ll.2 Actions of Insulin and Glucagon

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How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels?

Allowing glucose to enter muscle and other target cells

What works to oppose the storage effects of insulin? Why?

Counter-regulatory hormones to regulate blood glucose levels during fasting, excercising, and stress

What factors decrease insulin secretion?

Decrease blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) Somatostatin Sympathetic stimulation of alpha cells NorEpi Epi High levels of insulin (by negative feedback) Prostagladins

What factors increase glucagon secretion?

Decreased blood glucose (hypoglycemia) Increased amino acids (especially arginine) CCK (alerts alpha cells to a protien meal) Sympathetic stimulation of NorEpi and Epi

What are the Counter-regulatory hormones?

Glucagon, Catecholamines (Epi and NorEpi), Growth Hormone, and Glucocorsticiods (cortisol)

What factors decrease glucagon secretion?

Increased blood glucose (HYPERglycemia) Insulin Somastatin Fatty acids, ketoacids

What provides a sustained but regulated release of glucose during periods of fasting?

Insulin and the counter regulatory hormones

Two primart hormones produced in the pancreas that help regulate blood glucose levels

Insulin from the beta cells and glucagon from alpha celss

Plasma glucose control is via which 6 hormones

Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Growth hormone, and Cortisol

What stimulates insulin secretion

Parasympathetic stimulation of beta cells

What does insulin increase?

Protien sythesis

What does insulin do to blood glucose levels?

Reduces blood glucose levels

What tissues have specific receptors for insulin and are consiered insulin dependent cells?

Skeletal muscles and adipose tissues

The action of insulin facilitates a stable, normal glucose range of

about 20-120 mg/dl

What does glucagon stimulate?

amino acid conversion into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Insulin is

an anabolic hormone produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

What does glucoagon produce?

an increase in blood glucose

How does insulin initate its effects?

binding to and activating a membrane receptor

What does glucagon maintain?

blood glucose in between meals and during fastin

What does insulin reduce? How?

blood glucose level by stimulating the conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogneogenesis) as a carb source

Insulin and the counter regulatory hormones usually maintain

blood glucose levels within range of 70-120 mg/dl

What tissues do not directly depend on insulin for glucose transport, but require an adequate supply of glucose for normal function

brain, liver, blood cells

Insulin is essential to process

carbs, fats, and protiens

Normally, endogeneous insulin is

continuously released into the bloodstream in small pulsatile increments (a basal rate) with increased released (bolus) when food is ingested

What does insulin simulate?

fat storage by increasing transport of glucose into fat cells

After a protien meal, what does high concentrations of amino acids stimulate?

glucagon secretion to convert amino acid into glucose

What does glucagon initiate

glycogenolysis or breakdown of liver glycogen to raise blood glucose (gluconeogenesis)

What is insulin necessary for in children and adolscents?

growth and development

What factors increase insulin secretion?

increased blood glucose levels (HYPERglycemia) increased amino acids (arginine, lysine, leucine) increased fatty acids increased gastroinstetional hormones glucagon CCK Secretin Parasympathetic stimulation of beta cells ACH Growth hormone cortisol

Although _____ cells are not consider insulin __________, _________ recepters sites on the ______ facilitate hepatic uptake of glucose and its conversion to glycogen.

liver, dependent, insulin, liver

Counter-regulatory hormones work to increase blood glucose levels by:

stimulating glucose production and output by the liver, and decreasing the movement of glucose into the cells

What inhibits insulin secretion

sympathetic stimulation of alpha cells

What does insulin slow?

the breakdown of fat to TG, FFA, and ketones

What does insulin inhibit?

the release of stored glucose from the liver glycogen (glycogenesis), and the breakdown of protien and fat for glucose production (gluconeogenesis) in the liver and kidneys

What does glucagon increase?

transport of amino acids into the liver


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