LS7C Week 3 RQs & CQs

In the example of adrenaline signaling used in the animation, suppose each amplification step produces hundredfold active molecules. A signaling pathway resulting from a single activated signal receptor results in the consumption of _______BLANK molecules of GTP and _______BLANK molecules of ATP. Question 4 choices Choice A., 100; 1,000,000 Choice B., 100; 1,010,000 Choice C., 1; l00 Choice D., 10,000; 1,000,000

100, 1,010,000

Arrange the events in the stimulation of heart muscle in order from earliest (1) to latest (5). Note that this question does not list every step in the pathway, but the steps presented should be arranged in order. 2 Activation of adenylyl cyclase 1 Activation of G-proteins 4 Activation of protein kinase A 5 Phosphorylation of proteins that induce contraction in muscle cells 3 Conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP

2, 1, 4, 5, 3

A new hormone has been isolated from an organism. Although the structure of the hormone has not yet been determined, the hormone is known to exert its effects by forming a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor within target cells. What type of hormone is this MOST likely to be? either a steroid or a peptide hormone either an amine or a peptide hormone a peptide hormone a steroid hormone either a steroid hormone or an amine hormone

A steroid hormone

Adrenaline stimulates an increase in heart rate by binding to: A. G-protein coupled receptors on the surface of cardiac muscle cells. B. G-proteins on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. C. adenylyl cyclase. D. regulatory regions in genes that code for muscle cell proteins. E. nuclear transport proteins that allow adrenaline to be taken into the nucleus to act as a transcription factor.

A, G-protein coupled receptors on the surface of cardiac muscle cells.

Termination of the adrenaline signal begins when: A. GTP bound to the G-protein alpha subunit is hydrolyzed to GDP and Pi. B. GDP bound to the G-protein is exchanged for GTP. C. ATP gets converted into cyclic AMP. D. the molecules of adrenaline are transported into the cell and degraded. E. G-protein coupled receptors are removed from the cell membrane.

A, GTP bound to the G-protein alpha subunit is hydrolyzed to GDP and Pi.

If a mutation caused the G protein to become permanently bound to GTP, what result can be predicted? Question 5 choices Choice A., It constantly signals its pathway to be "on." , [Your answer, correct] Choice B., It constantly signals its pathway to be "off." Choice C., It is unable to signal subsequent steps in the pathway. Choice D., It is unable to separate from the beta and gamma subunits.

A, It constantly signals its pathway to be "on''

In the diagram below, which hormone(s) (if any) are released by neurons? A. TRH B. TSH C. T3/T4 D. All of the above E. None of the above

A, TRH

In vertebrates, the nervous system directly interacts with the _________BLANK to control endocrine function in the body. Question 1 choices Choice A., hypothalamus Choice B., anterior pituitary Choice C., posterior pituitary Choice D., adrenal cortex

A, hypothalamus

Supoose the set point for blood calcium suddenly increased. As a result, the amount of PTH released by the parathyroid would____. A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

A, increase

Muscle and liver cells respond to insulin by: Question 5 choices Choice A., taking up glucose and storing it as glycogen. Choice B., breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Choice C., breaking down glycogen and storing glucose. Choice D., breaking down glucose and releasing glycogen

A, taking up glucose and storing it as glycogen.

Low levels of dietary iodine would cause the levels of TRH released from the hypothalamus to____. A. Increase B. Decrease C. No change

A. Increase

Low levels of dietary iodine would cause the levels of thyroglobulin in the thyroid to ____. A. Increase B. Decrease C. No change

A. Increase (When dietary Iodine is too low, thyroglobulin accumulates and the thyroid becomes enlarged.

Tropic hormones: regulate the metabolic state of the body. are released from the thyroid gland. act on other endocrine organs. suppress the appetite. suppress the immune system.

Act on other endocrine organs

When a person has a few drinks containing alcohol, they often feel the need to urinate. This response suggests interplay between alcohol and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which of the following could explain how alcohol and ADH interact? (note: ADH causes a decrease in urine production) Alcohol decreases the release of ADH. Alcohol increases the release of ADH. Alcohol facilitates the binding of ADH to receptors in the brain, so individuals "feel" the need to urinate. Alcohol inhibits the binding of ADH to receptors in the brain, so individuals "feel" the need to urinate.

