Malaria

genetic traits that increase their resistance to malaria: Hemoglobin __. Humans with t__ genes for hemoglobin __ are i__ to malaria. The mechanism by which this mutation provides protection is u__

Hemoglobin C. Humans with two genes for hemoglobin C are invulnerable to malaria. The mechanism by which this mutation provides protection is unknown.

Virulence factors of Plasmodium include the following: A special protein assemblage called the m__ s__ injects t__ and e__ into host cells.

A special protein assemblage called the malaria secretome injects toxins and enzymes into host cells.

Virulence factors of Plasmodium include the following: A__ enable infected red blood cells to adhere to certain body t__ such as b__ tissue and the linings of b__ vessels, which allows the parasite to avoid c__ by the s__.

Adhesins enable infected red blood cells to adhere to certain body tissues such as brain tissue and the linings of blood vessels, which allows the parasite to avoid clearance by the spleen.

Anti__ medication and b__ transfusions may be required as supportive measures. Treatment is usually effective except in severe cases of f__ malaria.

Antifever medication and blood transfusions may be required as supportive measures. Treatment is usually effective except in severe cases of falciparum malaria.

As many as __ million people are infected with Plasmodium, and an estimated __ million (usually children) die annually. Malaria was prevalent in the United States until mosquito e__ programs eliminated the disease decades ago. About __ to __ cases seen each year in the United States involve i__ or t__ from endemic areas.

As many as 300 million people are infected with Plasmodium, and an estimated 1.2 million (usually children) die annually. Malaria was prevalent in the United States until mosquito eradication programs eliminated the disease decades ago. About 1200 to 1500 cases seen each year in the United States involve immigrants or travelers from endemic areas.

Control of malaria involves limiting c__ with mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium. Widespread use of i__, drainage of w__, and removal of s__ water can reduce mosquito breeding rates. WHO recommends DDTimpregnated n__, personal use of insect r__, and protective c__, such as long-sleeved shirts and long pants, to reduce mosquito b__.

Control of malaria involves limiting contact with mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium. Widespread use of insecticides, drainage of wetlands, and removal of standing water can reduce mosquito breeding rates. WHO recommends DDTimpregnated netting, personal use of insect repellents, and protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts and long pants, to reduce mosquito bites.

Diagnosis of malaria is commonly based on identification of t__ and other stages of Plasmodium in blood smears. Standard anti__ drugs include c__ and, in areas where Plasmodium is resistant, p__ with an a__ drug such as a__

Diagnosis of malaria is commonly based on identification of trophozoites and other stages of Plasmodium in blood smears. Standard antimalarial drugs include chloroquine and, in areas where Plasmodium is resistant, pyrimethamine with an artemisinin drug such as artesunate

Draining w__ and removing s__ water reduces the rate at which mosquitoes breed, but such major environmental changes must be balanced against the impact on other wetland-dwelling p__ and a__. Personal use of insect r__ containing DEET, picaridin, or IR3535; use of mosquito n__; and protective c__ reduce mosquito bites.

Draining wetlands and removing standing water reduces the rate at which mosquitoes breed, but such major environmental changes must be balanced against the impact on other wetland-dwelling plants and animals. Personal use of insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or IR3535; use of mosquito netting; and protective clothing reduce mosquito bites.

__ species of Plasmodium cause most cases of malaria in humans: P. __, P. __, P. __, and P. __.

Four species of Plasmodium cause most cases of malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.

genetic traits that increase their resistance to malaria: Genetic d__ of g__-6-p__ dehydrogenase. In order to synthesize D__, t__ must acquire this e__ from their human host; thus, inherited enzyme d__ inhibits Plasmodium replication.

Genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In order to synthesize DNA, trophozoites must acquire this enzyme from their human host; thus, inherited enzyme deficiency inhibits Plasmodium replication.

genetic traits that increase their resistance to malaria: Lack of so-called D__ antigens on e__. Because P. vivax attaches to D__ antigens to infect erythrocytes, Duffy-n__ individuals are resistant to P. v__.

Lack of so-called Duffy antigens on erythrocytes. Because P. vivax attaches to Duffy antigens to infect erythrocytes, Duffy-negative individuals are resistant to P. vivax.

__ is a life-threatening disease caused by at least __ species of the single-celled parasite P__, which is carried between people by infected A__ mosquitoes. Over __ billion people are at risk because they live in areas where both the m__ and P__ are endemic.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by at least four species of the single-celled parasite Plasmodium, which is carried between people by infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Over 3 billion people are at risk because they live in areas where both the mosquito and Plasmodium are endemic.

Malaria is endemic in over __ countries in the tropics and subtropics, where the parasite's mosquito v__, A__, breeds.

Malaria is endemic in over 100 countries in the tropics and subtropics, where the parasite's mosquito vector, Anopheles, breeds.

Malaria is the most p__ and infamous of the p__ infections. The life cycle of Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has three prominent stages: the l__ phase, the e__ cycle, and the s__ phase.

Malaria is the most prevalent and infamous of the protozoan infections. The life cycle of Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has three prominent stages: the liver phase, the erythrocytic cycle, and the sporogonic phase.

Malaria patients suffer j__, severe recurrent fever and chills, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Historically, physicians prescribe a__ drugs, but strains of Plasmodium have developed r__ to many of these drugs.

