lymphatic

Which of the following are needed for antibody production to occur with T-cell dependent antigens? 1. Helper T-cell 2. Cytotoxic T-cell 3. B cell 4. Cytokines

1, 3, 4

Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity? 1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells 2) Antigen presented to cytotoxic T cell 3) Activation of cytotoxic T cell 4) Target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells

2, 3, 1, 4

Gerald has not been feeling well lately and goes to the clinic on his college campus. The results of his white blood cell count indicate an increase in the number of neutrophils. Based on this information, what is Gerald most likely suffering from? A viral infection A bacterial infection Allergies Cancer

A bacterial infection

Hank has a severe toothache, but he does not want to go the dentist. Instead, he reads about a "natural" cure on a website. After five days, the pain in his jaw is extremely severe and he is also running a fever. Which of the following best explains Hank's symptoms? A local bacterial infection has progressed to systemic inflammation. Natural killer cells are attacking normal cells of the gum. There is a local inflammation of the gums. None of the choices are correct.

A local bacterial infection has progressed to systemic inflammation.

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of aging on the lymphatic system? Aging has very little effect on the lymphatic system's ability to remove fluid from tissues As an individual ages, lipid absorption from the small intestine by lacteals decreases. Aging decreases the filtering process of the spleen. All of the choices are correct.

Aging has very little effect on the lymphatic system's ability to remove fluid from tissues

Cytotoxic T-cells interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins.

F

Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.

F

__________ are lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow, whereas __________ are lymphocytes that mature in the thymus. T cells; B cells B cells; NK cells B cells; T cells T cells; NK cells

B cells; T cells

Cytotoxic T-cells interact with target cells by recognizing foreign proteins only. MHC proteins only. foreign protein-MHC protein complexes.

foreign protein-MHC protein complexes.

Lymphatic vessels carry lymph along the exact same circuit as the blood vessels of the body. from the peripheral tissues to large veins in the thorax. from arteries through tissues to veins. only from the tissues of the upper and lower limbs of the body.

from the peripheral tissues to large veins in the thorax.

All of the following can be caused by enlarged tonsils except difficulty swallowing. a sore throat. headaches. snoring. middle ear infections.

headaches.

A __________ must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody. helper T cell cytotoxic T cell plasma cell neutrophil

helper T cell

Cell-mediated immunity is effective in eliminating virus-infected cells. in preventing allergic reactions. at inducing B cells to become plasma cells. All of the choices are correct.

in eliminating virus-infected cells.

Lipids absorbed from the digestive tract pass through lymphatic vessels before entering venous circulation. remain in lymphatic vessels until released to cells in other tissues. cause clots that block the flow of blood through lymphatic vessels. usually are lipids that result in coronary heart disease.

pass through lymphatic vessels before entering venous circulation.

Cytotoxic T-cells produce _______ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells. antibody perforin cytokinin lysozyme complement

perforin

Germinal centers are the sites of increased blood flow to the lymph nodes. fluid production. increased flow of lymph from infected tissues. entrance of lymph into lymph nodes. proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.

proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.

As a person ages, much of the tissue of the thymus is replaced with adipose tissue. This affects the immune system by reducing the number of mature T cells produced. reducing the number of B cells produced. destroying the location for neutrophil activation. All of the choices are correct.

reducing the number of mature T cells produced.

Lymphatic fluid collected from the upper right side of the head would enter the venous circulation through the __________. thoracic duct right lymphatic duct right thoracic duct Both "right lymphatic duct" and "right thoracic duct" are correct.

right lymphatic duct

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules stimulate antibody production from plasma cells. inhibit macrophage activity. stimulate cell destruction by macrophages. stimulate cell destruction by cytotoxic T-cells.

stimulate cell destruction by cytotoxic T-cells

__________ T cells are important regulatory cells that coordinate the activities of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity. Cytotoxic Helper Memory Suppressor

Helper

Which of the following statements best represents coordination among the various components of the immune system? Helper T cells stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells to respond to pathogens and release substances that increase phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Activated B cells give rise to plasma cells and memory cells to fight against current and future pathogens. Natural killer cells destroy virus-infected cells to reduce the chance of the virus spreading to other cells. Cytotoxic T cells release substances that destroy virus-infected cells.

Helper T cells stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells to respond to pathogens and release substances that increase phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages.

Which of the following is correctly matched? IgA - found in saliva and tears IgD - can cross the placenta IgG - first to challenge the antigen IgM - antigen-binding receptor on B cells IgE - transfusion reactions

IgA - found in saliva and tears

__________ functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells, but is not responsible for transfusion reactions. IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD

IgD

__________ binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response. IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD

IgE

__________ crosses the placenta to provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn. IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD

IgG

__________ is often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen. IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD

IgM

What is the cell that is responsible for a secondary response to an antigen? Memory B cell Plasma cell Cytotoxic T cell All of the choices are correct.