Alcohol decreases the release of ADH

Aldosterone, in the figure below, is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, and insulin is a peptide secreted by the pancreas. When aldosterone contacts a target cell, it binds to an intracellular receptor and migrates to the nucleus; insulin binds to extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane. What is the MOST likely reason for this difference? Aldosterone is too small to bind extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane. Aldosterone is lipid-soluble and, therefore, easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Insulin is too large to interact chemically with DNA. Aldosterone is hydrophilic and, therefore, must enter the aqueous environment of the cytoplasm to have an effect.

Aldosterone is lipid-soluble and therefore, easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

Second messengers: are small intracellular molecules that participate in signal transduction. amplify the effects of the signal. All of these choices are correct. are removed in order to terminate a cellular signaling response. play a role in activation of intracellular signal transduction.

All of these choices are correct

Positive feedback loops: move the system farther and farther away from the set point. continue until interrupted or broken by an external signal. All of these choices are correct. cause a response in the same direction as the initial stimulus. are activated by a stimulus.

All of these choices are correct.

Termination is an important step in adrenaline signaling because it: All of these choices are correct. prevents an excessive response to adrenaline. allows organisms to respond to new stresses. allows an appropriate level of response.

All of these choices are correct.

At which time point do pikas spend the greatest proportion of time below the rocks? A B

B

Calcitonin and PTH are peptide hormones. They most likely signal a response by... A. Diffusing across the lipid bilayer to bind a cytoplasmic receptor B. Binding a transmembrane receptor to activiate a signal transduction pathway in the cytoplasm. C. Being transported into the cell to activiate a signal transduction pathway in the cytoplasm.

B, Binding a transmembrane receptor to activate a signal transduction pathway in the cytoplasm.

Low levels of dietary iodine would cause the levels of T3 and T4 circulating in the bloodstream to____. A. Increase B. Decrease C. No change

B, Decrease (T3 and T4 cannot be made without dietary iodine)

The most common oral contraceptives are a combination of an estrogen and a progesterone. Taking an oral contraceptive therefore____ the level of LH circulating in the bloodstream. A. Increases B. Decreases C. Does not change

B, Decreases

The body temperature of pika no. 144 changes with the same magnitude as the ambient temp throughout the day.

B, False

You are examining a patient whose thyroid produces very little calcitonin. This patient will most likely ___calicum in his/her bones compared to a healthy individual. A. More B. Less C. The same amount of

B, Less

Above the rocks, the ambient temperature at time point A is _____ambient temperature at time point B. A. Greater than B. Lower than C. Equal to

B, Lower than

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus? Question 2 choices Choice A., The hypothalamus produces the hormones that make up the endocrine system. Choice B., The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. Choice C., The pituitary gland is that part of the hypothalamus that produces hormones. Choice D., The hypothalamus has endocrine hormone receptors that trigger the action potentials of the neurosecretory cells.

B, The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system.

Based on your data, evaluate the contribution of activity to body temp regulation in Pikas. Which hypothesis is supported by the data? A. Activity patterns correlate to body temp without changes in ambient temp. B. Activity patterns correlate to ambient temperature without changes to body temp.

B, activity patterns correlate to ambient temp without changes to body temp

You are working with a team of scientists who are investigating the biochemical control system involved in how animals digest fats in their meals. You have evidence that there must be a signal molecule involved that is released soon after the fats are consumed. When this signal molecule is present it triggers activation of appropriate digestive enzymes and cellular uptake transporters until the meal has been fully digested. Based on this information, what type of signal molecule would you predict is involved in this process? Question 4 choices Choice A., hydrophobic hormone Choice B., peptide or amine hormone Choice C., cAMP Choice D., steroid hormone Choice E., protein kinase

B, peptide or amine hormone

Feedback inhibition of GnRH will____follicular development. A. Activiate B. Inhibit C. Not affect

B. Inhibit (Inhibition of GnRH will suppress the release of FSH, which is necessary for promoting the development of new follicles

Many birth-control pills release a constant amount of synthetic estradiols and progesterone for 21 days, followed by 7 days when no hormones are ingested. Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the effects of birth-control pills? Birth-control pills maintain constant levels of estrogens and/or progesterone so there is no surge in LH and ovulation does not occur. The 7 days with no hormones does not allow a thick enough uterine lining to form so a fertilized oocyte cannot implant. Birth-control pills maintain constant levels of estrogens and/or progesterones and mask the release of the oocyte from the follicle. Birth-control pills inhibit the development of the uterine lining so implantation of a fertilized oocyte cannot occur.

