MAN3027- Lesson 07- Innovation & Change

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in the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the dissolution stage?

the company is dissolved thru bankruptcy proceedings

Musccanic Inc., a company that manufactures microprocessors, updates the technology used in its microprocessors once every four years. A study conducted by the R&D team of the company revealed that the microprocessors' growth rate is initially slow, then becomes rapid, and eventually becomes slow again toward the end of the four-year cycle. In the context of technology cycles, this scenario best illustrates _____.

the s-curve pattern

When Dalemend Inc. started manufacturing gaming consoles, it had difficulties with performance growth. Over time, the consoles began performing well, and the company's growth rate became rapid. However, after this period of rapid growth, the performance growth rate began to drop again. In the context of technology cycles, this scenario best illustrates _____.

the s-curve pattern of innovation

One of the reasons that organizational change efforts fail is that:

they are activity oriented rather than results oriented.

One of the reasons that organizational change efforts fail is that: they are activity oriented rather than results oriented. they do not focus on changing company procedures or management philosophy. they do not focus on changing employee behavior. they put tremendous emphasis on the effects of the introduced changes and not enough emphasis on the change process.

they are activity oriented rather than results oriented.

which of the following is an error that managers make in the refreezing phase?

they declare victory too soon

in the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that managers make during the unfreezing stage?

they do not establish a great enough sense of urgency

in the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that mangers make in the change phase?

they undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten

bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur in the crisis stage unless a company completely reorganizes the way it does business

true

dominant tech designs can also emerge thru independent standards bodies

true

in contrast to change forces, resistance forces support the status quo, that is, the existing condition in an organization

true

in terms of change tools and techs, the GE workout is a special kind of results driven change

true

nearly all technology cycles follow a typical S-curve pattern of innovation

true

work group encouragement occurs when group members have diverse experience, education, and backgrounds and the group fosters mutual openness to ideas

true

The cultural difference of _____ is the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, unpredictable situations. long-term orientation individualism power distance uncertainty avoidance

uncertainty avoidance

Sun Technologies changed the operating system of their phones and insisted that all its current users switch to the new one. They started listing out the benefits of the new system in the update log in an attempt to make its users believe that the change was for the better. In the process of managing organizational change, Sun Technologies is in the__________phase

unfreezing

Sun Technologies, a cell phone manufacturing company, decided to change the operating system of its phones to eliminate the problems faced by the users while using the current operating system. Before implementing the change, the marketing team of the company started creating advertisements that informed the users about the benefits of the new system in an attempt to make them believe that the change is for the better. In the given scenario, Sun Technologies is in the _____ phase of organizational change. refreezing coercion unfreezing change intervention

unfreezing

Managing organizational change is a basic process of _____.

unfreezing, change intervention, and refreezing

The difference between voluntary export restraints and quotas is that: unlike quotas, voluntary export restraints limit the amount of a product that can be imported annually. unlike quotas, voluntary export restraints are imposed by the importing company. unlike quotas, voluntary export restraints limit the amount of a product that can be exported annually. unlike quotas, voluntary export restraints are imposed by the exporting company.

unlike quotas, voluntary export restraints are imposed by the exporting company.

When Rebopy, a network service provider, started providing 4G data services, it attracted a large number of customers because of the high speed and cost effectiveness of Rebopy's services. However, after few months of using the service, the customers found that it had poor connectivity and hence switched to more efficient data services. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological lockout

When Sewsavor developed a food delivery application, a majority of people started using and recommending the application. However, they eventually found that the application uses more RAM than usual, and they switched to more efficient food delivery applications. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate

technological lockout

The customers of Curtofan, a gaming console manufacturer, stopped purchasing its traditional hand-held gaming device after it introduced a real-time, high-end gaming device. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological sub

Cinebravos, a television manufacturer in Ashtemston, observes that its customers have stopped purchasing its CRT television sets and that they have begun purchasing its LED and LCD television sets. It hence stops manufacturing CRT television sets entirely. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological substitution

When Pocdio, an application development software, was released, it was widely accepted by customers. However, a few months after its release, users began experiencing a lag in its user interface. Customers eventually stopped using this software and started to use newer and better alternatives. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological substitution

One transfer that occurs with delegation of authority is: that the manager gives the subordinate full authority over the budget, resources, and personnel needed to do the assigned job. that the manager transfers full responsibility for an assignment to the subordinate. that the subordinate is held accountable for getting the assigned job done according to the given instructions. that the manager delegates his or her managerial authority to the subordinate in exchange for results.

that the manager gives the subordinate full authority over the budget, resources, and personnel needed to do the assigned job.

The presences of Porter's 5 forces in an industry mean that the industry will be less profitable.

True

The working relationships between modular organizations and outside companies tend to be more stable and longer lasting than the relationships found among the virtual companies in a network alliance. True False

True

An innovation stream begins with _____.

a technological discontinuity

during design competition

an older tech usually imporves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new techs

During design competition, _____.

an older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new technologies

In the context of the job characteristics model, _____ is motivation that comes from the job itself rather than from outside rewards such as a raise or praise from the boss. competence motivation affiliation motivation internal motivation extrinsic motivation

internal motivation

Most planning for incremental innovation:

is based on the idea of generational change.

Most planning for incremental innovation: focuses on the establishment of a new dominant design. is based on the idea of generational change. is based on the idea of discontinuous change. focuses on making significant improvements in performance.

is based on the idea of generational change.

In the context of the strategies used by firms to minimize risks, _____ is an active strategy to prevent or reduce political risks. control negotiation market basket analysis cash flow analysis

control

person-focused intervention

counseling/coaching, training

The two kinds of cooperative contracts in global business are: exporting and importing. joint ventures and consortia. strategic alliances and wholly owned affiliates. licensing and franchising.

licensing and franchising.

Organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when:

management encourages risk taking and new ideas.

In the context of managing innovation, _____ are formal project review points used to assess progress and performance.

milestones

In the context of managing innovation, _____ are formal project review points used to assess progress and performance. prototypes milestones test cases bar codes

milestones

Russeng, a travel agency, had a huge setback in its business as customers started to book travel tickets online and make their own itineraries using the information available on the Internet. It failed to take the necessary corrective measures to address this issue, and this led to an overall decrease in the company's performance. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational decline

The employees of Carlofen, a cell phone manufacturer, raised a concern to their management about their poor pay and excess workload. However, the management failed to address their issue, so a majority of them resigned at once. As a result, the company's sales began to fall and its overall performance began to deteriorate. Which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

organizational decline

Arthills is a retail store that sells paintings. The entire store of Arthills is energy efficient and uses a glass ceiling to naturally light the room during the day and sensors to automatically turn the internal lighting system on during the night. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational innovation

Bluewood, a paper manufacturing company, has redecorated the interiors of its headquarters using waste materials from tree barks that get rejected after extracting wood pulp. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational innovation

Identify a difference between the crisis stage and the dissolution stage of organizational decline.

Decline is reversible at the crisis stage, whereas it is irreversible at the dissolution stage.

A virtual organization is an organization that outsources noncore business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists, or consultants. True False

False

Most decisions made by managers are made using the rational decision process.

False

In the context of nontariff barriers, _____ include government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition. export restraints embargoes quotas subsidies

subsidies

Kappawn, a cell phone manufacturer, observes that its customers have started purchasing only touchscreen cell phones. It hence stops manufacturing traditional cell phones and switches to the manufacture of touchscreen cell phones. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

tech substitution

The manual computer entry system for calculating employee attendance at Kartufly, an apparel retail store, has been replaced with a biometric system. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

tech substitution

When Nathanil Inc., a network service provider, introduced 4G data plans, it observed that most of its customers completely stopped using 2G and 3G data plans and switched to 4G. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

tech substitution

Seaneng, a company that has been manufacturing printers for computers for the past 20 years, initially specialized in dot matrix printers. However, dot matrix printers were inefficient in color printing. To overcome this disadvantage, it developed and started selling inkjet and laser printers. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological discontinuity

_____ is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combo of existing tecchs creates a significant

technological disontinuity

The standalone scanners and printers at Indentom, a law firm, have been replaced with all-in-one printers that perform the functions of printing, scanning, and photocopying. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological substitution

tech discontinuity and discontinuous change

2 phases of innovation streams

build a creative work enviroment , experimental approach, compression approach

3 ways to manage innovation

In the context of interorganizational processes, which of the following is a disadvantage of modular organizations? They cost significantly more to run than traditional organizations because of the addition of outsourcing costs to their fixed costs. They are characterized by a loss of control that occurs when key business activities are outsourced to other companies. They are slow because members cannot combine their efforts to meet customers' needs. They are unstable and have temporary relationships in a network alliance.

They are characterized by a loss of control that occurs when key business activities are outsourced to other companies.

Which of the following is an error that managers make in the refreezing phase?

They declare victory too soon.

