major study time
Ways a place receives its name
1. Named for a person 2. Associates with religion 3. Derive from ancient history 4. Indicate origin of settlers 5. From features of physical environment
What two questions to human geographers ask
1. Where are people and activities found on earth 2. Why are they found there
Who was Eratosthenes
A Ancient Greek scholar
What did Abraham Ortelius do
A Flemish cartographer who created the first modern atlas and was the first to hypothesize Pangea
What did Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn-Battuta do
A Moroccan scholar who wrote a book based on three decades of journeys covering most of the Muslim world of Northern Africa, Southern Europe, and much of Asia
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator (side to side) numbered using latitude
Cultural landscape
A combination of cultural features
Mashup
A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by mapping services
Define place
A specific point on earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic
The geographic grid
A system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on earths surface
What is GPS
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth
Define map
A two-dimensional model of earths surface, or a portion of it
Meridian
An arc drawn between north and south poles (up and down) numbering system used for these is longitude
Regional studies approach
An area fashioned from nature by a cultural group
Define region
An area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
Functional region is
An area organized around a node or focal point
What is vernacular region
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
Formal region
An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
Examples of spacial association in book is
Baltimore city
Why does 0 degree longitude run through Greenwich England
Because England was the most powerful country in the world at the time that longitude was first accurately measured
Culture
Body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social formar that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
What's example of functional region
Designated market areas within Iowa Reception area of TV station Information about economic areas
What did Aristotle do
First to demonstrate the earth was spherical based on evidence
What did Pythagoras do
First to propose a spherical world and argued the sphere was the most perfect form
Three types of regions
Formal, functional, vernacular
What does geography mean in greek
Geo - Earth graphy - to write
Which special way does history differ from geography?
Geographers can study places on earths surface first hand whereas historians cannot travel to another time to study other eras first hand
What does GIS stand for
Geographic information system
What did Martin Waldseemuller do
German cartographer who was credited with producing the first map to use the label "America"
What does GPS stand for
Global Positioning System
GMT
Greenwich Mean Time
What did Muhammad al-Idrisi do
He was a Muslim geographer who prepared a world map and geography text
What two decisions must a cartographer make to make any map
How much of earths surface to depict (scale), how to transfer a spherical earth to flat map (projection)
Geotagging
Identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates
Which German philosopher compared geography and history
Immanuel Kant
Origin of culture
Latin word "cultus" which means to care for
What is the basis for calculating time
Longitude
What country was used to illustrate the five geographical concepts in the textbook
Luxembourg
What did Anaximander do
Made a world map based on information from sailors and argued that the world was shaped like a cylinder
What's one of geography's most important tools
Map
What did hecateus do
May have produced the first geography book called Ges Periodos - travels around the earth
Example of formal region
Montana
Toponym
Name given to a place on earth
Functional region also called
Nodal region
What is at 90 degrees north latitude
North pole
Spacial association
Occurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature
Vernacular region also called
Perceptual region
What are the three ways to identify location
Place name, site, situation
What two tools are used to explain why every place is unique
Place, region
What are the five tools used by geographers
Place, region, scale, space, connection
What did Bernhardus Varenius do
Produced Geographia Generalis which stood for more than a century as the standard treatise on systematic geography
What three ways is map scale presented
Ratio, written, graphic
Define connection
Refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
Define space
Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects
Map scale
Refers to the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on earth
What three elements does GPS use in the US
Satellites, tracking stations, receiver that can locate satellites
What three concepts are used to explain why different places are interrelated
Scale, space, connection
Citizen science
Scientific research by amateur scientists
Mercator projection
Shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, map is rectangular. Relative size is grossly distorted towards poles
What are the four types of distortion resulting from projections
Shape, distance, relative size, direction
What is at 90 degrees south latitude
South pole
What did Pei Xu
The father of Chinese cartography who produced an elaborate map of the country in AD 267
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places
Spatial association is strong if
Two features have very similar distributions
Formal region also called
Uniform region
Robinson projection
Useful for displaying information across oceans but land size are much smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size
What does VGI stand for
Volunteered geographic information
What is geography the study of
Where things are found on earths surface and the reason for the locations
What did Yu Gong do
Wrote a chapter in his book (classic of history) which was the earliest surviving Chinese geographical writing - described the economic resources of the country's different provinces
globalization of the economy has been led primarily by transnational corporations. what do these corporations do?
conduct research, operate factories, and sell products in many countries
What did Ptolemy do
wrote the guide to geography, codified basic principles of mapmaking, and prepared numerous maps that were not improved upon for more than 1,000 years
what are the two different kinds of concentration
clustered and dispersed
the ___________ of a feature in __________ is known as its distribution. what are the three main properties distribution across earth?
- arrangement - space
What are culture's two different meanings
- to care about - to care for
make three examples of reactions against globalism and globalization
1) someone might prefer skirts to jeans 2) two people can watch the same tv program across the globe 3) mcdonalds has lots of stores in lots of locations
list the three different types of patterns of concentration
1) square/grid 2) geometric 3) rectangular
What three important things did Eratosthenes do
1. Calculated circumference or earth with .5 percent accuracy 2. Accurately divided earth into five climactic regions 3. Described the known world in one of the first geography books
Two reasons why situation is a valuable way to indicate location
1. Finding an unfamiliar place 2. Understanding the importance of a place
The designation of region has to be
1. Larger than a point 2. Smaller than the whole planet
in what 2 ways has cultural globalization impacted local diversity?
1) can be threatened by popular social customs like wearing jeans 2) can be helped and preserved --> for example tv programs that showcase cultures
What is GIS
Analysis of data about earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
API
Application programming interface
What did Thales do
Applied principles of geometry to measuring land area
What two purposes do maps serve
As a reference tool, as a communications tool
What is used as an example of humans modifying the characteristics of a site
Central Boston - twice as large as was on colonial days from lots of projects to fill bays, coves, and marshes
Participatory GIS
Community-based mapping
What are two main features or human behavior
Culture and economy
What did Strabo do
Described the known world in a 17-volume work titled geography
What is at 0 degrees latitude
Equator
Who invented the word geography
Eratosthenes
Remote sensing
The acquisition of data about earths surface from a satellite orbiting earth from other long-distance methods
What is VGI
The creation and dissemination is geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals
Location
The position that something occupies on Earths surface
Define scale
The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole
Cartography
The science of map making
Projection
The scientific method of transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map
define globalization
a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
how has modern technology played a role in globalization?
makes globalization easier because large companies can have more connections and influence people far away with the use of modern technology
in what ways has the communications revolution played a role in globalization?
promotes globalization of culture and also permits preservation of cultural diversity
define density
the frequency with which something occurs in space