Birth-control pills maintain constant levels of estrogens and/or progesterone so there is no surge in LH and ovulation does not occur.

Inactivation of a cell-surface receptor depends on: both the binding affinity of the receptor and concentration of ligand surrounding the cell. the concentration of ligand surrounding the cell. the binding affinity of the receptor. the activity of phosphatases in the cytosol.

Both the binding affinity of the receptor and concentration of ligand surrounding the cell.

Patients with Type 2 Diabetes produce insulin, but target cells do not respond to insulin and blood glucose levels become elevated. Which component of the feedback system is broken in these patients? A. Stimulus B. Sensor C. Effector D. Response

C, Effector

Based on these observation(s), what can you conclude about the ability of Pikas to regulate their body temp? A. Pikas do not regulate their body temp in any manner B. Pikas regulate their body temp by avoiding prolonged activity at low ambient temperatures C. Pikas regulat their body temp by increasing time spent below the rocks at high ambient temperatures. D. Pikas regulate their body temp by spending more time on the surface of rocks during warm, sunny weather.

C, Pikas regulatetheir body temperatures by increasing time spent below the rocks at high ambient temps.

Which of the following steps does not result in an amplification of the signal information? Question 2 choices Choice A., activation of G protein by activated receptor Choice B., production of cyclic AMP by adenylyl cyclase Choice C., activation of adenylyl cyclase by active G protein Choice D., phosphorylation of target proteins by protein kinase A

C, activiation of adenylyl cyclase by active G protein

The type of signaling cascade shown in the video directly affects which of these animal tissue types? A. epithelial B. nerve C. muscle D. connective

C, muscle

The pituitary gland and a part of the hypothalamus are among only a few parts of the brain that are not protected by the blood-brain barrier. One explanation for this could be: Question 6 choices Choice A., they are not actually part of the brain. Choice B., they cannot produce sufficient hormone quantity without a blood supply. Choice C., the barrier would block hormone secretion. Choice D., the toxic substances blocked by the barrier do not affect them. Choice E., they developed from epithelial cells, not neurons.

C, the barrier would block hormone secretion

The most common oral contraceptives are a combination of an estrogen and a progesterone. Which phase of the uterine cycle is mimicked by taking an oral contraceptive? A. Early to mid-follicular phase B. Late follicular phase C. Early to mid-luteal phase D. Late Luteal phase

C. Early to mid-luteal phase

When circulating _____ levels are too high, production of parathyroid hormone would be _____. calcium; stimulated calcium; inhibited glucose; stimulated glucose; inhibited cortisol; inhibited

Calcium, inhibited

Which of the following statements best summarizes the function of G protein-coupled receptors? Question 3 choices Choice A., A G protein present on the outside of the cell leads to a change on the inside of the cell. Choice B., A signal present on the outside of the cell leads to a change on the inside of the cell. , [Your answer, correct] Choice C., A signal molecule on the outside of the cell is transported to the inside of the cell. Choice D., A GTP molecule is bound to the receptor, which causes a conformational change inside the cell.

Choice B, A signal present on the outside of the cell leads to a change on the inside of the cell.

In the example of adrenaline signaling, which steps represent an amplification of the signal? Question 1 choices Choice A., activated receptor activates G proteins, G protein binding by GTP, cyclic AMP activation of protein kinase A Choice B., activated receptor activates G proteins, activated adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP, active protein kinase A phosphorylates target proteins Choice C., receptor signal binding, activated receptor activates G proteins, activated adenylyl cyclase producing cAMP Choice D., receptor signal binding, activated adenylyl cyclase producing cAMP, active protein kinase A phosphorylating target proteins

Choice B., activated receptor activates G proteins, activated adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP, active protein kinase A phosphorylates target proteins

When an appropriate signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, what is the best description of how the information is passed across the plasma membrane? Question 2 choices Choice A., Binding of the signal molecule triggers the cell to produce G protein. Choice B., The signal molecule is transported across the plasma membrane by the receptor protein. Choice C., Signal binding causes a conformational change in the cytoplasmic portion of receptor protein.

Choice C, Signal binding causes a conformational change in the cytoplasmic portion of receptor protein.

G protein-coupled receptors are found: Question 1 choices Choice A., in the cytoplasm. Choice B., on the nuclear membrane. Choice C., on the cell surface. Choice D., inside the nucleus.