Memory B cell

Which of the following is a lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system and functions to kill tumor cells and infected cells? Macrophages Natural killer cells Eosinophils Basophils

Natural killer cells

Which of the following are the cardinal signs of local inflammation? Redness, swelling, chills, pain Redness, itch, swelling, heat Redness, swelling, heat, pain Redness and swelling only

Redness, swelling, heat, pain

Which of the following statements is NOT the meaning of specificity, in relation to immunity? Only the T lymphocytes responds to virus-infected cells. Cells of adaptive immunity recognize particular substances. Each T cell has a specific area of the body that it defends. Secondary responses occur only during specific ages, usually after the age of 45.

Secondary responses occur only during specific ages, usually after the age of 45.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of a foreign antigen? Pollen Chemicals released bacteria Surface antigens of red blood cells Viruses

Surface antigens of red blood cells

__________ are administered to stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells for a particular pathogen. Antisera Antibiotics Steroids Vaccines

Vaccines

Cytotoxic T-cells directly attack viruses. bacteria. cells that display foreign proteins on their surface. cells that display normal proteins on their surface.

cells that display foreign proteins on their surface.

An infected cell displaying MHC class I/antigen complexes on its surface can activate ________ cells, leading to destruction of the infected cell. cytotoxic T helper T B natural killer plasma

cytotoxic T

One of the primary functions of the spleen is to filter the lymph. produce B lymphocytes. filter the blood. produce the plasma proteins.

filter the blood.

Which of the following explains the long-lasting effect of adaptive immunity? Memory cells respond faster than the original cells during a primary response. During a memory response, additional memory cells are produced to maintain immunity. Memory cells respond more strongly than the original cells of a primary response. All of the choices are correct.

?

Which of the following is NOT an example of immunotherapy? Vaccines Antisera Monoclonal antibodies Use of cytokines to promote inflammation All of these choices are correct.

?

Which of the following statements about the immune system is NOT true? The immune system consists of innate immunity and adaptive immunity. All components of the immune system work together to protect the tissues from pathogens. Helper T cells coordinate the activities of adaptive immunity as well as innate immunity. Pathogens can stimulate adaptive immunity or innate immunity, but not both at the same time.

?

Which of the following effects is seen in immunotherapy treatment of diseases? Directly attacking harmful cells Inhibiting the immune system against self-antigens Monoclonal antibody therapy against specific antigens All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Check all that occur during inflammation. Check All That Apply Chemical mediators cause vasodilation. Blood flow to the area is decreased. Vascular permeability is decreased. Fibrin walls off the infected area. Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.

Chemical mediators cause vasodilation. Fibrin walls off the infected area. Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.

Josiah was diagnosed with a thymus tumor when he was in his late 40s. His physician suggested removing the thymus gland, but Josiah wasn't sure this was such a good idea. What would you say to Josiah to explain that his physician's suggestion was a good one? The thyroid gland has the same function as the thymus, so the thyroid would continue to perform those functions if the thymus is removed. The thymus is less functional in older adults. The thymus is only important if a person develops mononucleosis, which is a childhood disease. The thymus is essentially another name for lymph nodes, so removal of one is not detrimental.

The thymus is less functional in older adults.

Active natural immunity occurs when antibodies pass from a pregnant mother to her fetus. antibodies are injected into a host. an individual develops a disease. a person is vaccinated. antibodies are passed in breast milk.

an individual develops a disease.

Chyle is different from other lymph in that it appears red due to the high protein content. appears white due to the high lipid content. it has more lymphocytes compared to typical lymph. it has less of the pigment bilirubin that accounts for the typical of lymph.

appears white due to the high lipid content.

The ability for adaptive immunity to improve the immune response to a particular pathogen over subsequent exposures is referred to as specificity. memory. resistance. adaptability. hypersensitivity.

memory.

__________ occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen to which it has previously responded. Primary response Secondary response Memory response Both "Secondary response" and "Memory response" are correct.

Both "Secondary response" and "Memory response" are correct.

__________ T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Cytotoxic Helper Memory Suppressor

Cytotoxic

Which of the following functions of the lymphatic system ensures that tissues are not damaged due to accumulation of excess fluid? Fluid balance Lipid absorption Defense All of the choices are correct.

Fluid balance

Which of the following is an example of how a person acquires an active natural immunity? Jessica contracted chicken pox in the first grade. Samuel was vaccinated against polio before starting grade school. Josie received antiserum for rabies after being bitten by a stray dog. Alexander received antibodies from his mother through the placenta before he was born.

Jessica contracted chicken pox in the first grade.

An antigen-presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell inside a vesicle. on its surface, attached to an MHC class I molecule. on its surface, attached to an MHC class II molecule. on its surface, attached to an antibody.

on its surface, attached to an MHC class II molecule.

Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells? T-cell receptor Antibody Antigen receptor Major histocompatibility complex

Major histocompatibility complex

__________ are lymphocytes that are part of innate immunity and recognize and destroy tumor cells or virus-infected cells. Neutrophils Natural killer cells Basophils Helper T cells

Natural killer cells

Which of the following is NOT a physical barrier of innate immunity? Skin Tears Mucous membranes The skin, tears, and mucous membranes are all physical barriers of innate immunity.