The employees of Carlofen, a cell phone manufacturer, raised a concern to their management about their poor pay and excess workload. However, the management failed to address their issue, so a majority of them resigned at once. As a result, the company's sales began to fall and its overall performance began to deteriorate. This scenario best illustrates _____. a. organizational decline b. a design iteration c. a technological discontinuity d. generational change

a. organizational decline

From a legal perspective, the two kinds of sexual harassment are:

a. quid pro quo and hostile work environment.

a. refreezing

experimental approach

assumes innovation occurs in a highly uncertain enviroment

Mozbert is a company that manufactures and supplies wireless headsets. It started an online advertising campaign that explains the advantages and ease of using wireless headsets over wired headsets. As a mitigation plan, Beloway, a wired headset manufacturer, launched new offers and discounts to retain its customers. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

design competition

Unlike a licensing arrangement, the parent company of a wholly owned business: gives up control over the quality of the product or service sold by the foreign business. has complete control over the foreign facilities. functions in the foreign market by obtaining a license from the local manufacturers. receives a percentage of the profits.

has complete control over the foreign facilities.

In the context of political risks, unlike cooperation, an avoidance strategy: can limit the risk associated with foreign ownership of a business. involves the use of joint ventures and collaborative contracts. does not minimize the political uncertainty of doing business in a country. is used when the political risks associated with a country are too great.

is used when the political risks associated with a country are too great.

which is true of resistance to change

it decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support

which of the following best defines an incremental change?

it is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of dominant design

which of the following best defines results driven change

it is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes

dominant design

new technological design/process that becomes the accepted market standard

In the context of managing resistance to change, _____ is supporting and reinforcing new changes so that they stick.

refreezing

In the context of managing resistance to change, _____ is supporting and reinforcing new changes so that they stick. unfreezing refreezing temporal immediacy proximity of effect

refreezing

in the context of managing resistance to change ___ is supporting and reinforcing the new changes so that they stick

refreezing

According to the logic of VRIN and internal analysis, some firms perform better than others because they possess superior ___________.

resources

In the context of organizational authority, _____ is solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes. standardization decentralization specialization departmentalization

standardization

A _____ is an agreement in which companies combine key resources, costs, risks, technology, and people. strategic alliance business acquisition merger divestiture

strategic alliance

The most common _____ is a joint venture, which occurs when two existing companies collaborate to form a third company. business acquisition licensing agreement franchising agreement strategic alliance

strategic alliance

small group intervention

team building, unit goal setting

The primary disadvantage of customer departmentalization is: that it leads to slower decision making. that it leads to duplication of resources. the tremendous managerial skills required to coordinate between different departments. the loss of control over the quality of work done by different departments.

that it leads to duplication of resources.

unfreezing

According to psychologist Kurt Lewin, managing organizational change is a basic process of _____.

unfreezing, change intervention, and refreezing

According to psychologist Kurt Lewin, managing organizational change is a basic process of _____. social loafing and production blocking forming, storming, norming, and performing unfreezing, change intervention, and refreezing coercion, appraisal, and remediation

unfreezing, change intervention, and refreezing

In the context of nontariff barriers, which of the following is a similarity between quotas and voluntary export restraints? Both impose a complete ban on any kind of trade with a specific country. Both limit the amount of a product that can be imported annually. Both are imposed by the exporting country rather than the importing country. Both levy a direct tax on imported goods.

Both limit the amount of a product that can be imported annually.

_____ is the location of most authority at the upper levels of an organization. Dispersion of authority Mechanization of authority Centralization of authority Delegation of authority

Centralization of authority

_____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged. Creative work environments Design iterations Workflow automations Core change coalitions

Creative work environments

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of large-system interventions is to: A. assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. B. help a work group establish short- and long-term goals. C. increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. D. change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department.

Which of the following is a similarity between licensing and franchising? Under both, the produced goods are subject to tariff and nontariff barriers. Both require the parent company to invest in production equipment and facilities to produce the product. Both are types of cooperative contracts. Under both, the parent company retains complete control over the quality of the product or service sold by another company.

Both are types of cooperative contracts.

The compression approach to innovation assumes that innovation is occurring within a highly uncertain environment and that the key to fast product innovation is to use intuition, flexible options, and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding. (T/F)

In the arena of competitive dynamics it is important that firms always respond to the strategic or tactical moves of other players in the industry with their own strategic or tactical moves.

False

Staff functions are activities that directly contribute to creating and selling a company's products, whereas line functions are activities that support staff functions. True False

False

The chain of command is a vertical line of responsibility that clarifies which task has to be performed by whom. True False

False

The primary advantage of matrix departmentalization is that it does not require high level of coordination to manage ongoing projects. True False

False

The third transfer that occurs with delegation of authority is that the manager gives the subordinate full authority over the budget, resources, and personnel needed to do a job. True False

False

Which of the following is an error that managers make in the refreezing phase? They do not create a powerful enough coalition. They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten. They declare victory too soon. They lack a vision for change.

They declare victory too soon.

In the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that managers make during the unfreezing stage?

They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency.

In the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that managers make during the unfreezing stage? They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency. They lack a vision for change. They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten. They do not systematically plan for short-term wins.

They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency.

In the context of intraorganizational processes, which of the following statements is true of empowered employees? They take passive roles in the work assigned to them. They are closely monitored by their supervisors. They have the autonomy to choose how best to do their work. They are temporarily given the authority to make decisions by their managers.

They have the autonomy to choose how best to do their work.

Which of the following is an advantage of joint ventures? They provide companies an exclusive right to conduct business in a particular location. They give companies training and assistance with marketing and advertising. They help companies avoid tariff and nontariff barriers to entry. They allow companies to earn additional profits without investing more money.

They help companies avoid tariff and nontariff barriers to entry.

In the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that managers make in the change phase?

They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.

In the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that managers make in the change phase? They overlook victory after the first large-scale success. They do not create a powerful enough coalition. They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency. They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.

They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.

In the context of interorganizational processes, which of the following is true of virtual organizations? Their operating costs are significantly higher than that of traditional organizations. The outside organizations a company does its businesses with are tightly linked to one central company. They are slow and inflexible when compared to modular organizations. They use a broker to create and assemble the knowledge, skills, and resources from different companies for customers.

They use a broker to create and assemble the knowledge, skills, and resources from different companies for customers.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of exporting? The companies exporting products lose their control over the quality of the products. It makes the exporting company dependent on sales in its home market. Transportation costs can significantly increase the price of an exported product. Exporting tends to dilute the brand's reputation through overexposure.

Transportation costs can significantly increase the price of an exported product.

Empowering workers means permanently passing decision-making authority and responsibility from managers to workers. True False

True

Empowerment can lead to changes in organizational processes because meaning, competence, impact, and self-determination produce empowered employees who take active rather than passive roles in their work. True False

True

In a decentralized organization, workers closest to problems are authorized to make the decisions necessary to solve the problems on their own. True False

True

_____ are foreign offices, facilities, and manufacturing plants that are 100 percent possessed by the parent company. Joint ventures Wholly owned affiliates Strategic alliances Business acquisitions

Wholly owned affiliates

Which of the following statements is true of creative work environments?

Workers become bored when they can do more than is required of them.

Which of the following statements is true of creative work environments? Work is less challenging when it demands attention and focus. Numerous studies have indicated that creative ideas cannot thrive under conditions of freedom. Supervisory encouragement of creativity occurs when management encourages risk taking. Workers become bored when they can do more than is required of them.

Workers become bored when they can do more than is required of them.

Change forces

_____ are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time.

Creative work environments

_____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

organizational development

_____ is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve a firm's long-term health and performance.

Flow

_____ is a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you are doing and time seems to pass quickly.

Change intervention

_____ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.

Generational change

__________is a change that occurs when incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version.

Design iteration

__________is a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on the design, and then builds and tests the improved product or service prototype.

Organizational development

__________is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-term health and performance.

_____ is a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you are doing and time seems to pass quickly.

Flow

_____ is a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you are doing and time seems to pass quickly. The Id The superego Flow Refreezing

Flow

Which of the following is an example of the process of exporting? Allied Pharmacy receiving royalty payment from Wings Pharmacy for allowing it to produce and sell its trademark cough syrup TechnoDorm, a manufacturer of mobile devices, licensing its entire business to DreamyTech FootSoul, a U.S.-based shoe manufacturing company, selling its shoes in the U.S., Germany, and France BiteSweet Inc. and NutriPack Inc. collaborating to form a new company, BitePack Inc., which manufactures energy bars

FootSoul, a U.S.-based shoe manufacturing company, selling its shoes in the U.S., Germany, and France

Which of the following is a disadvantage of franchising? Franchisors face tariff and nontariff barriers when trying to enter a market. Franchisors face a loss of control when they sell businesses to franchisees who are thousands of miles away. Franchisors face power struggles and a lack of leadership when trying to adapt the franchisee's management practices. Franchisors can eventually become competitors, especially when a licensing agreement includes access to important technology or proprietary business knowledge. Question 251 / 1 point

Franchisors face a loss of control when they sell businesses to franchisees who are thousands of miles away.

In the context of organizational structures, which of the following forms of departmentalization lowers costs by reducing duplication? Functional departmentalization Customer departmentalization Geographic departmentalization Product departmentalization

Functional departmentalization

Which of the following is an advantage of licensing? It allows companies to earn additional profits without investing more money. It provides licensors an exclusive right to conduct business in a particular location. It allows companies to bear only part of the costs and the risks of that business. It gives the parent company complete control over the foreign facilities.