Malaria patients suffer jaundice, severe recurrent fever and chills, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Historically, physicians prescribe antimalarial drugs, but strains of Plasmodium have developed resistance to many of these drugs.

Many of malaria's symptoms are associated with i__ response against the parasites, cellular d__, and t__ following the synchronous cycles of the parasite's life within e__.

Many of malaria's symptoms are associated with immune response against the parasites, cellular debris, and toxins following the synchronous cycles of the parasite's life within erythrocytes.

Virulence factors of Plasmodium include the following: M__ form within vesicles of l__ cells that are secreted directly into b__ vessels, thereby avoiding i__ cells of the l__.

Merozoites form within vesicles of liver cells that are secreted directly into blood vessels, thereby avoiding immune cells of the liver.

P. f__ causes fever, erythrocyte lysis, r__ failure, and dark u__. Protozoan proteins on the surfaces of erythrocytes cause erythrocytes to adhere to c__ lining, blocking blood flow and leading to small h__ and ultimately t__ death. C__, such as this infant with malaria in South Sudan, are among the most v__.

P. falciparum causes fever, erythrocyte lysis, renal failure, and dark urine. Protozoan proteins on the surfaces of erythrocytes cause erythrocytes to adhere to capillary lining, blocking blood flow and leading to small hemorrhages and ultimately tissue death. Children, such as this infant with malaria in South Sudan, are among the most vulnerable.

P. m__ and P. f__ cause more serious malaria, known as b__ fever because h__ from damaged red blood cells is excreted in the u__

P. malariae and P. falciparum cause more serious malaria, known as blackwater fever because hemoglobin from damaged red blood cells is excreted in the urine.

P. ovale causes __ disease

P. ovale causes mild disease

P. vivax results in chronic __

P. vivax results in chronic malaria

People living in endemic areas, and their descendants throughout the world, commonly have one or more of the following g__ traits that increase their r__ to malaria:

People living in endemic areas, and their descendants throughout the world, commonly have one or more of the following genetic traits that increase their resistance to malaria:

Plasmodium is an a__ which is a type of protozoan characterized by a form of __ reproduction called s__. In s__, the nucleus of a cell undergoes successive m__ without c__ division, forming m__ cells called s__. Eventually, a schizont divides to simultaneously form several offspring, each with a single n__ (see Figure 12.3). Besides schizonts, Plasmodium has at least six other stages, including g__, which are infective to A__

Plasmodium is an apicomplexan , which is a type of protozoan characterized by a form of asexual reproduction called schizogony. In schizogony, the nucleus of a cell undergoes successive mitoses without cytoplasmic division, forming multinucleate cells called schizonts. Eventually, a schizont divides to simultaneously form several offspring, each with a single nucleus (see Figure 12.3). Besides schizonts, Plasmodium has at least six other stages, including gametocytes, which are infective to Anopheles.

Researchers are developing and testing several malaria vaccines and alternate antimalarial drugs. One of the better vaccines, called R__, protects __% of infants and __% of older babies and toddlers against Plasmodium f__

Researchers are developing and testing several malaria vaccines and alternate antimalarial drugs. One of the better vaccines, called RTS,S, protects 31% of infants and 56% of older babies and toddlers against Plasmodium falciparum.

genetic traits that increase their resistance to malaria: Sickle-cell trait. Individuals with a sickle-cell gene produce an abnormal type of h__ called h__ __(hemoglobin __ is normal). Hemoglobin S causes e__ to become s__ shaped and makes erythrocytes resist P__.

Sickle-cell trait. Individuals with a sickle-cell gene produce an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (hemoglobin A is normal). Hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to become sickle shaped and makes erythrocytes resist Plasmodium.

Virulence factors of Plasmodium include the following: The g__ of at least one strain (P. __) trigger changes in human body c__, presumably breath or body odor, such that a__ mosquitoes are more attracted; thus P__ induces a "b__ m__" signal in humans carrying the very s__ ready to be picked up by a m__.

The gametocytes of at least one strain (P. falciparum) trigger changes in human body chemistry, presumably breath or body odor, such that Anopheles mosquitoes are more attracted; thus Plasmodium induces a "bite me" signal in humans carrying the very stage ready to be picked up by a mosquito.

The life cycle of P__ is complex; the parasite goes through many different stages in h__ and in m__

The life cycle of Plasmodium is complex; the parasite goes through many different stages in humans and in mosquitoes.

Virulence factors of Plasmodium include the following: The reproductive cycle occurs within __ __ __, which hides the parasite from the __ surveillance since __ blood cells do not present __ in conjunction with major histocompatibility p__.

The reproductive cycle occurs within red blood cells, which hides the parasite from the immune surveillance since red blood cells do not present antigen in conjunction with major histocompatibility protein.

Travelers to endemic areas can take a__ and p__ several days b__ and for __ week after travel. Several malaria v__ are currently under development.

Travelers to endemic areas can take atovaquone and proguanil several days before and for one week after travel. Several malaria vaccines are currently under development.

Two weeks after the cycle begins, enough parasites exist to cause fever, chills, diarrhea, headache, and (occasionally) pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction. Anemia, weakness, and fatigue gradually set in, and patients may become jaundiced, as seen in this malaria patient from V__

Two weeks after the cycle begins, enough parasites exist to cause fever, chills, diarrhea, headache, and (occasionally) pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction. Anemia, weakness, and fatigue gradually set in, and patients may become jaundiced, as seen in this malaria patient from Vietnam