The skin, tears, and mucous membranes are all physical barriers of innate immunity

What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible for preventing lymph from flowing backward? Overlapping endothelial cells Valves Lack of a basement membrane Thin walls

Valves

Antibody-mediated immunity involves the __________ lymphocytes, which, when activated, produce __________ that ultimately produced antibodies. helper T cells; B cells B cells; cytotoxic T cells B cells; plasma cytotoxic T cells; B cells

B cells; plasma

Alan has completed his second semester of A&P and has decided he wants to become an immunology research scientist. He has decided that his first experiment will be to alter the variable region of antibodies so they can bind to more types of antigens. Alan believes this will allow the antibodies to fight off more infections. What is the flaw with his concept? Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes will only change the action of the antibody, not its antigen association. Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes eliminates the specificity of antibody action, preventing the body from protecting against specific antigens. Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes may result in antibodies destroying self-antigens, causing autoimmune disease. Both "Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes eliminates the specificity of antibody action, preventing the body from protecting against specific antigens." and "Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes may result in antibodies destroying self-antigens, causing autoimmune disease." are correct.

Both "Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes eliminates the specificity of antibody action, preventing the body from protecting against specific antigens." and "Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes may result in antibodies destroying self-antigens, causing autoimmune disease." are correct.

What specific cell type is the effector cell for cell-mediated immunity (i.e., the cell type that destroys the antigen-containing cell)? Cytotoxic T cell Helper T cell B cell Natural killer cell

Cytotoxic T cell

Select all that are reasons why, as a result of aging, the immune system is less effective in its functions. The thymus significantly increases in size. Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens. B-lymphocyte production is decreased. The primary and secondary antibody responses are faster, with more memory cells produced.

Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens. B-lymphocyte production is decreased.

__________ is secreted into saliva and tears, and found in breast milk. IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD

IgA

__________ treats disease by altering immune system function or by directly attacking harmful cells. Memory response Autoimmune disease Immunotherapy Immunology

Immunotherapy

A physician would like to stimulate proliferation of helper T cells in one of his patients. Which of the following is most likely to lead to his desired effect? Increasing the number of MHC class II molecules in healthy cells Decreasing the number of B cells Increasing interleukin-2 secretion Both "Decreasing the number of B cells" and "Increasing interleukin-2 secretion" are correct.

Increasing interleukin-2 secretion

Select all that are examples of how immunotherapy can help treat diseases. Check All That Apply Kill tumor cells Alter immune system function Inhibit the immune system Promote inflammation

Kill tumor cells Alter immune system function Inhibit the immune system Promote inflammation

Infant botulism occurs when the botulism bacterium grows in the digestive tract of an infant. The spores of the bacterium are most likely introduced when the infant is fed honey or exposed to the spores in soil. The infection is very serious but can be treated. In infants, botulism immune globulin is administered. This substance binds to the toxin produced by the bacterium and inactivates it. Which type of acquired immunity is represented by this treatment of infant botulism? Active natural immunity Active artificial immunity Passive natural immunity Passive artificial immunity

Passive artificial immunity

Cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells by recognizing antigens only. MHC proteins only. antigen-MHC protein complexes. either antigens or MHC proteins. neither antigens nor MHC proteins.

antigen-MHC protein complexes

A helper T cell becomes activated by a(n) __________. cytotoxic T cell antigen-presenting cell plasma cell memory B cell

antigen-presenting cell

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed antigens. antibodies. viruses. bacteria.

antigens.

A ________________ stimulates a B cell to divide and produce _________________. natural killer cell; cytokines natural killer cell; plasma cells natural killer cell; antibodies helper T cell; cytokines helper T cell; plasma cells

helper T cell; plasma cells

A cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells is interleukin-1. interleukin-2. MHC class I. MHC class II. immunoglobulin.

interleukin-1.

Macrophages secrete __________ which then activates __________. antibodies; helper T cells interleukin-1; cytotoxic T cells interleukin-1; helper T cells interleukin-2; cytotoxic T cells interleukin-2; helper T cells

interleukin-1; helper T cells

With advancing age, the lymphatic system becomes less efficient at absorbing dietary lipids. ceases to transport lymph. produces an increasing number and variety of B-lymphocytes. is less responsive to antigens.

is less responsive to antigens.

The structures that filter lymph are called __________. tonsils lymph nodes spleens Both "lymph nodes" and "spleens" are correct.

lymph nodes

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? 1. Defense 2. Fluid equilibrium 3. Fat absorption

123

Cells that respond to specific intracellular antigens are considered part of __________ immunity. antibody-mediated innate cell-mediated Both "innate" and "cell-mediated" are correct.

?

__________ is released by cells infected by viruses to stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins. Complement Interferons Antibodies All of the choices are correct.

Interferons

The secondary response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary response.

T

Virus proteins and self-proteins are examples of proteins found inside of a cell.

T