It allows companies to earn additional profits without investing more money.

Which of the following is an advantage of matrix departmentalization? It eliminates disagreements about schedules and budgets. It requires low levels of coordination among managers. It allows companies to manage large, complex tasks in an efficient manner. It requires less cross-functional interaction than other forms of departmentalization.

It allows companies to manage large, complex tasks in an efficient manner.

Which of the following is an advantage of product departmentalization? It allows managers and workers to specialize in one area of expertise. It makes cross-department coordination less problematic. It reduces costs by reducing duplication. It results in slower decision making by managers and workers.

It allows managers and workers to specialize in one area of expertise.

Which of the following statements is true of functional departmentalization? It allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists. It is likely to lead to faster decision making as companies grow. It causes duplication of resources, which often results in higher costs. It is a hybrid structure in which two or more forms of departmentalization are used together.

It allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists.

Which of the following is an advantage of geographic departmentalization? It eases the achievement of coordination among managers of different departments. It can reduce costs by locating unique organizational resources closer to customers. It allows managers and workers to specialize in one area of expertise. It lowers costs by reducing duplication.

It can reduce costs by locating unique organizational resources closer to customers.

Which of the following statements is true of resistance to change?

It decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support.

Which of the following statements is true of resistance to change? Employees are more likely to resist change if they have to participate in planning and implementing the change process. Employees are more likely to resist change if they are asked to focus on short-term wins, rather than long-term goals. It decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support. It is used to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change.

It decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support.

To get a job as a web content manager at Glentap, an e-commerce site, one must be organized and excellent at meeting deadlines, and must be hardworking. This is because Glentap's management believes that these capabilities cannot be developed through training. In this scenario, which of the following selection tests does Glentap most likely conduct to hire the right candidates?

Personality tests

_____ is associated with the risk of major changes in political regimes that can result from war, revolution, death of political leaders, social unrest, or other influential events. Political conflict Political uncertainty Political failure Political corruption

Political uncertainty

_____ is the extent to which people in a country accept that authority is distributed unequally in society and organizations. Individualism Masculinity Power distance Uncertainty avoidance

Power distance

_____ is a government's use of trade barriers to shield domestic companies and their workers from foreign competition. Protectionism Developmentalism Economic nationalism Centralism

Protectionism

In the context of global markets, which of the following factors helps companies determine the growth potential of foreign markets? Political uncertainty Purchasing power Organizational structure Land availability

Purchasing power

_____ are specific limits on the number or volume of imported products. Tariffs Quotas Subsidies Embargoes

Quotas

_____ is the process of developing a pool of qualified job applicants.

Recruiting

In the context of managing resistance to change BLANK is supporting and reinforcing the new changes so that they stick.

Refreezing

organizational decline

In terms of change tools and techniques, the General Electric workout is a special kind of results-driven change. (T/F)

In the context of the job characteristics model, which of the following is a difference between task identity and task significance? Task identity is the degree to which a job, from beginning to end, requires completion of a whole and recognizable piece of work, whereas task significance is the degree to which a job is perceived to have a substantial impact on others inside or outside an organization. Task identity is the degree to which a job gives workers the discretion, freedom, and independence to decide how and when to accomplish a job, whereas task significance is the degree to which a job is accomplished when undertaken by authorized lower-level employees of the organization. Task identity relates to the close monitoring of particular jobs by top managers, whereas task significance relates to how remarkably a job is carried out when monitored by first-line managers. Task identity relates to the association of the completion of certain jobs to specific procedures, whereas task significance relates to the use of universal rules and strategies for job completion.

Task identity is the degree to which a job, from beginning to end, requires completion of a whole and recognizable piece of work, whereas task significance is the degree to which a job is perceived to have a substantial impact on others inside or outside an organization.

BLANK is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function.

Technological discontinuity

customers purchase new products to replace older technologies.

Technological substitution occurs when:

Who among the following can be considered expatriates? The European employees of a company based in Europe who are transferred to a different city in the country for a particular project The American employees of a company based in Japan who are transferred to the U.S. for a particular assignment The Chinese employees of a company based in Shanghai, China who are transferred to the U.S. for a special assignment The Indian employees of a company based in India who are transferred to a different city in the country

The Chinese employees of a company based in Shanghai, China who are transferred to the U.S. for a special assignment

Which of the following is a regional trade agreement between most European countries? The Maastricht Treaty of Europe The Single European Act The EEC and EURATOM treaties The Treaty of Brussels

The Maastricht Treaty of Europe

In the context of resistance to change, _____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change. A.refreezing B. negotiation C. unfreezing D. coercion

Keniey, a company that manufactures and supplies home appliances, launches a fully automatic advanced food processor that performs the functions of slicing, chopping, grinding, shredding, grating, pureeing, kneading, mixing, and blending. The product is priced lower than semi-automatic food processors sold by other brands. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate? A. Refreezing B. change intervention C. unfreezing D. incremental change

Which of the following best defines an incremental change? A. It is the competition between old and new technologies to establish a new technological standard or dominant design. B. It is a phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition. C. It is the purchase of new technologies to replace older ones. D. It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of a dominant design.

Which of the following is a difference between experiential and compression approaches to innovation? A. Experiential approach is used in fast-growing environments, whereas compression approach is used in highly uncertain environments. B. Experiential approach is used in periods of incremental change, whereas compression approach is used in periods of discontinuous change. C. Experiential approach is used to shorten the time of individual steps in the innovation process, whereas compression approach is used to test the improved product or service prototype. D. Experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to improve the function of an existing dominant design.

result driven change

a change technique that is created quick, and focus on measurement and improvements of results

Kathym, a company that sells women's handbags, gives all its junior designers the opportunity to come up with their own original designs. The managers believe that providing them with challenging tasks keeps the designers interested and helps them innovate. In the context of managing sources of innovation, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

a creative work environment

The chefs at Lorifusion, a continental restaurant, are given the freedom to try out new ways of presenting their dishes. This helps them avoid monotony and encourages them to innovate. The employees believe that this challenges their skills and keeps them interested and motivated. In the context of managing sources of innovation, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

a creative work environment

The employees of Antrobe, a leading daily newspaper, believe that their managers encourage them to voice their ideas and opinions. They also believe that they are given challenging tasks that interest and motivate them. In the context of managing sources of innovation, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

a creative work environment

design iteration

a cycle of repetition in which acompany tests a prototype of a new product or service, improve on that design, and then builds and tests the improved product/service prototype

When LED televisions started becoming popular in the city of Jazetta, all the electronic stores in the city stopped selling CRT televisions. Following this, LED televisions dominated the market and became the accepted market standard for televisions in the city. In the context of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.

a dominant design

When USB flash drives started becoming popular, customers stopped purchasing CDs. As a result, USB flash drives almost completely replaced CDs in the market and became the accepted market standard for storage devices. In the context of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.

a dominant design

When cell phones were introduced, most customers stopped using landline telephones. Eventually, cell phones almost entirely replaced landline telephones and became the accepted market standard for phones. In the context of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.

a dominant design

which is true of S-curve patter of innovation

a flat slope indicates that increased effort brings only small improvements in tech performance.

One of the advantages of _____ is that the founding companies bear only part of the costs and the risks of that business. a business acquisition direct foreign investment direct exporting a joint venture

a joint venture

organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when:

a management encourages risk taking and new ideas

Pagent, a company that manufactures watches, introduces a new range of watches with a safety application programmed into it. This application is designed especially for women and helps them alert people in case of danger. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

a tech discontinuity

An innovation stream begins with _____. a technological discontinuity a design iteration technological lockout the emergence of a dominant design

a technological discontinuity

Zavacomp, a company that manufactures sports accessories, earlier manufactured and sold fitness shoes and activity tracking watches as separate units. It observed that customers frequently bought these two accessories together and hence created a new integrated product with a tracking device embedded in its sports shoes. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

a technological discontinuity

_____ are groups of concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses, and professions. a. Supplier groups b. Advocacy groups c. Competitor groups d. Employee groups

b. Advocacy groups

Brandack is a leading manufacturer of storage devices. During a span of every five years, it produces one high- performance storage device. At the beginning of the five-year period, the device's performance improvement is slow. However, the improvement becomes rapid over time, and toward the end of the five-year period, it gradually begins to drop. In the context of technology cycles, this scenario best illustrates _____.

s-curve pattern

A _____ is a form of matrix departmentalization in which managers in different parts of the matrix negotiate conflicts and resources directly. simple matrix complex matrix network matrix parallel matrix

simple matrix

In the context of the job characteristics model, _____ is the number of different activities performed in a job. goal acceptance task significance task identity skill variety

skill variety

Political uncertainty is the risk associated with: policies affecting foreign companies. changes in government policies. social unrest. changes in law.

social unrest.

large system intervention

sociocultural, survey feedback

organizational innovation

successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations

Ebdino, a company that manufactures tires, observes that the sales of its traditional tires have declined drastically and that the sales of tubeless tires have increased. Ebdino hence decides to stop manufacturing traditional tires and replace them with tubeless tires. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

tech substitution

Arthumt's carpool service application gained popularity among its customers within a few months of its release. However, the customers eventually discovered that the application caused the phone battery to heat up to abnormal levels. This made them switch to a newer and efficient application. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological lockout

Maxsigma, a software company, released a text processing application. This application was user-friendly and widely accepted by its customers. However, a few months later, users found that it was susceptible to virus, and they switched to newer and more efficient text processing applications. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

technological lockout

The most popular approach to increase goal commitment is to: a. minimize employee involvement in planning. b. encourage employee participation while setting goals. c. ask the top management to assign goals. d. develop less challenging goals

b. encourage employee participation while setting goals.

