LS7B week 10

That is designed for a single species will also protect other species in the reserve.

A biological reserve that is designed for a single species is an important tool in maintaining biodiversity because a reserve:

High nitrogen levels in the area

A dead zone has been documented off the coast of Oregon. Which of the options could contribute to the formation of the dead zone?

The release of methane from thawed permafrost.

A group of scientists in Alaska notices that not only have atmospheric CO2 levels increased at their sampling site but so too have methane levels. What could account for this increase in methane levels?

The amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual.

An individual's ecological footprint is equivalent to:

Is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.

An invasive species:

True

As you hike from the base of a mountain to the top of the mountain, you would expect to see decreasing levels biodiversity.

Carbon dioxide; energy

Autotrophs remove ________ from the air and fix this into tissues providing _______ for secondary consumers.

Biological diversity; the total number of species, or more broadly, the diversity of genetic sequences, cell types, metabolism, life history, phylogenetic groups, communities, and ecosystems.

Biodiversity

The study of biodiversity is important because it helps quantify the effects of human actions on changes in the traits of many populations (size, density, and distribution).

Biologists who study biodiversity describe new species and monitor species of which we are aware. Why is this study of biodiversity important in the Anthropocene?

2

Consider the graph. At which point in the graph is population growth rate maximal?

Return carbon (as CO2) to the atmosphere.

Decomposers are vital components of a good web because they:

The process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and Cyanobacteria populations eventually causing oxygen availability to decline.

Eutrophication describes:

Genetic variation provides a means by which natural selection can "act" when the environment changes.

Genetic variation within species is important to conservation because:

Logistic

Given models of population growth, which model would be the best to use for determining estimated sustainable yield?

Both the tadpole and heron populations will decrease.

Given the species interaction illustrated by the arrows in the figure, predict how the tadpole and heron populations will be affected if the algae population disappears.

Amphibians

If a scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted, which group of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants?

False

If all of the tertiary consumers were removed from an environment, the associated food web, and this the carbon cycle, would collapse.

True

If all other aspects of their lifestyles were equivalent, a vegetarian would have a smaller ecological footprint than someone who consumes a large amount of meat.

Increased primary productivity

If phosphorous concentration were to suddenly increase in a marine ecosystem, which of the choices would likely occur?

Clearing forests for agriculture.

In addition to burning fossil fuels, humans return CO2 to the atmosphere faster than it can be removed by:

detritus sinking from more productive shallower waters.

In deeper waters, nutrients primarily come from:

As the standard of living increases, so does the ecological footprint.

In general, what is the relationship between a country's ecological footprint and its overall standard of living?

Erosion of rocks on land

In marine ecosystems phosphorus is added to the ecosystem primarily from:

denitrifying bacteria

In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by:

Displacement of native plants by phosphate-loving introduced plants.

Increased phosphate levels in the Everglades has to led to:

Interspecific

Is the species interaction represented by the arrows in the figure intraspecific or interspecific?

deciduous forest

Moderate temperatures and precipitation, as well as nutrient-rich soil due to annual leaf fall, characterize this biome.

2-5 degrees Celsius

Most climate predict that during the 21st century mean global temperature will increase by:

Eutrophication

Nitrogen runoff leads to large increases in the populations of algae and Cyanobacteria in lakes and oceans in a process known as:

Higher productivity may result in increased respiration by bacteria feeding on sinking algal material, depleting oxygen within gulf waters.

Nutrients from crop lands are carried by the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. If the nutrients are good for growth, why are scientists concerned about this nutrient influx?

True

Overfishing predators of crown-of-throbs starfish is likely to result in an increase in crown-of-thorns starfish population sizes.

False

Refer to the figures shown. Most of Earth's primary production comes from tropical rainforests.

Nutrient runoff causes algae and Cyanobacteria populations to grow. When they die, they are consumed by heterotrophic bacteria that consumes oxygen via aerobic respiration.

So-called "dead zones" in coastal oceans are associated with nutrient runoff and oxygen-depleted bottom waters. What causes the oxygen depeltion?

Population growth of prey species

Some biologists have suggested that over exploitation in the harvesting of some sharks, which are too predators, has caused drastic changes in marine communities. Which of the outcomes would you expect after removal of a top predator from the community?

True

Some forms of M. Tuberculosis are very difficult or even impossible to treat with antibiotics.

Populations of fish are able to grow and reproduce to replace what is caught.

Sustainable harvest practices in fish populations ensure that:

True

The evolution of biodiversity on the planet can be linked to patterns in the carbon cycle over time.

the same at high and low latitudes.

The hypothesis that species diversity is greater at lower latitudes than higher latitudes because low-latitude habitats are older would be supported of speciation rates were:

Species B

The table shows the effect of predation on species A and B. Which species is the predator?

There are fewer species in temperate regions because the number of trees per hectare is lower than in tropical rainforests.

Tropical rainforests have high species richness, but low density. In deciduous forests the pattern is the opposite. Which of the statements is not a plausible explanation for this pattern?

Reforestation of previously cleared landscapes.

What is one "low-tech" method currently available to actively remove CO2 from the air?

7 billion people

What is the approximate size of the human population today?

Tundra

What is the coldest biome with the lowest biodiversity and a permanent layer of ice beneath the soil?

Carbon dioxide produced as a result of aerobic cellular respiration in living organisms.

Which of the actual (I.e., real) products of biological activity is not likely to be a source of the increases in greenhouse gases observed in recent history?

The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have all come from human activity.

Which of the answer choices is false?

Oxygen

Which of the answer choices is not an example of a greenhouse gas?

infrared radiation

Which of the answer choices is reflected back to the Earth's surface by greenhouse gases?

- increased seawater temperature is one cause of coral bleaching. - bleached corals die more rapidly than I bleached corals. - corals appear white after bleaching because their white calcium carbonate skeletons are visible through their translucent tissue - coral bleaching results from the loss of algal symbionts from the coral tissue.

Which of the statements about the coral bleaching is true?

Rates of oxygen consumption are lower than rates of photosynthesis.

Which of the statements explains how an oxygen-rich atmosphere became possible on Earth?

Desert

Which of these biomes receives the least amount of rainfall, and therefore has low primary production, nutrient-poor soil, and plant species that are damaged for water storage?

- the evolution of Cyanobacteria - the fact that photosynthesis releases O2 as a product - the fact that there is a slight "de-coupling" between photosynthesis and respiration. -the fact that O2 is also cycled during the carbon cycle

Which of these factors likely contributed to the accumulation of O2 within Earth's atmosphere?

primary producers

Which of these organisms can incorporate atmospheric carbon directly into C6H12O6 thereby playing a major role in a food web?

Near the surface where sunlight penetrates.

Which regions in freshwater or marine biomes would you expect to have the highest productivity?

Competition

Which type of species interaction is represented by the arrow in the figure?

Herbivory

Which type of species interaction is represented by the arrow in the figure?

Predation

Which type of species interaction is represented by the arrow in the figure?

Many of these microorganisms generate carbon dioxide, making it available for primary producers.

Why are microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and archaeons so important to the carbon cycle?