MAN (10-13)
Substitutes for leadership
A concept that identifies situations in which leader behaviors are neutralized or replaced by characteristics of subordinates, the task, and the organization
Impression management
A direct and intentional effort by someone to enhance his or her image in the eyes of others
Charisma
A form of interpersonal attraction that inspires support and acceptance
positive reinforcement
A method of strengthening behavior with rewards or positive outcomes after a desired behavior is performed
Which of the following is an example of a good leader in the context of business?
A person who can influence others
Path-goal theory
A theory of leadership suggesting that the primary functions of a leader are to make valued or desired rewards available in the workplace and to clarify for the subordinate the kinds of behavior that will lead to those rewards
LPC Theory
A theory of leadership that suggests that the appropriate style of leadership varies with situational favorableness
Which type of leader behavior, identified by the path-goal theory, primarily involves setting challenging goals, expecting subordinates to perform at high levels, encouraging subordinates, and showing confidence in subordinates' abilities?
Achievement-oriented
Political behavior
Activities carried out for the specific purpose of acquiring, developing, and using power and other resources to obtain one's preferred outcomes
Telecommuting
Allowing employees to spend part of their time working offsite, usually at home
Management by wandering around
An approach to communication that involves the manager's literally wandering around and having spontaneous conversations with others
valence
An index of how much a person wants a particular outcome; the attractiveness of the outcome to the individual
Grapevine
An informal communication network among people in an organization
Nonverbal communication
Any communication exchange that does not use words or uses words to carry more meaning than the strict definition of the words themselves
Reinforcement theory
Approach to motivation that argues that behavior that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that results in punishing consequences is less likely to be repeated
Content perspectives
Approach to motivation that tries to answer the question "What factors motivate people?"
Process perspectives
Approaches to motivation that focus on why people choose certain behavioral options to fulfill their needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction after they have attained these goals
Leadership
As a process, the use of noncoercive influence to shape the group's or organization's goals, motivate behavior toward the achievement of those goals, and help define group or organizational culture; as a property, the set of characteristics attributed to individuals who are perceived to be leaders
Charismatic leadership
Assumes that charisma is an individual characteristic of the leader
What is the single most important individual skill for improving communication effectiveness?
Being a good listener
People in Japan generally hold the view that the group is more important that any individual in it. This is known as _____.
Collectivism
Horizontal communication
Communication that flows laterally within the organization; involves colleagues and peers at the same level of the organization and may involve individuals from several different organizational units
Vertical communication
Communication that flows up and down the organization, usually along formal reporting lines; takes place between managers and their superiors and subordinates and may involve several different levels of the organization
merit pay plan
Compensation plan that formally bases at least some meaningful portion of compensation on merit
Outcomes
Consequences of behaviors in an organizational setting, usually rewards
Yingqio and Geert received the news that their proposal was accepted with minor modifications. They got together to review the modifications the client outlined. Which step in the communication process did they need to use to interpret the meaning of the message?
Decoding
Gainsharing programs
Designed to share the cost savings from productivity improvements with employees
In what way is a Scanlon plan different from other gainsharing plans?
Employees receive the majority of the cost savings that the plan achieves
Stock option plan
Established to give senior managers the option to buy company stock in the future at a predetermined fixed price
Oral communication
Face-to-face conversation, group discussions, telephone calls, and other circumstances in which the spoken word is used to transmit meaning
Which of the following reinforcement schedules offers a worker the least incentive to do good work?
Fixed-interval
Beata's employer has announced a goal of helping workers achieve a healthier lifestyle. Beata now chooses healthier snacks, and she has joined an exercise group at work.Which attribute of the expanded goal-setting theory best portrays this example?
Goal acceptance
When determining the best way to encode a message, what should the sender base their choice on?
Knowledge of the situation and receiver
Transformational leadership
Leadership that goes beyond ordinary expectations by transmitting a sense of mission, stimulating learning experiences, and inspiring new ways of thinking
Written communication
Memos, letters, reports, notes, and other circumstances in which the written word is used to transmit meaning
Behavior modification
Method for applying the basic elements of reinforcement theory in an organizational setting
What can be defined as the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways?
Motivation
Mitt and Raul were reviewing the layout of the new ad campaign when Raul diverted his attention to read and respond to a text message. In terms of Mitt and Raul's communication, this is an example of _____.
Noise
What is the process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about their own work?
Participation
Which of the following is a situational leadership model that suggests that the primary function of a leader is to make desired rewards available, and to clarify how to earn those rewards?
Path-goal theory
Merit pay
Pay awarded to employees on the basis of the relative value of their contributions to the organization
Leaders
People who can influence the behaviors of others without having to rely on force; those accepted by others as leaders
Housing, clothing, and job security would all be included in which of Maslow's need categories?
Physiological
legitamite power
Power granted through the organizational hierarchy; the power defined by the organization to be accorded to people occupying particular positions
Vroom's decision tree approach
Predicts what kinds of situations call for different degrees of group participation
Polani knows that employees talk about work even when they are not working. Every quarter, Polani arranges an off-site event for her employees. They relax, socialize, talk about what is happening around town, and even work on occasion. What is Polani hoping to promote by including employees in social gatherings?