In the context of managing resistance to change, _____ is supporting and reinforcing new changes so that they stick. a. unfreezing b. refreezing c. temporal immediacy d. proximity of effect

b. refreezing

. In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the crisis stage?

companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their business

One draw back of planning is __________.

creating a false sense of security

Irolt, a company that supplies fast-moving consumer durables, recruits only graduates from top business schools as management trainees in its marketing department. The company ensures that its employees are always given challenging tasks that interest them, and the employees believe that the management welcomes innovative ideas and thoughts. In the context of managing sources of innovation, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

creative work environment

___ are workforce cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, encouraged

creative work environments

technological substitution occurs when:

customers purcahse new products to replace older technologies

Technological substitution occurs when:

customers purchase new products to replace older technologies.

Technological substitution occurs when: customers establish a new technological standard or dominant design. customers purchase new products to replace older technologies. a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products. a new technological design or process becomes the accepted market standard.

customers purchase new products to replace older technologies.

Large investments in old technology and the incompatiblility of new and old technologies with each other are the main reasons companies and consumers are reluctant to switch to a different technology during a(n) _____. innovation stream design competition design iteration change intervention

design competition

large investments in old tech and incompatitbility of new and old techs with each other are the main reasons companies and consumers are reluctant to switch to a diff tech during a

design competition

____ is a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on the design, and then builds and tests the improved product or service prototype

design iteration

Eva, a human resources associate at a cell phone manufacturing company, was intentionally not given the promotion she deserved because she is a foreign national. In the context of employment discrimination, this scenario best illustrates _____.

disparate treatment

Cleanreef, a chain of stores that provides dry-cleaning services, has been the market leader in the country of Gregoramas for the past 20 years. None of its competitors have been able to match Cleanreef's technology, logistics, and pricing. In the context of innovation streams, Cleanreef most likely has a _____.

distinctive competence

Waltert, a cell phone manufacturer, has been the market leader in the country of Besmagia ever since cell phones were introduced in the country. None of the other domestic or foreign cell phone brands have been able to match the high quality and low price that Waltert's products offer. In the context of innovation streams, Waltert most likely has a _____.

distinctive competence

As touchscreen laptops gained popularity in the country of Desapotam, the import of older models of laptops was stopped. Subsequently, touchscreen laptops became the accepted market standard for laptops in the country. In the context of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.

dominant design

When a few domestic manufacturers of solar water heaters gained popularity in the country Likambea, solar water heaters replaced the old models of water heaters and became the accepted market standard for heaters. In the context of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.

dominant design

___ is a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard

dominant design

A(n) _____ is someone who lives and works outside his or her native country. boomerang employee franchisee licensee expatriate

expatriate

John was born in America. He relocated to China when his company opened a branch there. In this scenario, John is a(n) _____. boomerang employee franchisor licensor expatriate

expatriate

which of the following is a diff between experiential and compression approaches to innovation?

experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to improve the function of an existing donminant design

false

in the context of managing resistance to change, an error in the refreezing stage is not systematically planning for and creating short term wins

false

more companies are likely to go out of business during an economic recession or slowdown than in a time of discontinuous change and changing standards

false

organizational development takes a short range approach to change, and it assumes that top-mgmt support is necessary for the change to succeed

false

___ is a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you are doing and time seems to pass quickly

flow

In the context of cross-cultural training, unlike cultural simulations, documentary training: emphasizes the implementation of one's knowledge about cultural differences at all times. focuses on identifying specific critical differences between cultures. places trainees in an ethnically diverse neighborhood to talk to residents about cultural differences. uses photos and audio and video clips to present real-world situations to trainees.

focuses on identifying specific critical differences between cultures.

For initial fee plus royalties, Inding Inc., a U.S.-based firm, will provide Caliste Works, a firm based in Singapore, with an exclusive right to conduct Inding's business in its country. This form of global business is an example of a _____. wholly owned affiliate conglomerate franchise joint venture

franchise

A franchise is a collection of networked firms in which the manufacturer or marketer of a product or service licenses the entire business to another person or organization called the _____. licensee franchisor licensor franchisee

franchisee

Unlike joint ventures, wholly owned affiliates are: created by merging two or more companies. disadvantageous because the parent company has no control over the quality of products. fully owned by their parent company. advantageous because the parent company has no liability for any losses incurred by the wholly owned affiliates.

fully owned by their parent company.

Celvokay, a company that manufactures cell phones and cell phone accessories, has launched a new cell phone that comes along with a new model of earphones with the noise-cancellation feature. These earphones are designed such that they can also be used with the older models of Celvokay's phones. Which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

generational change

Gamapro, a company that manufactures gaming devices, has launched a new gaming console along with a new set of games for the new version of the console. However, the games designed for the previous versions of the consoles can also be used on the new console because of backward compatibility. Which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

generational change

___ is a change based on incremental improvements to a dominant tech design such that the improved tech is fully baskward compatible with the older tech

generational change

____ is a change that occurs when incremental improvements are made to a dominant tech design such that the improved version of the tech is fully backward compatible with the older version

generational change

The first step of any strategy is ______.

identifying a goal or problem

In the _____ of organizational decline, as organizational performance problems become more visible, management may recognize the need to change but still take no measures.

inaction stage

In the _____ of organizational decline, as organizational performance problems become more visible, management may recognize the need to change but still take no measures. blinded stage inaction stage faulty action stage crisis stage

inaction stage

in the _____ of organizational decline, as organizational performance probs become more visible, management may recognize the need to change but still take no action

inaction stage

in the context of org development, the purpose of person-focused interventions is to:

increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of person-focused interventions is to:

increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of person-focused interventions is to: assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department. help a work group establish short- and long-term goals.

increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.

incremental change

Solylin, a company that manufactures electronic goods, has introduced solar chargers that are compatible with all brands and models of cell phones in the market. These chargers help save costs because they work on solar power, and they are sold at a lower price than traditional chargers. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following does this scenario best illustrate?

incremental change

Whilph, an automobile manufacturer, launched its new compact car. The car provides the highest mileage and has the lowest price in its market segment. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

incremental change

___ are patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage

innovation streams

Herald Inc. has recently adopted the access card system to monitor employee movement within the company. This requires the employees to hold their identity cards against a RFID (radio-frequency identification) reader at each of the entry and exit doors for access. This process notes the time and date of entry and exit of a particular individual. The managers of the company have started enforcing the use of access cards among the employees. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in the scenario? a. Behavioral opportunism b. Behavioral deskilling c. Behavioral advocacy d. Behavioral substitution

d. Behavioral substitution

_____ is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an orgs long-term health and performance

organizational development

______ is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organizations long-term health and performance

organizational development

. Glaler, a large-scale cell phone manufacturer, has a robot in each of its outlets that studies a customer's usage history and suggests a model of Glaler's cell phone that is most likely to suit the customer. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational innovation

Carolint, a watch manufacturer, has installed custom smart lighting and ventilation systems in employees' workspaces. These enable employees to set their preferences, and the system automatically senses their presence and modifies the temperature and light settings. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational innovation

The product developers at Travimext, a company that manufactures computer parts, have specialized tablet screens at their desks that display 3-dimensional representations of prototypes they create along with all the specifications of the prototypes. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational innovation

To compete with other organizations in the industry and to boost employee morale, Mangosanta, a fashion designing company, installs touchscreen sketching boards on the walls of meeting rooms. These sketches are automatically mailed to all the participants once the meeting is completed. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational innovation

Wenayton, a company that manufactures and supplies ceramic kitchenware, uses broken and rejected pieces of ceramics to design its office interiors. It also uses novel ways to utilize solar energy for interior lighting. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational innovation

To attract the right customers, Wedroom, a wedding planning firm, has its office redecorated in various wedding themes. It also has smart sensors in its workspaces that sense temperature and brightness and adjust to the environment accordingly. This scenario best illustrates _____.

organizational intervention

innovation streams

patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage

tech discontinuity

performance or functional breakthrough

the compression approach to innovation managment is used in:

periods of incremental change

The compression approach to innovation management is used in:

periods of incremental change.

The compression approach to innovation management is used in: highly uncertain environments. periods of incremental change. periods of discontinuous change. fast-growing environments.

periods of incremental change.

