Macronutrients

Triglyceride

-Can be broken down to yield ~9 kcal/gram -Primary storage form of fat in the adipose tissue

For a person to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, he or she must have at least three of five specific risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Click to select the cases below that meet the criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. -David is a 32-year-old man. David has a waist circumference of 44 inches, fasting blood glucose of 95 mg/dL, triglycerides of 135 mg/dL, HDL of 30 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. -Wanda is a 65-year-old woman. Wanda has a waist circumference of 34 inches, fasting blood glucose of 110 mg/dL, triglycerides of 100 mg/dL, HDL of 45 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 135/90 mmHg. -Molly is a 24-year-old woman. Molly has a waist circumference of 29 inches, fasting blood glucose of 78 mg/dL, triglycerides of 105 mg/dL, HDL of 35 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 110/90 mmHg. -Danielle is a 46-year-old woman. Danielle has a waist circumference of 42 inches, fasting blood glucose of 145 mg/dL, triglycerides of 200 mg/dL, HDL of 65 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 132/90 mmHg.

-Danielle is a 46-year-old woman. Danielle has a waist circumference of 42 inches, fasting blood glucose of 145 mg/dL, triglycerides of 200 mg/dL, HDL of 65 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 132/90 mmHg. -Wanda is a 65-year-old woman. Wanda has a waist circumference of 34 inches, fasting blood glucose of 110 mg/dL, triglycerides of 100 mg/dL, HDL of 45 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 135/90 mmHg.

Cholesterol

-Forms part of the active vitamin D hormone -Your body's cells make about 875 mg of this lipid per day.

Phospholipid

-Important component of all cell membranes due to its hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. -Acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion and absorption

ketosis

condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism

Fish oil capsules are associated with a(n) _____________ in rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and some behavioral disorders and cases of mild depression.

decrease

Omega-3 fatty acids also _____________ inflammation in the body.

decrease

Omega-3 fatty acids tend to ______________ blood clotting.

decrease

Use of omega-3 fatty acids as a dietary supplement may _____________ circulating triglyceride levels in the blood.

decrease

Lots of pressure in the colon caused by excessive straining during defecation can cause small pouches called ____________ to protrude through the large intestine wall.

diverticula

When these pouches are inflamed and painful, the condition is known as ____________ . During periods of inflammation, a ____________ diet is indicated.

diverticulitis low-fiber

If pouches in the large intestine exist without painful symptoms, the condition is known as ____________ . In this case, a ____________ diet can ease stool elimination and prevent future attacks.

diverticulosis high fiber

You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases ____________, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

epinephrine

Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of

fat

Immediately after eating a meal, blood sugar levels

increase

Omega-6 fatty acids _____________ clotting and _____________ inflammation in the body.

increase increase

After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases ____________ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

insulin

disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Which parts of the digestive system produce enzymes that participate in carbohydrate digestion within the human body?

mouth, pancreas, and small intestine

In early stages of type 2 diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because

muscle and liver cells do not respond to insulin

In type 1 diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because

no insulin is released

Which lipid is the primary source of dietary fat in our diets?

triglycerides

People who follow a gluten-free diet cannot consume whole grains.

true or false

Regina is trying to cut back on her fat intake to help reduce total kcal intake and promote gradual weight loss. If she follows an 1,800-kcal meal plan and wants to achieve the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommendation of total fat being between 20-35% of calories, how many grams of fat per day should she be eating?

40-70 grams of fat per day • AMDR for fat is 20-35% of calories: 1,800 calories X 0.2-0.35 = 360-630 kcal from fat • 360-630 kcal from fat divided by 9 kcal per gram fat = 40-70 grams fat per day

The AMDR for carbohydrates for adults is

45% to 65% of total kcal

If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium?

60 grams of protein per day

Cardiologists and other healthcare professionals recommend that people who are at elevated risk for developing cardiovascular disease adopt an "anti-atherosclerotic" lifestyle to help prevent atherosclerosis. Which of the following is a component of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle?

-Smoking cessation -Diet low in saturated fat and trans fat -Consumption of fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants -All of these responses are components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle.

There are a number of ways a protein can be denatured. Click to select the factors that will denature protein.

-exposure to acid or base -beating an egg vigorously with an electric beater -cooking

Put the foods in order by cholesterol content per serving from greatest (1) to least (4).

1. large egg yolk 2. 3 oz shrimp 3. 1 oz cheese 4. 1 cup 1% milk

Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various life-stage groups. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrates. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1-3 have very high carbohydrate needs that are equal to the number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1-3 and adults?

130 grams

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is

20% - 35% of total kcal

Larry is a 39-year-old male who is overweight. He is working with a registered dietitian nutritionist and she has recommended an 1,800-kcal diet for gradual weight loss. Larry wants to ensure he is obtaining enough carbohydrate to meet his energy needs. If Larry follows an 1,800-kcal diet and wants to achieve the recommended 45% to 65% of his total calories from carbohydrate, how many GRAMS of carbohydrate per day should he be eating?

203 to 293 grams of carbohydrate per day

On average, women need about ______ grams of fiber per day and men need about ______ grams of fiber per day.

25 38

rank the four types of canned pineapple from lowest sugar content (at the top) to highest sugar content (at the bottom).

1. pineapple packed in water 2. pineapple packed in its own juice 3. pineapple packed in light syrup 4. pineapple packed in heavy syrup

Arrange the foods in order by fat content, from least (1) to greatest (4) percentage of calories from fat.

1. sugar 2. bread 3. peanut butter 4. butter

Rank the foods based on their fat content (highest fat content at the top of the list). -fried chicken breast, eaten with skin and breading, 3 ounces -fried chicken breast, eaten without skin and breading, 3 ounces -roasted chicken breast, eaten with skin, 3 ounces

Highest fat content -fried chicken breast, eaten with skin and breading, 3 ounces -roasted chicken breast, eaten with skin, 3 ounces -fried chicken breast, eaten without skin and breading, 3 ounces Lowest fat content

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release ____________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.

glucagon

sucrose

glucose + fructose

lactase

glucose + galactose

maltase

glucose + glucose

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, sugar alcohols, pentoses

If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing ____________ .

hemorrhoids

In a person who does not have diabetes, the release of insulin by the pancreas after a meal will cause blood sugar levels to

return to about normal

Fiber plays an important role in bowel health. A diet that is low in fiber and/or water leads to ____________ stools. This condition is known as ____________ .

small, hard constipation

unsaturated fatty acids

these fats decrease blood levels of cholesterol are liquid at room temperature

saturated fatty acids

these fats increase blood levels of cholesterol and are solid at room temperature

The primary role of HDL in the body is to transport lipids

to the liver for metabolism