Lyn - AP Euro final studyguide
Ch 17- What did Britain gain from the Peace of Utrecht?
All French forts in the northwest―the region covered by all the rivers that flowed onto the Hudson's Bay―were surrendered to the British. France agreed to pay the British fur company in North America, the Hudson's Bay Company, for losses they suffered during the war.
Ch14- Why was Amerigo Vespucci important? Why is America named after him?
America is named after Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer who set forth the then revolutionary concept that the lands that Christopher Columbus sailed to in 1492 were part of a separate continent.
ch 15- Describe what beliefs Hobbes and Locke held?
Hobbes was a proponent of Absolutism, a system which placed control of the state in the hands of a single individual, a monarch free from all forms of limitations or accountability. Locke, on the other hand, favored a more open approach to state-building.
Ch 13- What is the name given to French Calvinists?
Huguenots
Ch 12- The Concordat of Bologna, between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, gave the French monarch the authority to do what?
It made Catholicism the official religion of France but also gave the French king the right to appoint church authorities in his country.
Ch 12- Which prominent metal-smith helped develop metal movable print?
Johannes Gutenberg- was a German blacksmith and inventor who developed the world's first mechanical moveable type printing press
Ch 16- What was Copernicus' theory of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it.
Ch 14- Which body of water was the center of the Afro-Eurasian trade world?
The Indian ocean
Ch 15- How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European History?
The Peace of Westphalia effectively halted the Counter-Reformation in the German states. It added Calvinism to the list of acceptable faiths. power over the German-speaking states in Central Europe. o United Provinces and Swiss cantons withdrew from the Holy Roman Empire.
Ch 14- How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?
Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller that it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed form Europe to the west.
Ch 18- Explain the inoculation of smallpox and how it became the greatest medical achievement of the 18th century
Smallpox inoculation was a simple procedure: a doctor removed pus from an active pustule of an infected person, and then inserted that pus into the skin of a non-infected person via a small incision. The insertion of the pus resulted in the inoculated person contracting smallpox. later they used cowpox to do it with little risk. It brought vaccines to europe and america.
Ch 12- What is a sumptuary law and what purpose does it serve?
Sumptuary laws were used in England from the twelfth to the eighteenth century. These laws served two main purposes: to restrain extravagance and luxury and to balance trade by limiting the import of goods.
Ch 13- Explain the Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes, issued under Henry of Navarre after he ascended to the French throne as Henry IV, effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism.
ch 14- What was the purpose of the Treaty or Tordesillas?
The Treaty of Tordesillas of 7 June 1494 involves agreements between King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and King John II of Portugal establishing a new demarcation line between the two crowns, running from pole to pole, 370 leagues to the west of Cape Verde islands.
Ch 17- Describe the Enclosure movement and how it affected 18th century Europe.
The Enclosure Movement was a push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing food, and change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it. While the Enclosure Movement did increase profits and productivity in agriculture, it left poorer farmers without the resources to grow their crops and feed their animals. It fundamentally changed England's society and economic system.
Ch16- After the development of the idea of "race," Europeans increasingly defined themselves in relation to other peoples how?
The concept of race emerged in the mid-17th century as a means for justifying the enslavement of Africans in colonial America, Conklin said, and scientists eventually devised theories to uphold the system of forced labor.
Ch 15- What is a moral economy?
The critical study of the ethical character of economic activities and relationships, and of how this shapes and is shaped by other dimensions of social and political life.
Ch 17- The following is an excerpt from Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure (Evaluating Written Evidence): "Thus the land yields a greater neat produce in food for mankind-the landlord doubles his income, which enables him to employ so many more manufacturers and artisans-the farmer increases his income, by means of which he also does the same-the hides and wool are a creation of so much employment for other manufacturers." Which claim did Young make in this passage about enclosure?
The enclosure system would bring benefits to farmers, landowners, artisans, and manufacturers.
Ch 18- Which factor caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
The main reason was that couples normally did not marry until they could start an independent household and support themselves and their future children. Peasants often needed to wait until their father's death to inherit land and marry.
Ch 19- Why did the Antifederalists oppose the new American Constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention? What were they wanting to add to the constitution and why?
They opposed it because they felt that it gave the federal government too much power and they wanted a bill of rights added to secure individual liberites.
Ch 19- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed what to the people?
equality before the law
Ch 16- Why did Enlightenment thinkers believe the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life?
he Enlightenment's core tenet was that natural law could be used to examine and understand all aspects of society. The Enlightenment's leaders believed that by using scientific methods, they could explain the laws of society and human nature.