Lemsey Corp. specializes in creating computer software. It has been working on an antivirus software that doesn't need regular updates and has the most comprehensive virus database in the market. This software is being tested for design, function, and reliability. In the context of the experiential approach to innovation, the antivirus is a _____.

product prototype

The products manufactured by Answeronn, a manufacturer of answering machines, initially showed a slow progress rate, but the performance of the products eventually began improving rapidly. However, the progress rate began to drop again. All these changes took place during a three-year period. In the context of technology cycles, this scenario best illustrates _____.

s-curve

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of small-group interventions is to:

assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals.

BLANK are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged. A. Creative work environments B. Design iterations C. Core change coalitions D. Functional groups

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of person-focused interventions is to: A. increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. B. assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. C. change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department. D. help a work group establish short- and long-term goals.

Which of the following best defines results-driven change? A. It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes. B. It is the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant technological design. C. It is the change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. D.It is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

_____ is a planned sequence of jobs through which employees may advance within an organization.

A career path

_____ is a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on that design, and then builds and tests the improved product or service prototype.

A design iteration

_____ is a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on that design, and then builds and tests the improved product or service prototype. Unrelated diversification A design iteration An innovation stream Technological lockout

A design iteration

_____ is a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard.

A dominant design

_____ is a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard. A dominant design A design iteration Technological substitution Technological lockout

A dominant design

In the context of organizational authority, which of the following is a difference between a line function and a staff function? A line function does not contribute directly to creating a company's products, whereas a staff function contributes directly to creating a company's products. A line function includes accounting, human resources, or legal services, whereas a staff function includes activities that take place within the manufacturing and marketing departments. A line function can only be exercised by employees at the lower levels of the chain of command, whereas a staff function empowers employees at every level. A line function contributes directly to selling a company's products, whereas a staff function does not contribute directly to selling a company's products but instead supports line activities.

A line function contributes directly to selling a company's products, whereas a staff function does not contribute directly to selling a company's products but instead supports line activities.

a dominant design

BLANK are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time. A. Resistance forces B. change forces C. defiance forces D. effort forces

BLANK is a change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. A. Discontinuous change B. Generational change C. Results-driven change D. Incremental change

During design competition, A. the patterns of innovation over time create sustainable competitive advantage B. an older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new technologies C. a scientific advance of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function D. a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products or makes it difficult to do so

Which of the following statements is true of resistance to change? A. Employees are more likely to resist change if they have to participate in planning and implementing the change process. B. It decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support. C. Employees are more likely to resist change if they are asked to focus on short-term wins, rather than long-term goals. D. It is used to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change.

Which of the following statements is true of technological lockout? A. It occurs when new technologies compete to establish a new technological standard. B. It occurs when a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products. C. It occurs when customers purchase new technologies to replace older technologies. D. It occurs when companies innovate by improving the functioning and performance of the dominant design.

Which of the following is a similarity between functional departmentalization and product departmentalization? Both allow managers and workers to specialize in one area of expertise. Both allow managers and workers to develop a broad set of experiences related to an entire product line. Both make it difficult for top managers to assess work-unit performance. Both result in increased costs due to high levels of duplication.

Both allow managers and workers to specialize in one area of expertise.

_____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

Creative work environments

BLANK is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices. A. Unfreezing B. Refreezing C. Change Intervention D. Change remediation

Elotrik, a company that manufactures and supplies epilators, implements a marketing strategy to popularize its epilators and replace razors in the market. To counter this and stay in the market, the razor manufacturers introduce new offers and discounts. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate? A. Design iteration B. Technological lockout C. Design competition D. Technological substitution

In the context of organizational authority, which of the following is a difference between centralization and decentralization? Centralization is the location of most authority in the lower levels of an organization, whereas decentralization is the location of most authority in the upper levels of an organization. Centralization should occur where standardization is important, whereas decentralization should occur where standardization is unimportant. In a centralized organization, most decisions should be made by first-line managers, whereas in a decentralized organization, most decisions should be made by top managers. An organization is centralized if it has a high degree of delegation at all levels, whereas an organization is decentralized if it has a low degree of delegation at all levels.

Centralization should occur where standardization is important, whereas decentralization should occur where standardization is unimportant.

_____ are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time.

Change forces

_____ are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time. Change forces Resistance forces Effort forces Defiance forces

Change forces

_____ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.

Change intervention

_____ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices. Unfreezing Change intervention Refreezing Change remediation

Change intervention

In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the crisis stage?

Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.

In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the crisis stage? Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations. Management recognizes the need to change but still takes no action. Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses. Management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs and restore profits.

Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.

Aldi a mainstream grocery store chain, is able to reduce costs by charging for bags, renting carts to customers, relying on stocking products that are in season (hence cheap/plentiful), among other tactics. Which generic strategy is Aldi utilizing?

Cost Leadership

Identify a difference between the crisis stage and the dissolution stage of organizational decline. Decline is reversible at the crisis stage, whereas it is irreversible at the dissolution stage. The crisis stage is the first stage of organizational decline, whereas the dissolution stage is the fifth stage of organizational decline. In the crisis stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits, whereas in the dissolution stage, management recognizes the need to change but still takes no action. In the crisis stage, managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations, whereas in the dissolution stage, managers assume that if they just run a tighter ship, company performance will return to previous levels.

Decline is reversible at the crisis stage, whereas it is irreversible at the dissolution stage.

_____ is a method of subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that take responsibility for completing particular tasks. Reengineering Departmentalization Decentralization Class reconstruction

Departmentalization

Your group is trying to decide whether or not to get home via the route over the mountain pass or through the valley. To encourage more c-type conflict and question assumptions, you select one person to be the group critic or the ____________.

Devil's advocate

an older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new technologies

During design competition, _____.

Which of the following is a difference between experiential and compression approaches to innovation?

Experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to improve the function of an existing dominant design.

Which of the following is a difference between experiential and compression approaches to innovation? Experiential approach is used in fast-growing environments, whereas compression approach is used in highly uncertain environments. Experiential approach is used in periods of incremental change, whereas compression approach is used in periods of discontinuous change. Experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to improve the function of an existing dominant design. Experiential approach is used to shorten the time of individual steps in the innovation process, whereas compression approach is used to test the improved product or service prototype.

Experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to improve the function of an existing dominant design.

_____ is selling domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries. Domestic trade Entrepot trade Importing Exporting

Exporting

The _____ is a worldwide trade agreement that reduced and eliminated tariffs, limited government subsidies, and established protections for intellectual property. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Tripartite Free Trade Agreement Maastricht Treaty

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

_____ is a change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology.

Generational change

_____ is a change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. Results-driven change Discontinuous change Generational change Incremental change

Generational change

Imagine that you would like to one day get a job working for Google as a software engineer, which of the following would best represent a proximal goal?

Getting a degree in computer science

_____ are new companies that are founded with an active global strategy and have sales, employees, and financing in different countries. Joint ventures Strategic alliances Global new ventures Global new acquisitions

Global new ventures

Which of the following trade barriers is established to protect the health and safety of citizens? Tariffs Quotas Government import standards Voluntary export restraints

Government import standards

In the context of matrix departmentalization, which of the following is a difference between a simple matrix and a complex matrix? A simple matrix involves interactions only related to employees, whereas a complex matrix involves interactions related to all aspects of running an organization. In a simple matrix, managers in different parts of the matrix negotiate conflicts directly, whereas in a complex matrix, managers in different parts of the matrix report to matrix managers who help resolve conflicts. Matrix managers play a primary role in a simple matrix, whereas there are no matrix managers in a complex matrix. A simple matrix combines the product and geographic forms of departmentalization, whereas a complex matrix combines the functional and customer forms of departmentalization.

In a simple matrix, managers in different parts of the matrix negotiate conflicts directly, whereas in a complex matrix, managers in different parts of the matrix report to matrix managers who help resolve conflicts.

In the context of interorganizational processes, which of the following is a difference between modular organizations and virtual organizations? The composition of modular organizations is constantly changing, whereas the composition of virtual organizations is permanent. In modular organizations, outside organizations to which noncore business activities are outsourced are tightly linked to one central company, whereas virtual organizations work with some companies in a network alliance, but not with all. The working relationships between modular organizations and outside companies tend to be short and often temporary, whereas the relationships found among the virtual companies in a network alliance tend to be stable and long lasting. With modular organizations, the quality of work done by outside companies can be easily controlled, whereas with virtual organizations, it can be difficult to control the quality of work done by network partners.

In modular organizations, outside organizations to which noncore business activities are outsourced are tightly linked to one central company, whereas virtual organizations work with some companies in a network alliance, but not with all.

In the context of reengineering, which of the following is a difference between sequential interdependence and reciprocal interdependence? Sequential interdependence is increased by reengineering, whereas reciprocal interdependence is decreased by reengineering. In sequential interdependence, work is performed in succession because one group's or job's outputs become the inputs for the next group or job, whereas in reciprocal interdependence, different jobs or groups work together in a back-and-forth manner to complete a process. In sequential interdependence, work is completed by having each job or department independently contribute to a whole process, whereas in reciprocal interdependence, work is performed in a consecutive order. Sequential interdependence is increased when there are limited handoffs between different jobs or groups, whereas reciprocal interdependence is increased when groups or individuals are made responsible for larger processes in which several steps can be accomplished at the same time.