Choice C, on the cell surface

Which of the following is false? Question 1 choices Choice A., The actions of both the beta and alpha cells in the pancreas are stimulated or inhibited by the amount of glucose they detect in the blood as it passes through the pancreas. Choice B., In the pancreas, the action of the beta cells opposes the action of the alpha cells in regulating blood glucose levels. Choice C., High blood glucose levels can result from an overproduction of insulin. Choice D., The pancreas releases glucagon into the blood in response to low blood sugar and releases insulin into the blood in response to high blood sugar.

Choice C., High blood glucose levels can result from an overproduction of insulin

High blood glucose stimulates the _________BLANK cells in the pancreas to secrete _________BLANK. Question 2 choices Choice A., alpha; glucagon Choice B., beta; glucagon Choice C., alpha; insulin Choice D., beta; insulin

Choice D, beta, insulin

When a doctor suspects that a patient may have diabetes, she will often have the patient take a glucose challenge test. After the patient drinks a large amount of sugary solution, his blood is drawn and the circulating levels of glucose in the blood are determined. Which of the following curves do you expect from a patient with diabetes? /brainhoney/Resource/9328781,8,0,44,10/Assets/resources/chapter_38/38_2.jpg curve C curve A curve B

Curve B

In the example of adrenaline signaling used in the animation, suppose each amplification step produces hundredfold active molecules. How many total modified protein target molecules result from a single activated signal receptor? Question 3 choices Choice A., 300 Choice B., 900 Choice C., 10,000 Choice D., 1,000,000 Choice E., 100,000,000

D, 1,000,000

When a G protein-coupled receptor binds a signal molecule, it activates a G protein. The active G protein is bound to a molecule of _______BLANK, and in its active state can _________BLANK. Question 4 choices Choice A., GDP; inactivate another target protein Choice B., GTP; inactivate another target protein Choice C., GDP; activate another target protein Choice D., GTP; activate another target protein

D, GTO; activiate another target protein.

In the diagram below, which hormone(s) (if any) travel through blood vessels? A. TRH B. TSH C. T3/T4 D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following would occur if the LH surge were suppressed? A. Ovulation B. An increase in progesterone C. Both A and B D. None of the above

D. None of the above

The alpha subunit of a G-protein is free to diffuse in the plane of the membrane when: A. the alpha subunit gets dephosphorylated. B. the alpha subunit gets phosphorylated. C. GTP is hydrolyzed into GDP and Pi. D. cyclic AMP binds to it. E. GDP is exchanged for GTP.

E, GDP is exchanged for GTP.

The primary advantage of a signaling cascade is that it: A. limits an abundant extracellular signal to a smaller intracellular response. B. allows extracellular molecules to be taken into the cell to initiate a response. C. allows a cell to quickly shut off all phosphorylation events inside that cell without the signaling molecule itself entering the cell. D. provides a mechanism to use a single signaling molecule to produce a response in multiple cells. E. allows a large intracellular response from a small number of extracellular signal molecules.

E, allows a large intracellular response from a small number of extracellular signal molecules.

In this example, what is acting as the homeostatic sensor? A. Insulin/Glucose B. Glucose C. Hypothalamus D. Liver E. Pancreas

E. Pancreas

.You have discovered a mutation in adenylyl cyclase (AC) that prevents it from binding the G protein. This mutation will lead to elevated cAMP levels in the absence of a signal.

False

After glucagon binds the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), the G-protein is activiated. The Ga (alpha) subunit gains a phosphate atom from GTP.

False

Atrazine inhibits the production of testosterone and enhances production of estrogen in frogs. Atrazine acts as an aromatase inhibitor.

False

Before 10am, the ambient temperature above the rocks is the highest is the highest of the day.

False

Calcitonin and PTH are peptide hormones. Calcitonin and PTH bind to transport proteins in the blood.

False. (remember: everything we have learned about cell communication still applies.

A researcher is working with mutant mice that demonstrate defects in the formation of connective tissue. These mice likely carry a mutation in a gene encoding what type of growth factor? bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) fibrinogen growth factors (FGFs) histamine nerve growth factors (NGFs) neurotransmitters

Fibrinogen growth factors (FGFs)

Assume you haven't eaten in the last 24 hours. Which of the following would you predict? Question 4 choices Choice A., Glucagon release from the pancreas will increase Choice B., Insulin release from the pancreas will increase. Choice C., Glucagon release from the pancreas will decrease. Choice D., Glycogen storage by the liver will increase.

