Male Reproductive Cancers

Explain the risk factors for testicular cancer.

Etiology Cryptorchidism : undescended testicle Race: White Body size - Taller men Increasing worldwide for unknown reasons Ages usually 20-34 Increased 60% in past 30 years

Penile cancer is due to a sexually transmitted disease. What microorganism is responsible?

HPV (human papillomavirus 16, 18)

Which men are at greatest risk of penile cancer? In which men is it rare?

Men who smoke and men who are not circumcised Men who are over 55+ Rare in Jewish and Muslim men

What type of cancer is penile cancer?

Most penile cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the penis).

Testis

- One of a pair of primary reproductive organs (gonads) that produce sperm and testosterone.

Erectile tissue of penis

- Spongy connective tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal, causing erection of the penis.

Prostate gland

- a gland that produces alkaline secretions that activates sperm and reduces that acidity of the male and female reproductive system.

Urethra

- a tube that transports semen during ejaculation and urine at other times.

Epididymis

- one of a pair of ducts in which sperm are stored and mature.

Vas deferns

- one of a pair of ducts that transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Seminal Vesicle

- one of a pair of glands that produce a fluid that nourishes sperm, thickens semen, and assists movement of sperm once in the female reproductive tract.

Bulbourethral gland

- one of a pair of glands that produce a mucous secretion before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra.

Penis

- the organ of sexual intercourse that delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Glans penis

- the region at the tip of the penis that is rich in sensory nerves for sexual arousal.

What are the two ways of detecting prostate cancer?

-Rectal exam -Blood Test

Does BPH lead to cancer?

No, but men with BPH should still get screened.

How do we know that prostate cancer is testosterone dependent?

Types of therapies to treat prostate cancer have the ultimate goal of reducing levels of male hormones, called androgens, in the body, or to prevent them from reaching prostate cancer cells.the main androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Most of the body's androgens come from the testicles, but the adrenal glands also make a small amount. Androgens stimulate prostate cancer cells to grow.

Why does dietary fat increase the risk of prostate cancer?

o A high-fat diet stimulates increased testosterone levels, which is known to be associated with prostate cancer growth. o Men who eat a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products appear to have a slightly higher chance of getting prostate cancer. These men also tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables.

Explain the risk factors for prostate cancer.

o Age- Prostate cancer is very rare in men younger than 40, but the chance of having prostate cancer rises rapidly after age 50. 70% in men over 65. o Race- Prostate cancer occurs more often in African-American men and Caribbean men of African ancestry than in men of other races. African-American men are also more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage, and are more than twice as likely to die of prostate cancer as white men. Prostate cancer occurs less often in Asian-American and Hispanic/Latino men than in non-Hispanic whites. The reasons for these racial and ethnic differences are not clear. o Diet- The exact role of diet in prostate cancer is not clear. Men who eat a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products appear to have a slightly higher chance of getting prostate cancer. These men also tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Men who consume a lot of calcium (through food or supplements) may have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer. Dairy foods (which are often high in calcium) might also increase risk. o Family History- genetic factor. Having a father or brother with prostate cancer more than doubles a man's risk of developing this disease. (The risk is higher for men who have a brother with the disease than for those with an affected father.) The risk is much higher for men with several affected relatives.

What are the three diseases which are most common in the prostate gland?

o Infection (prostatitis) o Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) o Adenocarcinoma

Explain the symptoms of prostate cancer.

o None (when cancer is small) o Difficulty urinating o Painful urination o Nocturia- frequent urination at night. Note symptoms are all the same as BPH o If metastatic, bone pain.

What is the most common form of cancer among men between the ages of 15 and 35 years?

o Prostate cancer

Name 2 diseases in which PSA levels in the blood might be high.

o Prostate cancer o BPH- benign prostatic hyperplasia- increase in size of the prostate.

What are the screening recommendations for prostate cancer?

o Yearly prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and digital rectal exam after age 50.

Almost all prostate cancers are what type of cancer?

• Adenocarcinoma

Prostate cancer is most common in what race in the United States? Least common? Why?

• African Americans are most likely to get prostate cancer and die from prostate cancer • Asian Americans are least likely to get prostate cancer.

Many older men have to get up frequently during the night to urinate. What is the most common disease to cause this?

• BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia) - prostate gland enlargement

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? In what age group is it most common?

• BPH is prostate gland enlargement -Most common of age 70. -50% of 50 year olds have BPH -80% of 70 year olds have BPH

What are the symptoms of testicular cancer?

• Painless mass in testis • Pain in testis • Enlargement or heaviness of testis/scrotum