In sequential interdependence, work is performed in succession because one group's or job's outputs become the inputs for the next group or job, whereas in reciprocal interdependence, different jobs or groups work together in a back-and-forth manner to complete a process.

Which of the following is a difference between the blinded stage and the inaction stage of organizational decline?

In the blinded stage, key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their companies, whereas in the inaction stage, management recognizes the need to change but still takes no steps.

Which of the following is a difference between the blinded stage and the inaction stage of organizational decline? In the blinded stage, managers find it difficult to change the practices and policies that previously led to success, whereas in the inaction stage, managers lack awareness about changes or are unable to understand their significance. In the blinded stage, managers assume that if they just run a tighter ship, company performance will return to previous levels, whereas in the inaction stage, companies typically lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses. In the blinded stage, key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their companies, whereas in the inaction stage, management recognizes the need to change but still takes no steps. In the blinded stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits, whereas in the inaction stage, the company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings.

change intervention

In the context of managing resistance to change,__________is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.

Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.

In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the crisis stage?

coercion

In the context of resistance to change, _____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change.

In the context of the stages of organizational decline, which of the following is a difference between the faulty action stage and the crisis stage? In the faulty action stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits, whereas in the crisis stage, bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur unless the company completely reorganizes the way it does business. In the faulty action stage, companies typically lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses, whereas in the crisis stage, managers assume that if they just run a tighter ship, company performance will return to previous levels. In the faulty action stage, the company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings, whereas in the crisis stage, management recognizes the need to change but still takes no steps. In the faulty action stage, managers wait to see if organizational performance problems correct themselves, whereas in the crisis stage, companies completely reorganize the way they do business.

In the faulty action stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits, whereas in the crisis stage, bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur unless the company completely reorganizes the way it does business.

Which of the following is a difference between the inaction stage and the faulty action stage of organizational decline?

In the inaction stage, managers wait to see if organizational performance problems correct themselves, whereas in the faulty action stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits.

Which of the following is a difference between the inaction stage and the faulty action stage of organizational decline? In the inaction stage, managers lack awareness about changes or are unable to understand their significance, whereas in the blinded stage, managers find it difficult to change the practices and policies that previously led to success. In the inaction stage, managers assume that if they just run a tighter ship, company performance will return to previous levels, whereas in the faulty action stage, companies typically lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses. In the inaction stage, the company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings, whereas in the faulty action stage, management recognizes the need to change but still takes no steps. In the inaction stage, managers wait to see if organizational performance problems correct themselves, whereas in the faulty action stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits.

_____ is the degree to which societies believe that a person should be self-sufficient. Egoism Dynamism Moralism Individualism

Individualism

_____ are patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage.

Innovation streams

_____ are patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage. Change interventions Technological lockouts Induced innovations Innovation streams

Innovation streams

In the context of organizational authority, which of the following is an advantage of decentralization? It prevents the confusion that might arise when an employee receives conflicting commands from two different bosses. It helps a company respond to the demands of different markets, especially when the company sells in different countries. It develops employee capabilities throughout a company and leads to faster decision making and more satisfied customers and employees. It attempts to overcome the disadvantages of job specialization by periodically moving workers from one specialized job to another to give them more variety and the opportunity to use different skills.

It develops employee capabilities throughout a company and leads to faster decision making and more satisfied customers and employees.

Which of the following statements is true of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? It ensures that trade between nations flows as predictably and freely as possible. It transforms different economies and currencies into one common economic market. It aims to create a unified South America by permitting free movement between nations. It aims to establish regions in Europe as a single market by eliminating all tariffs by 2019.

It ensures that trade between nations flows as predictably and freely as possible.

Which of the following best defines an interorganizational process? It is a collection of activities that take place among companies to transform inputs into outputs that customers value. It is the vertical and horizontal configuration of departments, authority, and jobs within a company. It is the process of periodically moving workers from one specialized job to another to give them more variety and the opportunity to use different skills. It is a process of solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.

It is a collection of activities that take place among companies to transform inputs into outputs that customers value.

Which of the following best defines a tariff? It is a specific limit on the volume of imported goods. It is a direct tax on imported goods. It is a complete ban on trade of a certain item. It is a limit on the number of products exported to a particular country.

It is a direct tax on imported goods.

Which of the following best defines an incremental change?

It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of a dominant design.

Which of the following best defines an incremental change? It is the competition between old and new technologies to establish a new technological standard or dominant design. It is the purchase of new technologies to replace older ones. It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of a dominant design. It is a phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of a dominant design.

Which of the following best defines the General Electric fastworks approach?

It is a special kind of results-driven change that helps companies to improve results in an uncertain business environment by quickly experimenting with new ideas to solve customer problems.

Which of the following best defines the General Electric fastworks approach? It is based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. It is an approach to innovation that assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps and that compressing those steps can speed innovation. It is a special kind of results-driven change that helps companies to improve results in an uncertain business environment by quickly experimenting with new ideas to solve customer problems. It is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-term health and performance.

It is a special kind of results-driven change that helps companies to improve results in an uncertain business environment by quickly experimenting with new ideas to solve customer problems.

In the context of organizational authority, which of the following statements best defines a staff function? It is the right to command immediate subordinates in the chain of command. It is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates in the chain of command. It is an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling a company's products. It is an activity that does not contribute directly to creating or selling a company's products but instead supports line activities.

It is an activity that does not contribute directly to creating or selling a company's products but instead supports line activities.

Which of the following best defines delegation of authority? It is the assignment of direct responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible. It is the right to give commands, take action, and make decisions to achieve organizational objectives. It is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates in the chain of command. It is the activity that takes place within an organization to transform inputs into outputs that customers value.

It is the assignment of direct responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible.

Which of the following best defines results-driven change?

It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes.

Which of the following best defines results-driven change? It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes. It is the change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. It is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition. It is the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant technological design.

It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes.

Which of the following best defines technological discontinuity?

It is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function.

Which of the following best defines technological discontinuity? It is the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of a dominant technological design. It is the inability of a company to competitively sell its products because it relies on old technology or a nondominant design. It is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function. It is an approach to innovation that assumes a highly uncertain environment and uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding.

It is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function.

In the context of organizational authority, which of the following best defines staff authority? It is the right to command immediate subordinates in the chain of command. It is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates in the chain of command. It is an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling a company's products. It is an activity that does not contribute directly to creating or selling a company's products but instead supports line activities.

It is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates in the chain of command.

In the context of job design, which of the following is true of job specialization? It occurs when a job is composed of a small part of a larger task or process. It is an approach to job redesign that seeks to formulate jobs in ways that motivate workers and lead to positive work outcomes. It involves giving workers the authority and control to make meaningful decisions about their work. It occurs when the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job is increased.

It occurs when a job is composed of a small part of a larger task or process.

Which of the following statements is true of technological lockout?

It occurs when a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products.

_____ is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve a firm's long-term health and performance.

Organizational development

Which of the following statements is true of technological lockout? It occurs when customers purchase new technologies to replace older technologies. It occurs when a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products. It occurs when companies innovate by improving the functioning and performance of the existing dominant design. It occurs when new technologies compete to establish a new technological standard.

It occurs when a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products.

In the context of organizational authority, which of the following is an advantage of unity of command? It prevents the confusion that might arise when an employee receives conflicting commands from two different bosses. It encourages companies to have a co-CEO arrangement that can lead to an improvement in the performance of employees. It gives workers the authority and control to make meaningful decisions about their work. It overcomes the deficiencies in specialized work by increasing the number of tasks.

It prevents the confusion that might arise when an employee receives conflicting commands from two different bosses.

Which of the following statements is true of global consistency? It modifies a company's standard operating procedures. It occurs when two existing companies collaborate to form a third company. It allows managers to adapt to differences in foreign customers. It simplifies decisions for managers at the headquarters of a multinational company.

It simplifies decisions for managers at the headquarters of a multinational company.

Which of the following statements is true of the experiential approach to innovation?

It uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning.

Which of the following statements is true of the experiential approach to innovation? It aims to continue improving an existing technology as rapidly as possible. It is used to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change. It assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps. It uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning.

It uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning.

Which of the following statements is true of the Maastricht Treaty of Europe? Its purpose was to liberalize trade between countries so that businesses could plan for one market rather than for three separate markets. Its purpose was to transform twelve different economies and currencies into one common economic market with one common currency. Its purpose was to eliminate most product tariffs and prevent the member countries from increasing existing tariffs or introducing new ones. Its purpose was to permit free movement between nations, creating a common infrastructure that includes an interoceanic highway.

Its purpose was to transform twelve different economies and currencies into one common economic market with one common currency.

In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the blinded stage?

Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations.

In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the blinded stage? Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations. Management recognizes the need to change but still takes no action. Companies plan to cut costs and restore profits rather than recognizing the need for fundamental changes. Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.

Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations.

