LS 214 Test 3 (Wilson, Cal Poly)
What was the Lau v. Nichols case? (1974)
A 1974 Supreme Court case ordering San Francisco public schools to provide appropriate language instruction for Chinese children. This case influenced Puerto Ricans in NY to push for bilingualism (became very controversial between ethnic groups)
What was a "Nation at Risk?"
A 1983 study by the Reagan Administration, insisted that failing schools must "return to the basics"
What protest happened at UCSB in February of 1970?
A Bank of America building was burned by UCSB students to show that they disagreed with Bank of America's financial support for military technology (Vietnam war)
Who won the Cisneros v Corpus Christi case?
Cisneros
What religious group considers reciting the pledge of allegiance to be against their religious beliefs?
Jehovah's Witnesses
In what county did the hispanic population increase by 113% from 1960-1970?
LA County
What president wanted "The Great Society?"
Lydnon B. Johnson
How did the fed try and enforce integration?
They attempted busing white students to predominantly black urban schools and busing black students to predominantly white suburban schools
In 1968, what did 10,000 hispanics do to show that they were unhappy with the conditions in schools?
They staged a walk-out of East Los Angeles High Schools
What did graduate students do at Harvard in 1969 and why did they do it?
They went on strike to bring attention to their long hours and small wages (other students that were not grad students joined in)
Did old order Amish have separate schools for their children?
Yes
In colonial and early american public schools were religious subjects frequently incorporated in schools?
Yes
What did students do at Columbia University in 1968?
they took over the administration building
Why was school busing controversial in the 1970s?
trying to integrate different socioeconomic class as well as other races from different counties
What was the compromise reached in regards to the "free speech" protest at UC Berkeley in 1964?
"Free speech" was allowed by administration with prior notice for security purposes: time and place
What was the first protest at UC Berkeley in 1964 in regards to?
"free speech" (the idea that students could hold impromptu gatherings to raise awareness to a cause, gained publicity because students were blocking exits)
What were the specific goals of MALDEF?
1. Equal school financing (funding for predominantly hispanic schools should not be less per capita than other schools) 2. Desegregation 3. Bilingual education
What did the Elementary and Secondary Education ACt of 1965 do?
1. Passed the Bilingual Education Act (Title VII) 2. Made federal funds available for bilingual education (funds were later reduced)
What decade were Hispanics the least urbanized group in the American Southwest?
1950-1960s
What decade did bilingual education become a key issue?
1950s
What decade did student protests in colleges/universities really come about?
1960s
What decade did James Meredith become the first black man to attend Ole Miss?
1960s (over 100 years after Harvard and Dartmouth admitted black men in the north)
Even though the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed in 1965, what year was it implemented?
1968
By what year were Hispanics the most urbanized group in the Southwest?
1970
What decade did protests in schools begin to decline?
1970s
What decade was funding reduced for the Elementary and Secondary Education Act?
1980s
What was the Elementary and Secondary Education ACt of 1965?
4 billion federal dollars went to disadvantaged children. Bilingual programs and special ed finally gained popularity.
How many arrests were there in the "free speech" protest in Berkeley in 1964?
800
To what grade did the old order Amish schools go to?
8th grade
What was the Serrano v. Priest case? (1971)
A California Supreme Court case challenging inequality in schools, based on property taxes alone. Plaintiff argued that poor school district could not produce adequate results with insufficient funding. This was based on the supposition that Mexican-American students came from poor district. The case insisted that state of California had a responsibility to adequately fund schools.
What was the Bakke v. Board of Regents case in 1978?
A California case (took place at UCD). Supreme court ruled that race can be a factor in college/university admissions. Ruled that racial quotas violated the 14th amendment. (A white student applied to the medical program at UCD and wasn't admitted even thought he had better scores than many others because they needed to meet their racial quota)
What occurred in Kent State Ohio in 1970?
A National Guardsman shot and killed students during an unruly demonstration (controversial because the national guard used live amo)
What was the Mendez v. Westminster case? (California 1947)
A Supreme court case that ruled that the state can NOT segregate Mexican-American children from others.
What was the Milliken v. Bradley case of 1974?
A Supreme court decision striking down busing outside city limits. NAACP wanted busing to be legally supported into suburbs but Supreme Court disagreed (supreme court disagreed because if students were bused out of their city limits, local taxpayer's money wouldn't be supporting their own students' education)
What was the Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenberg Board of Education case? (1970)
A case that introduced school busing in Charlotte, North Carolina (had national implications)
What was the "Burger Court"?
A court named for Chief Justice Warren Burger who tended to have states handle most judicial issues unless there was a clear federal issue in the case
What did policy did Dade County (florida) schools suggest?
A short term bilingual policy (NOT ENDURING)
Why did Chinese and Puerto Ricans feel they were getting the short end of the stick?
Because funding was going specifically to Mexican-Americans(Spanish speakers) and not anyone else
Why was the Mendez v. Westminster case relatively ineffective?
Because students continued to go to schools by their own racial group because of defacto segregation (segregation by choice)
Why did poor whites resent Boston's wealthy whites?
Because wealthy whites could afford to send their children to private schools and could avoid being bused out of their city limits.
What case did the Corpus Christi Independent School district use to defend their reasoning behind segregation?
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
What was the did the Keyes v. School District No 1 (1972) order?