Ch 19- In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on what?
paying interest debts
Ch 18- Which carbohydrate-rich American food or drink product, after initial trepidation, did Europe widely consume after 1500, which led to increased caloric intake?
the potato
Ch 13- What was the core belief of Calvinists?
the theological system of Calvin and his followers marked by strong emphasis on the sovereignty of God, the depravity of humankind, and the doctrine of predestination.
Ch 19- Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
they were in severe debt from the 30 years war and the wars they financed for the colonies
Ch 15- The following is an excerpt from Louis XIV's Memoir for the Instruction of the Dauphin(Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he offers advice to his son about kingship: "For however it be held as a maxim that in every thing a Prince should employ the most mild measures and first, and that it is more to his advantage to govern his subjects by persuasive than coercive means, it is nevertheless certain that whenever he meets with impediments or rebellion, the interest of his crown and the welfare of his people demand that he should cause himself to be indispensably obeyed; for it must be acknowledged there is nothing can so securely establish the happiness and tranquility of a country as the perfect combination of all authority in the single person of the Sovereign." Based on this passage, Louis XIV believed the ultimate goal of the absolute monarch was to do what?
to perfectly combine all authority in the single person of the sovereign
Ch 12- According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that which type of government could solve societies problems?
Utopia employs a democratic government, its people represented by two layers of elected public officials, the higher level selected by the lower level.
Ch 16- What was Voltaire's view/attitude toward government?
Voltaire distrusted democracy, which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the masses. He long thought only an enlightened monarch could bring about change, and that it was in the king's rational interest to improve the education and welfare of his subjects.
Ch 19- When liberals in the late eighteenth century called for equality, they were primarily concerned with equality for which group?
White propertied men
Ch 17- Explain why Europe suddenly had a population boom.
With industrialization, improvements in medical knowledge and public health, together with a more regular food supply, bring about a drastic reduction in the death rate but no corresponding decline in the birth rate.
Ch 18- What could a woman expect by entering life as a domestic servant?
Women would be expected to perform a myriad of hard laborious jobs at all hours of the day and were always at risk of assault from the men of the house. Pregnant women would be dismissed.
Ch 19- What happens after the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture? How was the war of Haitian independence resolved?
A rival to L'Ouverture, André Rigaud, defeated the French forces and declared Haitian independence.
Ch 16- The enlightened absolutists, such as Frederick the Great of Prussia, Maria Theresa of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia, all believed what about absolute monarchy?
A system of rule, wherein the monarch retains absolute autocratic power over their subjects, whilst at the same time applying the principles of the Enlightenment to the task of governance.
Ch 14- Where did Columbus believe he landed when he arrived in the Caribbean?
After sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus sights a Bahamian island on October 12, 1492, believing he has reached East Asia.
Ch 14- Which explorer led the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire?
Francisco Pizarro
Ch 13- Explain Martin Luther's doctrine of Salvation
Martin Luther's understanding of faith departed from the prevailing Catholic belief system in many ways: he believed that salvation is a gift God alone grants to sinners who passively affirm their faith in Christ, rather than something a sinner can actively obtain through the performance of good works
Ch 19- Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Mary Wolfscraft
Ch 15- Explain Mercantilism and how it affected growth of countries?
Mercantilism was a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices. Its goal was to increase the supply of a state's gold and silver with exports rather than to deplete it through imports. It also sought to support domestic employment.
Ch 12- Which Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel?
Michelangelo
Ch 18- Explain the tasks of a midwife and why they were so important.
Midwives performed almost all prenatal and natal care, as well as all women specific issues.
Ch 12- Which French word did historian Giorgio Vasari coin to describe the "rebirth" of the culture of classical antiquity?
Renaissance
Ch 17- Why did Adam Smith believe that the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens?
Self-interest is the motivator of economic activity. Competition is the regulator of economic activity. Together they form what Adam Smith called the invisible hand, which guides resources to their most valued use.
Ch 16- How did Newton and his law of Gravity help bring together multiple fields of study and help mature the Enlightenment?
Sir Isaac Newton developed the three basic laws of motion and the theory of universal gravity, which together laid the foundation for our current understanding of physics and the Universe.
Ch 13- The following is an excerpt from the 1563 Decrees of the Council of Trent: "That the faithful may approach the sacraments with greater reverence and devotion of mind, the holy Council commands all bishops that not only when they themselves are about to administer them to the people, they shall first, in a manner adapted to the mental ability of those who receive them, explain their efficacy and use, but also that they shall see to it that the same is done piously and prudently by every parish priest, and in the vernacular tongue." Which important change in Catholic religious practice is described in this passage?
The shift away from the exclusive use of Latin in Catholic religious services
ch 18- Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.