In the context of the chain of command in an organization, which of the following is a difference between line authority and staff authority? Line authority is the right to advise but not command immediate subordinates, whereas staff authority is the right to command immediate subordinates. Line authority is the right to advise people who are not subordinates, whereas staff authority is the right to command people who are not subordinates. Line authority is the right to command immediate subordinates, whereas staff authority is the right to advise but not command people who are not subordinates. Line authority is the right of top managers to advise first-line managers, whereas staff authority is the right of first-line managers to command middle managers.

Line authority is the right to command immediate subordinates, whereas staff authority is the right to advise but not command people who are not subordinates.

_____ is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve a firm's long-term health and performance. Supervisory encouragement Organizational development Organizational orientation Functional departmentalization

Organizational development

management encourages risk taking and new ideas.

Organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when:

_____ is the vertical and horizontal configuration of departments, authority, and jobs within a company. Organizational index Organizational engineering Organizational orientation Organizational structure

Organizational structure

Which of the following trends has allowed companies to skip the phase model of globalization when going global? Countries with growing levels of purchasing power are good choices for attractive global markets. Low-cost communication technologies make it easier to communicate with global customers. Companies do not have to establish a manufacturing location in each country they enter. Masculinity and femininity capture the difference between highly assertive and nurturing cultures.

Low-cost communication technologies make it easier to communicate with global customers.

In the context of national culture, which of the following is a difference between masculine cultures and feminine cultures? Masculine cultures emphasize assertiveness, whereas feminine cultures emphasize relationships. Unlike masculine cultures, feminine cultures emphasize competition. Unlike feminine cultures, masculine cultures emphasize caring for the weak. Masculine cultures emphasize quality of life, whereas feminine cultures emphasize material success.

Masculine cultures emphasize assertiveness, whereas feminine cultures emphasize relationships.

_____ is a hybrid organizational structure in which two or more forms of departmentalization are used together. Customer departmentalization Product departmentalization Functional departmentalization Matrix departmentalization

Matrix departmentalization

_____ are defined as nontax methods of increasing the cost or reducing the volume of imported goods. Nontariff barriers Grants Nonresident barriers Quorums

Nontariff barriers

In the context of creative work environments, which of the following statements is true?

Numerous studies have indicated that creative ideas thrive under conditions of freedom.

In the context of creative work environments, which of the following statements is true? Numerous studies have indicated that creative ideas thrive under conditions of freedom. Organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when supervisors provide clear goals. Workers become bored when they do less than is required of them. Work is less challenging when it demands attention and focus.

Numerous studies have indicated that creative ideas thrive under conditions of freedom.

Activities such as opening the shop at 8am or entering tips before closing the restaurant can be best described as _____________.

Standing plans

In the context of the stages of organizational decline, which of the following is a difference between the blinded stage and the crisis stage? The blinded stage occurs because key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations, whereas the crisis stage occurs because companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses. The blinded stage is the first stage of organizational decline, whereas the crisis stage is the fifth stage of organizational decline. In the blinded stage, the company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings, whereas in the crisis stage, management recognizes the need to change but still takes no steps. In the blinded stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits, whereas in the crisis stage, managers wait to see if organizational performance problems correct themselves.

The blinded stage occurs because key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations, whereas the crisis stage occurs because companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.

In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the dissolution stage?

The company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings.

In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the dissolution stage? Cutbacks and layoffs will have reduced the level of talent among employees. Key managers fail to recognize the threats due to an inability to understand their significance. The managers may be waiting to see if the problems will correct themselves. The company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings.

The company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings.

periods of incremental change.

The compression approach to innovation management is used in:

A creative work environment

a creative work enviroment

Which of the following is a disadvantage of wholly owned affiliates? The high risk of losing intellectual property The slow execution of strategic priorities The cost of selling existing business The expense of building new operations

The expense of building new operations

In the context of managing innovation, identify a difference between the experiential approach and the compression approach.

The general strategy in the experiential approach is to build something new, different, and substantially better, whereas the general strategy in the compression approach is to reduce the time and steps to make small, consistent improvements in performance and functionality.

In the context of managing innovation, identify a difference between the experiential approach and the compression approach. The experiential approach is used to manage innovation in highly certain environments, whereas the compression approach is used to manage innovation in highly uncertain environments. The experiential approach is used during periods of incremental change, whereas the compression approach is used during periods of discontinuous change. The general strategy in the experiential approach is to build something new, different, and substantially better, whereas the general strategy in the compression approach is to reduce the time and steps to make small, consistent improvements in performance and functionality. The goal of the experiential approach is incremental improvements in the performance and function of the existing dominant design, whereas the goal of the compression approach is the establishment of a new dominant design.

Technological substitution

In the context of managing organizational change, which of the following is a difference between unfreezing and refreezing? Unfreezing takes place only at the lower levels of an organization, whereas refreezing takes place only at the higher levels of an organization. Unfreezing occurs through coercion, whereas refreezing occurs through education and communication. Unfreezing is getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed, whereas refreezing is supporting and reinforcing the new changes so that they stick. Unfreezing focuses on long-term goals, whereas refreezing focuses on short-term goals.

Unfreezing is getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed, whereas refreezing is supporting and reinforcing the new changes so that they stick.

In the context of managing organizational change, which of the following is a difference between unfreezing and refreezing?

Unfreezing is getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed, whereasrefreezing is supporting and reinforcing the new changes so that they stick.

_____ is a management principle which means that workers should report to just one boss. Unity of command Line authority Staff function Task identity

Unity of command

In the context of national culture, which of the following is a difference between countries with short-term orientation and countries with long-term orientation? Unlike countries with short-term orientations, countries with long-term orientations seek immediate gratification. Unlike countries with short-term orientations, countries with long-term orientations are oriented to the present. Unlike countries with short-term orientations, countries with long-term orientations are savings-driven. Unlike countries with short-term orientations, countries with long-term orientations are consumer-driven.

Unlike countries with short-term orientations, countries with long-term orientations are savings-driven.

Which of the following is a difference between global consistency and local adaptation? Unlike global consistency, local adaptation is typically preferred by overseas managers who are charged with making the local business successful in other countries. Unlike global consistency, a company following a policy of local adaptation follows the same rules and regulations across all its offices in different countries. Unlike global consistency, a company following a policy of local adaptation modifies its standard operating procedures to adapt to differences in foreign customers, governments, and regulatory agencies. Unlike global consistency, local adaptation simplifies decisions.

Unlike global consistency, a company following a policy of local adaptation modifies its standard operating procedures to adapt to differences in foreign customers, governments, and regulatory agencies.

In the context of job design, identify a difference between job rotation and job enlargement. Unlike job rotation, job enlargement periodically moves workers from one specialized job to another to give them more variety and the opportunity to use different skills. Unlike job rotation, job enlargement is one of the methods used to improve specialized jobs. Unlike job rotation, job enlargement decreases variety and leads to boredom. Unlike job rotation, job enlargement increases the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job.

Unlike job rotation, job enlargement increases the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job.

In the context of organizational development, which of the following is a difference between large-system intervention and person-focused intervention?

Unlike large-system intervention, person-focused intervention increases social effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.

In the context of organizational development, which of the following is a difference between large-system intervention and person-focused intervention? Unlike person-focused intervention, large-system intervention focuses on helping a group work effectively to accomplish its goals. Unlike large-system intervention, person-focused intervention increases social effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. Team building is a type of large-system intervention, whereas a sociotechnical system is a type of person-focused intervention. Coaching is a type of large-system intervention, whereas unit goal setting is a type of person-focused intervention.

Unlike large-system intervention, person-focused intervention increases social effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.

Which of the following is a difference between product departmentalization and matrix departmentalization? Unlike organizations with product departmentalization, organizations with matrix departmentalization follow unity of command. Unlike organizations with product departmentalization, organizations with matrix departmentalization use two or more forms of departmentalization together. Unlike product departmentalization, matrix departmentalization allows managers to specialize in one area of expertise. Unlike product departmentalization, matrix departmentalization makes it easier for top managers to assess work-unit performance.

Unlike organizations with product departmentalization, organizations with matrix departmentalization use two or more forms of departmentalization together.

In the context of organizational development, which of the following is a difference between large-system intervention and small-group intervention?

Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention works toward changing the character and performance of a business unit.

In the context of organizational development, which of the following is a difference between large-system intervention and small-group intervention? Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention works toward changing the character and performance of a business unit. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention increases interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention helps a work group establish short- and long-term goals. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention helps people acquire new skills and knowledge.

Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention works toward changing the character and performance of a business unit.

In the context of organizational development, which of the following is a difference between small-group intervention and person-focused intervention?

Unlike small-group intervention, person-focused intervention increases interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.

In the context of organizational development, which of the following is a difference between small-group intervention and person-focused intervention? Unlike small-group intervention, person-focused intervention works toward changing the character and performance of a business unit. Unlike small-group intervention, person-focused intervention increases interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. Unlike small-group intervention, person-focused intervention helps a work group establish short- and long-term personal goals. Unlike small-group intervention, person-focused intervention assesses how a group functions and helps it work more effectively to accomplish its goals.

Unlike small-group intervention, person-focused intervention increases interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.

a dominant design

It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of a dominant design.