Glucagon release from the pancreas will increase.

IF the body senses that calcium levels are too high, the amount of calcitonin secreted by the thyroid will most likely... A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

Increase

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that: LH and FSH are released only in males. LH and FSH are released only in females. LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males. LH is released in males and FSH is released in females. LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.

What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms? Negative feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point; positive feedback mechanisms change the set point. Negative feedback mechanisms move a system away from a set point; positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point. Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.

Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point, positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.

At which point on the phylogeny shown did the amnion FIRST appear? node A node B node C node E node D

Node C

_____ are chemical signals that, instead of being secreted into the bloodstream, are introduced by animals into their habitats. They can be used to attract mates and mark territories. Growth factors Neurotransmitters Pheromones Hormones

Pheromones

How do mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases become inactive? Ligand diffuses away from the ligand-binding site. Ras hydrolyzes GTP to GDP. Phosphatases remove phosphate groups. Receptor kinases move apart in the membrane

Phosphatases removed phosphate groups.

Which of the following does NOT occur during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? Ten to twelve oocytes begin to mature. Progesterone levels increase to high levels. All of these choices are correct. The uterine lining is shed. FSH levels increase.

Progesterone levels increase to high levels

Why are some body cells responsive to a particular hormone, whereas others are not? All of these choices are correct. Whether or not a cell responds to a hormone depends entirely on what type of cell it is (liver cell vs. fat cell vs. nerve cell), because hormones only activate one type of cell. Responsive cells are located closer to the gland that releases the hormone. Responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone. Responsive cells have complex signal transduction pathways, whereas cells that do not respond to a particular hormone lack these pathways.

Responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone

How is synaptic signaling different from paracrine signaling? Synaptic signaling is longer in duration than paracrine signaling. All of these choices are correct. Synaptic signaling specifically involves neurotransmitters that are released from neurons. Synaptic signaling requires receptors to elicit a response in the target cell. Synaptic signaling acts over a longer distance than paracrine signaling.

Synaptic signaling specifically involves neurotransmitters that are released from neurons.

If secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is inhibited, then which of the following will result? The thyroid gland would not release thyroid hormone. None of the answer options is correct. The posterior pituitary gland would not release ADH. The adrenal glands would not release cortisol. The anterior pituitary gland would not release TSH.

The adrenal glands would not release cortisol.

What causes the inactivation of a G protein? A phosphatase removes the inorganic phosphate group from GTP. The alpha subunit catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and inorganic phosphate. The inactive receptor catalyzes the replacement of GTP by GDP. The beta and gamma subunits trigger the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.

The alpha subunit catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and inorganic phosphate.

Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is FALSE? None of the other answer options is false. The corpus luteum is maintained first by FSH and then by hCG. It is composed of follicle cells that remain in the ovary following ovulation. Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum maintains the uterine lining. If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum degenerates.

The corpus luteum is maintained first by FSH and then by hCG.

A botanist working in the Amazon rain forest discovers a new species of orchid. Interestingly, males but not females of a certain wasp species keep visiting the flowers of these orchids. Why? Male wasps are likely attracted by paracrine signals produced by the orchid. Male wasps are likely attracted by growth factors produced by the orchid. Male wasps are likely attracted to the sweet nectar produced by the orchid. Male wasps are likely attracted to the bright colors of the orchids' flowers. The orchid might produce a pheromone similar to that produced by female wasps.

The orchid might produce a pheromone similar to that produced by female wasps

Oxytocin and cholecystokinin are transported through the bloodstream and arrive at the uterus at the same time. Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, whereas cholecystokinin has no effect. Why? Oxytocin blocks the activity of cholecystokinin. Oxytocin alters gene expression patterns, whereas cholecystokinin does not. Oxytocin is at a higher concentration in the bloodstream than cholecystokinin. Oxytocin can diffuse through the plasma membrane of uterine cells, whereas cholecystokinin cannot. The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin.

The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin

Oxytocin and cholecystokinin are transported through the bloodstream and arrive at the uterus at the same time. Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, whereas cholecystokinin has no effect. Why? Oxytocin blocks the activity of cholecystokinin. Oxytocin alters gene expression patterns, whereas cholecystokinin does not. Oxytocin is at a higher concentration in the bloodstream than cholecystokinin. Oxytocin can diffuse through the plasma membrane of uterine cells, whereas cholecystokinin cannot. The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin.

