotrienes, lipoxins-> formative pathway is ______, examples are various lipoxins

1. cyclooxygenase 2. prostaglandins 3. prostacyclins 4. thromboxanes 5. 5-lipoxygenase 6. 15-lipoxygenase

triacylglycerols(triglycerides): consists of 3 fatty acids acylated to a glycerol molecule-> important source of ______, stored in ______, transported in the plasma by ______, increased triglycerides is linked to ______, ______ and _______

1. energy 2. adipose tissue 3. lipoprotein 4. atherosclerosis 5. heart disease 6. stroke

choline deficiency causes abnormal ______ and can lead to ______ disease and ______

1. fat metabolism 2. fatty liver 3. hepatic cirrhosis

lipid storage disease: krabbe's disease-> deficient enzyme is ______, accumulated lipid is ______, clinical features are ______, ______, ______, inheritance is ______

1. galactocerbrosidase 2. galactocerebroside 3. peripheral neuropathy 4. optic atrophy 5. developmental retardation 6. autosomal recessive

surplus bile salts are stored in the _____, 2 major bile salts enter bile as _____ or ______ conjugates(occurs in ______)

1. gall bladder 2. glycine 3. taurine 4. peroxisomes

2 major bile salts enter bile as glycine or taurine conjugates(occurs in peroxisomes)-> _____ is glycine + cholic acid, ______ is taurine + cholic acid

1. glycocholic acid 2. taurocholic acid

lipid storage disease: tay-sachs disease-> deficient enzyme is ______, accumulated lipid is ______, clinical features are ______, ______, ______, ______, inheritance is ______

1. hexosaminidase A 2. gangliosides 3. CNS degeneration 4. developmental retardation 5. cherry red spot on macula 6. rapidly fatal 7. autosomal recessive

prostaglandins modulate _____, act _____, metabolized _____

1. hormones 2. locally 3. rapidly

phospholipids have a ______ head(_____) and a ______ tail(_____), derived from _____, they are a major constituent of _____ and ______, they are precursors for _____ and _____

1. hydrophilic 2. phosphate group 3. hydrophobic 4. fatty acids 5. phosphatate 6. cell 7. mitochondrial membranes 8. second messengers 9. metabolic intermediates

lipids are ______ molecules, they are soluble in ______ solvents such as chloroform, ether and other organic solvents

1. hydrophobic 2. nonpolar

3 major types of phospholipids, ______, _____, ______

1. lecithins 2. cephalins 3. sphingomyelins

only a few fatty acids are essential(found in vegetable oils and animal fats)-> ______ acid, _____ acid, ______ acid, ______ acids

1. linolenic 2. linoleic 3. oleic 4. arachidonic

bile salts aid in _____(_____ and _____)

1. lipid absorption 2. emulsification 3. solubilization

bile salts aid in lipid absorption via ______(_____ complexes), decrease _____ of particles to break them into smaller sizes

1. micelles 2. water soluble 3. surface tension

sphingomyelin forms the ______, insulates ______ and aids in rapid ______ on ______

1. myelin sheath 2. nerve fibers 3. conduction 4. nerve impulses

phospholipids: cephalins function as ______ components, the major constituent is ______

1. nerve tissue 2. ethanolamine

lipoproteins are composed of a ______ core surrounded by a single layer of ______ and ______, they are characterized by the ______ embedded in their outer layer(_____)

1. nonpolar lipid 2. amphipathic phospholipids 3. cholesterol 4. protein moiety 5. apoprotein

betaine is a ______ used by the kidney to control ______

1. osmolyte 2. water balance

phospholipid: lecithins are also known as ______, cephalins are also known as ______

1. phosphatidylcholines 2. phosphatidylethanolamines

eicosanoids: _______ releases arachidonic acid from plasma membrane phospholipids(upon ______ or ______ stimulation or cellular ______)

1. phospholipase A2 2. hormone 3. cytokine 4. damage

choline is an essential nutrient found mostly in ______, found as ______ in plasma cell membrane, it is a precursor of _______

1. phospholipids 2. lecithin 3. betaine

phospholipids: sphingomyelins function as ______ and ______ constituents, the major constituents are _____ and _____

1. plasma membrane 2. nerve tissue 3. ceramide 4. choline

types of eicosanoids(3)

1. prostanoids 2. leukotrienes 3. lipoxins

______ lipid has no double bonds, ______ lipid has one double bond usually in a cis conformation, ______ lipid has multiple double bonds

1. saturated 2. monounsaturated 3. polyunsaturated

fatty acids: the carbon chain can be _____ or _____, they have an _____ number of carbon atoms with a terminal ______ group

1. saturated 2. unsaturated 3. even 4. carboxyl

lipid storage disease: niemann-pick disease-> deficient enzyme is ______, accumulated lipid is ______, clinical features are ______, ______, ______, ______, inheritance is ______

1. sphingomyelinase 2. sphingomyelin 3. splenomegaly 4. hepatomegaly 5. cherry red spot on macula 6. rapidly fatal 7. autosomal recessive

lipid types(4)

1. triacylglycerols 2. phospholipids 3. steroids 4. eicosanoids

lipoproteins contain _____(16%), ______(30%), _____(14%), ______(36%) and _____(4%)

1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. cholesterol 4. cholesterol esters 5. free fatty acids

thromboxanes functions(2)

1. vasoconstriction 2. increased platelet aggregation

prostacyclins functions(2)

1. vasodilation 2. decreased platelet aggregation

prostaglandins functions(3)

1. vasodilation 2. inflammatory pain 3. gastric protection

most lipid triglycerides are stored in ______

adipose tissue

eicosanoids are derivatives of _______

arachidonic acid

______ is the source of methyl group required for lipoprotein formation in the liver

choline

phospholipase A2 is inhibited by ______

corticosteroids

classification of lipids is done by the number of ______

double bonds

_______ are 20 carbon long polyunsaturated fatty acids

eicosanoids

______ are the building blocks for most lipids

fatty acids

______ disease is the most common lipid storage disease

gaucher's

______ transport lipids in blood plasma

lipoproteins

accumulations of sphingomyelins causes _______ disease

niemann-pick