Which of the following best defines an incremental change?

a. A creative work environment

_____ are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time. a. Change forces b. Resistance forces c. Effort forces d. Defiance forces

a. Change forces

In the context of the stages of organizational decline, which of the following is a difference between the faulty action stage and the crisis stage? a. In the faulty action stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits, whereas in the crisis stage, bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur unless the company completely reorganizes the way it does business. b. In the faulty action stage, companies typically lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses, whereas in the crisis stage, managers assume that if they just run a tighter ship, company performance will return to previous levels. c. In the faulty action stage, the company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings, whereas in the crisis stage, management recognizes the need to change but still takes no steps. d. In the faulty action stage, managers wait to see if organizational performance problems correct themselves, whereas in the crisis stage, companies completely reorganize the way they do business.

a. In the faulty action stage, management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs, increase efficiency, and restore profits, whereas in the crisis stage, bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur unless the company completely reorganizes the way it does business.

Which of the following best defines results-driven change? a. It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes. b. It is the change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. c. It is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition. d. It is the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant technological design.

a. It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes.

a. Technological substitution

In the context of organizational development, which of the following is a difference between large-system intervention and small-group intervention? a. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention works toward changing the character and performance of a business unit. b. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention increases interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. c. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention helps a work group establish short- and long-term goals. d. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention helps people acquire new skills and knowledge.

a. Unlike small-group intervention, large-system intervention works toward changing the character and performance of a business unit.

a. a dominant design

a. organizational decline

compression approach

an approach to innovation used during times of greater certainty, which which assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps

During design competition, _____. the patterns of innovation over time create sustainable competitive advantage an older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new technologies a scientific advance of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products or makes it difficult to do so

an older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new technologies

Unlike nontariff barriers, tariffs _____. decrease the cost of exported goods increase the cost of imported goods are direct taxes on imported goods are nontax methods of reducing the volume of imported goods

are direct taxes on imported goods

in the context of organizational development, the purpose of small-group interventions is to:

assess how a group functions and help it owrk more effectively to accomplish goals

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of small-group interventions is to: assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department. help people acquire new skills and knowledge.

assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals.

In the context of organizational structure, _____ is defined as the right to give commands, take action, and make decisions to achieve organizational objectives. centralization motivation influence authority

authority

s curve pattern of innovation

characterized by a slow initial progress, followed by rapid progress, and then slow progress again as a technology matures and reaches limits

In the context of the specific environment of organizations, which of the following is a similarity between the public communications approach and a product boycott? a. Both are more aggressive than media advocacy. b. Both typically involve framing a group's concerns as public issues. c. Both are advocacy group tactics. d. Both create controversies that are likely to receive extensive news coverage.

b. Both typically involve framing a group's concerns as public issues.

In the context of using groups to improve decision making, which of the following is true of the nominal group technique (NGT)? a. It forces decision makers to state the assumptions of a proposed solution and then generate a solution that is the opposite of the proposed solution. b. It closes with a second quiet time in which group members independently rank the ideas presented. c. It involves a panel of experts who respond to questions and to each other until they reach agreement on an issue. d. It is known to conclude in hostility, anger, and resentment among the participating group members

b. It closes with a second quiet time in which group members independently rank the ideas presented.

In the context of Henri Fayol's management functions, which of the following is a difference between planning and organizing? a. Planning involves motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals, whereas organizing involves identifying the means to achieve organizational goals. b. Planning involves determining organizational goals, whereas organizing involves determining how things get done. c. Planning is deciding where decisions will be made, whereas organizing is monitoring progress toward goal achievement. d. Planning is inspiring workers to work hard on a daily basis, whereas organizing is taking corrective action when progress isn't being made.

b. Planning involves determining organizational goals, whereas organizing involves determining how things get done.

In the context of resistance to change, _____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change.

coercion

In the context of resistance to change, _____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change. refreezing unfreezing coercion negotiation

coercion

in the context of resistance to change, ____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change

coercion

Which of the following is an error that managers make in the refreezing phase? a. They do not create a powerful enough coalition. b. They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten. c. They declare victory too soon. d. They lack a vision for change.

c. They declare victory too soon.

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of large-system interventions is to: assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department. help a work group establish short- and long-term goals.

change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department.

discontinuos change

characterized by a design competition and tech sub

In the context of resistance to change, _____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change. a. refreezing b. unfreezing c. coercion d. negotiation

c. coercion

SprintFuel, an energy drink manufacturing company, spiked all its energy drinks with banned substances and did not include their details in the ingredient list. The athletes who consumed SprintFuel were tested positive for these banned substances and were suspended. This scenario illustrates that SprintFuel failed to fulfill its _____. a. economic responsibility b. political responsibility c. legal responsibility d. discretionary responsibility

c. legal responsibility

An organization's _____ is defined as the vertical line of authority that clarifies who reports to whom throughout the organization. staff function chain of command degree of centralization span of control

chain of command

___ are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an org over time

change forces

___ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices

change intervention

in the context of managing resistance to change ____ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices

change intervention

. In the context of organizational development, the purpose of large-system interventions is to

change the character and performance of an org, business unit, or department

In the context of organizational development, the purpose of large-system interventions is to:

change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department.

design competition

Which of the following statements best explains the carrot-and-stick approach of the U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines for Organizations? a. Nonprofit organizations are exempted from fines. b. Unincorporated organizations and associations are exempted from penalties. c. Organizations accused of unethical behavior are excused if the management was unaware of such behavior. d. Smaller fines are imposed on companies that take proactive steps to encourage ethical behavior.

d. Smaller fines are imposed on companies that take proactive steps to encourage ethical behavior.

d. Technological lockout

While setting up his new office, an attorney ordered thick, frieze carpets for the floor. However, the building inspector had him remove the expensive carpeting. The building inspector stated that according to federal law, the office must be wheelchair accessible as it is a public area. He further explained that since wheelchairs do not maneuver well in thick, frieze carpeting, the carpets had to be removed and be replaced with smooth-textured carpets that do not restrict wheelchair maneuverability. This scenario illustrates how an organization is influenced by the _____ component of its specific environment. a. sociocultural b. economic-demographic c. technological d. industry regulation

d. industry regulation

d. the S-curve pattern of innovation

Unlike political uncertainty, policy uncertainty: deals with the risk of changes in governments that can result from war, revolution, social unrest, or other influential events. can be minimized by using an avoidance strategy. deals with the risk associated with changes in laws and government rules that directly affect the way foreign companies conduct business. can be minimized by using control and cooperation.

deals with the risk associated with changes in laws and government rules that directly affect the way foreign companies conduct business.

Boardburgh, a cordless telephone manufacturer, launched advertising campaigns to market its products and eliminate wired telephone sets from the market. To counter this, Telepram Inc., a wired telephone manufacturer, has launched an advertising campaign to detail the disadvantages of cordless telephones. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

design competition

Curtab, a company that manufactures digital watches, implements marketing strategies to attempt to eliminate analog watches from the market and thereby increase the market share of the company. To counter this, analog watch manufacturers introduce new advertising campaigns. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

design competition

In an attempt to eliminate spectacles from the market, Lensamt, a company that manufactures and supplies contact lenses, launched an advertising campaign to popularize its products. To counter this and stay in the market, the spectacle manufacturers introduced new offers and discounts on spectacles. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?

design competition

which best define the GE workout?

it is a three day meeting in which managers and employees from diff levels and parts of an org quickly generate and act on solutions to specific business probs

which best defines tech discontinuity

it is the phase of innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combo of existing technologies creates a significant breakthru in performance or function

which is true of experiential approach to innovation

it uses intuition and hands on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning

The _____ is an approach to job redesign that seeks to formulate jobs in ways that motivate workers and lead to positive work outcomes. job descriptive index job characteristics model job rotation index job enlargement model

job characteristics model

In the context of job design, _____ allows companies to retain the economic benefits of specialized work because employees simply switch from one specialized job to another. job enrichment job enlargement job empowerment job rotation

job rotation

in the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the blinded stage?

key managers fail to recognize the internal changes that will harm their orgs

If companies focus too much on local adaptation, they run the risk of: using management procedures poorly suited to particular countries' markets, cultures, and employees. losing the cost effectiveness and productivity that result from using standardized rules and procedures throughout the world. losing control over the quality of the product or service sold by the foreign licensee. failing to benefit from an active global strategy.

losing the cost effectiveness and productivity that result from using standardized rules and procedures throughout the world.

Organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when: management encourages risk taking and new ideas. supervisors provide clear goals. work group members foster mutual openness to ideas. open interaction with subordinates is encouraged.

management encourages risk taking and new ideas.

In contrast to the experiential approach to innovation, the compression approach to innovation:

manages innovation in more certain environments.

In contrast to the experiential approach to innovation, the compression approach to innovation: aims at creating a new dominant design. is used during periods of discontinuous change. manages innovation in more certain environments. assumes that the key to fast product innovation is to use intuition.

manages innovation in more certain environments.

unfreezing, change intervention, and refreezing

managing organizational change is a basic process of....

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