The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for choleyystokinin

Which of the following statements about K-strategists is FALSE? They evolve in stable environments. They evolve in environments with intense competition for limited food. They give birth frequently. There is a lot of parental investment in the offspring. They produce few offspring.

They give birth frequently

Pheromones are generally detected by the vomeronasal organ in most mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. False True

True

Pikas spent a greater percentage of time above the rocks before 10am.

True

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) peptide hormones? Select all that apply. Yes Insulin and glucagon are good examples of peptide hormones. Yes Most peptide hormones act on cells by binding to receptors on cell surfaces and triggering signaling cascades inside the cell. No Enzymes modify cholesterol compounds to produce peptide hormones. Yes The action of peptide hormones can cause changes in gene expression or can affect the function of metabolic enzymes in cells. No Peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors and the peptide-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor.

Yes, insulin and glucagon are good examples of peptide hormones yes, most peptide hormones act on cells by binding to receptors on cell surfaces and triggering cascades inside the cell No, enzymes modify cholesterol compounds to produce peptide hormones. Yes, the action of peptide hormones can cause changes in gene expression or can affect the function of metabolic enzymes in cells.

A new hormone has been isolated from an organism. Although the structure of the hormone has not yet been determined, the hormone is known to exert its effects by forming a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor within target cells. What type of hormone is this MOST likely to be? either a steroid or a peptide hormone either an amine or a peptide hormone a peptide hormone a steroid hormone either a steroid hormone or an amine hormone

a steroid hormone

The two main classes of hormones are: lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones. polysaccharide hormones and protein hormones. amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones. steroid hormones and lipid hormones. nucleic acid hormones and lipid hormones

amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones

The two main classes of hormones are: lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones. polysaccharide hormones and protein hormones. amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones. steroid hormones and lipid hormones. nucleic acid hormones and lipid hormones.

amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones

Animals faced challenges when moving from water to land. What was the single most important adaptation that led to the uncoupling of reproduction and the need for an aquatic habitat? flagellated sperm internal fertilization amniotic egg

amniotic egg

A newly developed drug works by blocking thyroid hormone receptors throughout the body. Which of the following would be expected to occur in a patient who is taking this drug? production of more dilute urine increased uptake of glucose by body cells inability to release cortisol decreased resorption of bone changes in metabolism

changes in metabolism

Kisspeptin is a protein in humans that has an important role in initiating secretion of the releasing factor gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinologists are finding that the protein kisspeptin and its receptor are central to sexual maturation at puberty. Neurons that release kisspeptin carry estrogen receptors. If this is a negative feedback system, high levels of estrogen would be expected to: increase kisspeptin synthesis. neither increase nor decrease kisspeptin synthesis because steroid hormones do not affect protein synthesis. decrease kisspeptin synthesis.

decrease kisspeptin synthesis

Which of the following insect hormones acts on the body tissues to stimulate molting and metamorphosis? All of these choices are correct. brain peptide juvenile hormone ecdysone PTTH

ecdysone

An individual who is experiencing a prolonged period of stress would likely have _____ levels of circulating _____ than an individual who was not experiencing stress. lower; cortisol higher; cortisol lower; ACTH lower; ADH higher; ADH

higher, cortisol

Insulin injections are an important treatment for some diabetics. A serious potential side effect of insulin injections is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). This would most likely occur under which of the following circumstances? Question 3 choices Choice A., failure to inject enough insulin Choice B., injecting too much insulin Choice C., failure to inject any insulin

injecting too much insulin.

Ovulation is triggered by a surge of which of the following hormones? testosterone estrogen follicle stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone progesterone

luteinizing hormone

Oocytes are produced in which of the following structures? cervix uterus vagina ovaries fallopian tubes

ovaries

Which of the following is the CORRECT path taken by sperm from site of production to site of ejection? vas deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ejaculatory duct, urethra seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, epididymis, urethra epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, urethra, ejaculatory duct epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

seminiferous tubulesm epididymis, vas deferens, ejacultatory duct, urethra

In response to LH and FSH, testes secrete: ejaculate. testosterone. sperm. TDF. estrogen.

