Living with Art: Chapter 7
What is fresco secco?
the technique of painting on dry plaster with pigments mixed in water.
In addition to colored powder, paint also consists of a _____ to hold the powder particles without dissolving them.
vehicle
Examples of aqueous media
watercolors, tempera, acrylic, gouache
How were tempera paints generally made during the early Renaissance?
Small daily batches were mixed by workshop apprentices.
What is a binder?
an ingredient that ensures that the paint, even when diluted & spread thinly, will adhere to the surface.
What is gouache?
an opaque water-soluble paint, well suited to large areas of flat, saturated color.
Watercolors
dark areas must be built up through several layers of transparent washes, retaining a translucent quality
What is a liquid compounded with pigment to make paint?
medium or vehicle
Nonaqueous media
require some other diluent such as turpentine or mineral solution
The surface onto which paint is applied is called a ___________.
support
What is the surface on which a work of 2 dimensional art is made?
support
Pigment, water, & oil, fat, milk, or egg yolk
tempera
What is medium/vehicle?
A liquid that holds the particles of pigment together without dissolving them.
Which qualities define the tempera medium?
Aqueous medium Retains brilliance & clarity of colors for centuries Uses egg yolk or milk products as a binder
What is a mosaic?
Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass
Why do artists prefer watercolors to create small & intimate works?
Because the paints are easy to carry & only require a glass of water.
How was a canvas prepared?
By stretching it over a wooden frame, sizing it with glue to seal the fibers & protect them from the corrosive action of oil paint, and then coating it with a white oil-based ground.
Aqueous media...
Can be diluted with water
During the Renaissance, why was mosaic largely abandoned in favor of fresco?
Fresco was better suited to naturalistic compositions Fresco was considerably less expensive than mosaic.
What are the advantages of using a canvas in painting?
It can be easily shipped & transported. It can be stretched to unlimited size. It is relatively light weight.
What is the "alla prima" technique of oil painting?
Italian for "at first", the technique of painting directly in opaque colors, also known as "direct painting" or "wet-on-wet"
What types of oils are used to make oil paint?
Linseed oil, walnut oil, & poppy seed oil
___________ is sturdy enough to stand up to the elements, and it can be used for floors and outdoor surfaces.
Mosaic
Example of tempera painting
St. Anthony Abbot Tempted by a Heap of Gold (Master of the Osservanza)
Examples of fresco paintings
The School of Athens (Raphael) Mixtec Culture (Diego Rivera) Sistine Chapel ceiling (Michelangelo)
What is acrylic paint?
a water based paint that has a (polymer) plastic binder and dries to a permanent covering.
What attributes best characterize acrylic paints?
They can be used on a variety of surfaces. They can be applied in heavy layers. They can mimic the effects of other painting mediums. They can be applied in thin translucent washes.
Gesso is...
a mixture of white pigment & glue that sealed the wood & could be sanded & rubbed to a smooth finish.
What are watercolors?
a painting medium in which the binder is gum Arabic
What is a fresco?
a painting which colors are applied to a plaster ground, usually on a wall or ceiling
What are oil paints?
a paste made with ground pigment and a drying oil such as linseed oil, used chiefly by artists.
What is a primer?
a preliminary coating applied to a support to improve adhesion of paints or to create special effects.
What is ground?
a preparatory coating of paint usually white but sometimes colored, applied to a support for painting or drawing.
What is buon fresco?
a technique in which water based paints are applied on wet plaster
What is gesso?
a traditional primer consisting of a chalky substance mixed with glue & water.
A _____ is an ingredient that ensures the paint will adhere to the surface.
binder
Examples of a support
canvas, paper, wood, or wall
A full size drawing of an entire project is called a _____.
cartoon
A traditional form of tempera was....
done on wood that was prepared with a ground of gesso.
Acrylic paint
dries very quickly & is not soluble once dry
Oil paint
dries very slowly, allowing artists more time to manipulate the paint - blending,
Hot was & resin
encaustic
Two ancient painting media that are still used to today are...
encaustic & fresco
A painting where pigments are mixed with water & then applied to a plaster surface (wet or dry) is a ___________.
fresco
Pigment, water, & plaster support
fresco
What is a cartoon?
full-scale preparatory drawing for a fresco or mural
A thin veil of translucent color is known as a ______.
glaze
In oil paint, a thick texture is called _____.
impasto
Example of nonaqueous media
oil paints
Linseed oil & pigment
oil paints
What is made of pigment, powdered color, compounded with a medium or vehicle?
paint
What is tempera?
paint technique used when pigments are combined with egg yolk, uses fine linear affect of color on the surface and used until end of middle ages
The powdered color that give paint its hue is known as ____________.
pigment
What is a coloring material made from various organic or chemical substances?
pigment
What is encaustic?
pigment mixed with wax or resin & heated to render the paints fluid
The painting surface is often prepared with a _________, or preliminary coating.
primer