Busing ordered in Denver to foster integration
What was the goal behind forced integration through busing?
Busing was used to bring different races and socio economic classes together.
How far did the Serrano v. Priest case make it in the judicial system? (1971)
California Supreme Court
In response to Boston riots in regards to integrated busing, what did the governor of Boston do?
Called out the National Guard in 1974
Where did walkouts also occur as a result of the walkout in East LA?
Crystal City and San Antonio (1969)
Why did bilingual education become necessary in the late 1950s?
Cubans were fleeing Castro's communist Cuba and came to south florida with no english language skills. The amount of spanish speakers increased drastically!
What county in florida was the first to introduce bilingual schools?
Dade County
What did schools reflect?
Demographics (meaning more blacks in urban areas and more whites in suburban areas)
What did the ruling in the Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenberg case lead to?
Federal courts issued busing order for Raleigh North Carolina, Richmond Virginia, and Louiseville Kentucky.
What were the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
Federal enforcement of the 15th amendment (right for all men to vote over 21). Outlawed poll taxes and literacy tests.
Who ordered an end to the demonstrations at UC Berkeley in 1964?
Governor Pat Brown
Under "The Great Society", what did LBJ do?
He expanded federal interest in civil rights issues (had a particular interest in schools)
What program did LBJ create in 1964 as part of his economic opportunity act?
Head start (A Federal preschool program)
What ethnicity group did the federal judge in the Cisneros v. Corpus Christi case rule was a minority?
Hispanics (Mexican-Americans in particular)
What was the Cisneros v. Corpus Christi Independent School District case? (1968)
It was a federal case introduced by MALDEF. The case involved segregation of hispanic students. The Corpus Christi school district used the Brown v. Board of Education as precedent for why they could legally segregate. Cisneros won and desegregation was ordered for Corpus Christi. Federal judge ruled that hispanics were a "minority group"
Who became the first black man to attend University of Mississippi?
James Meredith
What was the San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodrigues case of 1971?
MALDEF brought suit against Texas for unequal funding. Texas state courts ruled "Texas school finance system unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. On appeal, US Supreme Court did not see a federal role and remanded the issue back to the states.
In what cities did the ruling for integrated school busing follow suit?
Many Northern cities such as Baltimore, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Kansas City.
Who openly opposed busing?
Many in both the South and North
What was the Engel v. Vitale case of 1962?
New York law required preyer at start of each school day (teachers had to be present). This was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
What was the "Education Act of 2001"?
Nicknamed No child left behind, this act required more testing and accountability, was signed in by George W. Bush.
What president openly states his disapproval for integrated busing?
Nixon
What was the civil rights act of 1964?
Outlawed many aspects of discrimination. Authorized the US Department of Justice to file legal suits in discrimination cases (especially involving schools) Involved office of educate to make guidelines for desegregation in compliance with this law
How did the federal government want to spread education through the media? Radio? TV?
PBS (Public Broadcasting System) NPR (National Public Radio)
What was the Abington school district v. Shempp case of 1963?
Pennsylvania law required 10 bible verses to be read each school day and that school personnel must lead these. This was ruled unconstitutional (ruled unconstitutional because it was against the free-exercise clause)
What was Lemon II? (In reference to the Lemon v. Kutzman case of 1971)
Stated that contracts must be obeyed (I think it was in terms of teachers that had a contract with the government but Im not sure)
What was the Keyes v, School District No. 1 of Denver Colorado case? (1973)
Supreme court decision recognized hispanics as identifiable class for 14th amendment purposes. Hispanic and black school segregation is unconstitutional.
What was the Lemon v. Kurtzman case in 1971?
Supreme court ruled that it was unconstitutional to give money to catholic schools because there was "excessive entanglement between government and religion"
Where was MALDEF created and what was the goal behind it?
Texas, and to improve education for hispanic children
What was assumed about Hispanics in the Serrano v. Priest case? (1971)
That all hispanics were poor
What was the main issue in the Serrano v. Priest case? (1971)
That because the "hispanic districts" were poor that they weren't producing enough taxes for the schools to be well funded... Claimed that the lack of tax dollars going to the school produced poor results.
In what century did an increase in religious pluralism (diversity) change the makeup of the student body?
The 20th century
What was the Minersville school district v. Gobitis case of 1940?
The Gobitis family objected to Pennsylvania state law requiring the students to recite the pledge. A lower court sided with school district by insisting that pledge did not prohibit the free-exercise of religion (1st amendment). The US Supreme Court reversed the decision in 1943 based on the 14th amendment (equal protection clause) The Supreme court claimed that loyalty cannot be forced upon a free people in a free society. (world war II influenced courts views
Who were MALDEF?
The Mexican American Legal Defense Fund (1968 -Activists for Mexican American rights)
What event turned some college campuses into places of turmoil?
The Vietnam war
During what generation did higher education boom?
The baby boom
What was the Wisconsin v. Yoder case of 1972?
The state of Wisconsin had a compulsory education law for children to age 16. The state of Wisconsin tried to force Amish children to remain in school to age 16. The Supreme court ruled in favor of Amish, stating that Wisconsin's law infringes on the Amish's religious freedom as their schools are an integral part of their religion and agrarian lifestyle, they are granted an exemption.
In the 1840s what religious group changed the religious make-up of schools?
irish catholic