Promoting a strong sense of culture
Fixed-ratio schedule
Provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors regardless of the time interval involved, such as a bonus for every fifth sale
Variable-ratio schedule
Provides reinforcement after varying numbers of behaviors are performed, such as the use of compliments by a supervisor on an irregular basis
Fixed-interval schedule
Provides reinforcement at fixed intervals of time, such as regular weekly paychecks
Variable-interval schedule
Provides reinforcement at varying intervals of time, such as occasional visits by the supervisor
Tariq Lennox demonstrates high moral standards with every decision he makes and inspires others to follow suit. From the given information, we can say that he has _____ power.
Referent
Which type of power is primarily based on identification, imitation, loyalty, or charisma?
Referent
The more a manager uses coercive power, the more likely he is to encourage _____.
Resentment
Piece-rate incentive plan
Reward system wherein the organization pays an employee a certain amount of money for every unit she or he produces
Scanlon plan
Similar to gainsharing, but the distribution of gains is tilted much more heavily toward employees
Leader-member exchange (LMX) model
Stresses that leaders have different kinds of relationships with different subordinates
Expectancy Theory
Suggests that motivation depends on two things—how much we want something and how likely we think we are to get it
Equity theory
Suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Suggests that people must satisfy five groups of needs in order—physiological, security, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization
ERG theory of motivation
Suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possibly overlapping categories—existence, relatedness, and growth
Two-factor theory of motivation
Suggests that people's satisfaction and dissatisfaction are influenced by two independent sets of factors—motivation factors and hygiene factors
Petra knows what is expected of her at work, and she has procedures and precedents to rely on when she is uncertain. Which of the following does Petra experience a high degree of?
Task structure
Which of the following allows employees to spend part of their time working offsite, usually at home?
Telecommuting
Power
The ability to affect the behavior of others
Strategic leadership
The ability to understand the complexities of both the organization and its environment and to lead change in the organization in order to achieve and maintain a superior alignment between the organization and its environment
Initiating-structure behavior
The behavior of leaders who define the leader-subordinate role so that everyone knows what is expected, establish formal lines of communication, and determine how tasks will be performed
Employee-centered leader behavior
The behavior of leaders who develop cohesive work groups and ensure employee satisfaction
Job-centered leader behavior
The behavior of leaders who pay close attention to the job and work procedures involved with that job
Consideration behavior
The behavior of leaders who show concern for subordinates and attempt to establish a warm, friendly, and supportive climate
Need for affiliation
The desire for human companionship and acceptance
Need for achievement
The desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past
Need for power
The desire to be influential in a group and to control one's environment
reward system
The formal and informal mechanisms by which employee performance is defined, evaluated, and rewarded
Effort-to-performance expectancy
The individual's perception of the probability that effort will lead to high performance
Performance-to-outcome expectancy
The individual's perception that performance will lead to a specific outcome
Least-preferred coworker (LPC) measure
The measuring scale that asks leaders to describe the person with whom he or she is able to work least well
Concern for people
The part of the Leadership Grid that deals with the human aspects of leader behavior
Concern for production
The part of the Leadership Grid that deals with the job and task aspects of leader behavior
Communication network
The pattern through which the members of a group communicate
referent power
The personal power that accrues to someone based on identification, imitation, loyalty, or charisma
Expert Power
The personal power that accrues to someone based on the information or expertise they possess
coercive power
The power to force compliance by means of psychological, emotional, or physical threat
Reward Power
The power to give or withhold rewards, such as salary increases, bonuses, promotions, praise, recognition, and interesting job assignments
Empowerment
The process of enabling workers to set their own work goals, make decisions, and solve problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority
Participation
The process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about their own work
Effective communication
The process of sending a message in such a way that the message received is as close in meaning as possible to the message intended
Communication
The process of transmitting information from one person to another
According to researchers, why is informal communication in the form of the grapevine increasing in organizations?
The recent increase in merger, acquisition, and takeover activity
Motivation
The set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways
Why is oral communication considered to be a "rich" communication tool?
There is a variety of immediate feedback
Which of the following approaches to identifying a leader is a person using if he votes for a politician based on his communication skills, intelligence, appearance, and assertiveness?
Trait approach
Avoidance
Used to strengthen behavior by avoiding unpleasant consequences that would result if the behavior were not performed
Extinction
Used to weaken undesired behaviors by simply ignoring or not reinforcing them
Punishment
Used to weaken undesired behaviors by using negative outcomes or unpleasant consequences when the behavior is performed
job sharing
When two part-time employees share one full-time job
Flexible work schedules
Work schedule in which employees have some control over the hours they choose to work; also called flextime
compressed work schedule
Working a full 40-hour week in fewer than the traditional five days
As a nurse, Raj works four 10-hour days per week. This allows him to have better control over patient care. What type of scheduling does Raj's hospital use?
compressed
Windmere allows its administrative employees to arrive any time between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and to leave any time between 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., as long as they work an eight-hour day. This arrangement is known as________.
flextime
At the opposite ends of the single continuum used by the Michigan studies are the leader's _____.
job-centered leader behavior and employee-centered leader behavior