testosterone

The hormone indicated by the small hexagon on the lower left in the figure could be which of the following? testosterone ADH insulin growth hormone Instructional Guidance: Students must differentiate between hormones that are and are not lipid-soluble. Even if students do not know all hormones and whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic, they should recognize that testosterone is a steroid; therefore, it enters through the plasma membrane.

testosterone

The hormone indicated by the small hexagon on the lower left in the figure could be which of the following? testosterone ADH insulin growth hormone Instructional Guidance: Students must differentiate between hormones that are and are not lipid-soluble. Even if students do not know all hormones and whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic, they should recognize that testosterone is a steroid; therefore, it enters through the plasma membrane.

testosterone

In vertebrates, which of the following frequently serves as the first intermediary between the areas of the brain that perceive sensory stimuli and the rest of the endocrine system? the adrenal glands the thyroid gland the anterior pituitary gland the hypothalamus the posterior pituitary gland

the hypothalamus

The hypothalamus uses action potentials to directly stimulate hormone release from: Question 3 choices Choice A., the anterior pituitary only. Choice B., the posterior pituitary only. Choice C., both the anterior and posterior pituitary. Choice D., neither the anterior nor the posterior pituitary.

the posterior pituitary only

In the G protein-coupled signal transduction pathway, phosphatases are responsible for the inactivation of: adenylyl cyclase. the protein target activated by protein kinase A. protein kinase A. the alpha subunit of a G protein. All of these choices are correct.

the protein target activated by protein kinase A.

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase? to form protein kinase A to phosphorylate cyclic AMP to phosphorylate protein kinase A to form cyclic AMP

to form cyclic AMP

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the relationship between the classes of hormones and their behavior or function? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: Yes how soluble the hormone is in water. Yes whether the hormone will be able to move through the cell membrane. Yes whether the hormone interacts with receptors on the cell membrane. Yes whether the hormone interacts with receptors inside the cell. No whether the hormone will increase or decrease a specific cell function.

yes, how soluble the hormone is in water yes, whether the hormone will be able to move through the cell membrane Yes, whether the hormone interacts with receptors on the cell membrane yes, whether the hormone interacts with receptors inside the cell No, whether the hormone will increase or decrease a specific cell function

Which of the following correctly describes(s) the functioning of steroid hormones in the animal endocrine system? Select all that apply. Yes Steroid hormones can change which mRNAs are produced in a cell. Yes Steroid hormones have their primary effects in the cell's nucleus. No In general, peptide hormones are slower to act than steroid hormones and their actions last longer than those of steroid hormones. No Steroid hormones bind to cell-surface receptors, which then trigger second messengers.

yes, steroid hormones can change which mRNAs are produced in a cell. Yes, steroid hormones have their primary effects in the cell''s nucleus.

Which of the following are true for the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: Yes The action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is direct for the posterior pituitary, that is, the neurons extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary where the axon terminal releases hormones that go directly into the blood. No The action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is indirect for the anterior pituitary, that is, the action potentials in the neurons in the hypothalamus cause formation of new action potentials in different neurons in the anterior pituitary. Yes Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete releasing factors that enter the anterior pituitary via a portal system to cause release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. No Release factors from neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus cause release of hormones into the blood from the posterior pituitary gland. No Release factors from the posterior pituitary stimulate release of specific hormones into the blood from the anterior pituitary.

yes, the action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is direct for the posterior pituitary, that is, the neurons extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary where the axon terminal release hormones that go directly into the blood. yes, Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete releasing factors that enter the anterior pituitary via a portal system to cause release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Which of the following are correct descriptions about the pituitary gland? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: No The pituitary gland controls signaling from the hypothalamus. Yes The anterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus. Yes The posterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus. Yes The pituitary gland acts as the control center for most other endocrine glands in the body. No Even though the anterior and posterior pituitary have distinctly different functions, they formed from the same embryonic tissue.

yes, the anterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus Yes, the posterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus yes, the pituitary gland acts as the control center for most other endocrine glands in the body.

Which of the following could lead to a prolonged increase in heart rate, even in the absence of an external signal? Choose all that apply. a. An inability of a G-protein to hydrolyze GTP yes b. An inability to inactivate protein kinase A yes c. An inability of G-protein coupled receptors to bind adrenaline no d. An inability of cyclic AMP to activate protein kinase A no e. An inability to convert ATP into cyclic AMP no

yes, yes, no, no, no