Mana 3318 test3 #1

Which of the following stages of group development requires that team members feel they are a part of the team for further progression in group development to occur? a. Forming b. Storming c. Norming d. Performing

a. Forming

According to the research done by Hambrick and Fukutomi, in which of the following seasons of a CEO's tenure is his or her power at the lowest? a. Response to a mandate b. Experimentation c. Selection of an enduring theme d. Dysfunction

a. Response to a mandate

A good group decision approach when the objective is to maximize the number of alternatives is: a. brainstorming. b. dialectical inquiry. c. the Delphi technique. d. nominal grouping.

a. brainstorming.

An organization should practice or provide all of the following except creativity. a. close supervision b. participative decision making c. peer support d. flexible organizational structure

a. close supervision

An individual's preferred method for gathering information and evaluating alternatives is known as . a. cognitive style b. mental maps c. thinking script d. escalation of commitment

a. cognitive style

Groups emphasize all of the following except: a. collective work products. b. individual leadership. c. individual work products. d. personal accountability.

a. collective work products.

A team-oriented work environment places emphasis on: a. empowerment and collaboration. b. power and authority or the distribution of power among team members. c. internal competition. d. hierarchical control by top management.

a. empowerment and collaboration.

Culturally diverse top teams help organizations limit . a. groupthink b. confusion c. complexity d. uncertainty

a. groupthink

The development of group cohesiveness is negatively influenced by: a. internal competition. b. prestige of the group. c. external pressure. d. group size when there are only five to eight members.

a. internal competition

An incorrect assumption about the use of intuition in making decisions is that: a. it is seldom a positive force. b. it is fast or leads to quick decisions. c. it involves learned patterns of information. d. it is an elusive concept and one with many definitions.

a. it is seldom a positive force.

Searching for the right answer and avoiding problems outside of one's own expertise would be considered an examples of a(n) . a. mental lock b. rigid cognitive structure c. mental block d. inflexible mind map

a. mental lock

The initial step in a problem solving, decision situation is: a. problem recognition. b. data analysis. c. generation of alternatives. d. feedback.

a. problem recognition

Step one of the Z model uses to gather information. a. sensing b. intuiting c. thinking d. feeling

a. sensing

Work teams place a strong emphasis on: a. shared leadership. b. personal accountability c. exclusive work products. d. individual leadership.

a. shared leadership.

Teamwork is appropriate where: a. the knowledge and talent of workers are dispersed across members and require integration. b. tasks are independent, easy, less voluminous, and require individual attention. c. tasks are simple and routine. d. knowledge and talent is placed in highly skilled individuals.

a. the knowledge and talent of workers are dispersed across members and require integration.

Which of the following best represents the three reasons why managers may hang on to a losing course of action or escalate their commitment? a. Internal locus of control, cognitive dissonance, and overly optimistic b. Cognitive dissonance, overly optimistic, and illusion of control c. External locus of control, overly optimistic, and cognitive dissonance d. Internal locus of control, cognitive dissonance, and illusion of control

b. Cognitive dissonance, overly optimistic, and illusion of control

Which of the following types of activities or decisions is the right side of the brain best used for? a. Flowcharting work processes b. Developing strategic plans c. Planning day-to-day operations d. Making tax preparations

b. Developing strategic plans

Which of the following is NOT a maintenance function of a group? a. Harmonizing conflicts b. Elaborating concepts c. Following others' leads d. Setting standards

b. Elaborating concepts

Which of the following is an example of a programmed decision situation? a. Arranging financing for constructing a new $50 million office building b. Reorder of raw materials from an established supplier c. Purchase of a new mainframe computer d. A firm's purchase consideration of a parts manufacturer

b. Reorder of raw materials from an established supplier

The first step in the Z problem solving model uses which of the following to gather information about the problem? a. Feeling b. Sensing c. Intuiting d. Thinking

b. Sensing

At which of the following stages of group development does the leader need to adopt a coaching style in order to deal with team challenges? a. Forming b. Storming c. Norming d. Performing

b. Storming

Which of the following includes the set of interpersonal issues that need to be addressed according to the group development model? a. Purpose, methods, and outcomes b. Trust, personal comfort, and security c. Trust, personal comfort, and outcomes of the group d. Mission of the group, personal comfort, and control

b. Trust, personal comfort, and security

A "wild turkey" in the top management team is: a. someone who is uncontrollable. b. a devil's advocate who challenges the thinking of the CEO and other top executives. c. a member of the executive team that retards the executive team's performance. d. one who increases the homogeneity within the executive group.

b. a devil's advocate who challenges the thinking of the CEO and other top executives.

Cooperative rewards in work teams will have the most effective impact on: a. speed of performance. b. accuracy of performance. c. individual satisfaction. d. none of these.

b. accuracy of performance

According to Hambrick and Fukutomi, is the last season in a CEO's tenure. a. experimentation b. dysfunction c. convergence d. selection of an enduring theme

b. dysfunction

When GM continued with a cost cutting strategy that streamlined their operations and focused on SUVs and trucks while losing 82 billion dollars they most likely reflected: a. risk aversion. b. escalation of commitment. c. entrapment. d. the gambler's fallacy.

b. escalation of commitment

Dependence on guidance and direction is the defining characteristic of the stage of group development. a. norming b. forming c. performing d. adjourning

b. forming

The social comparison approach and persuasive arguments view have both been used to explain: a. groupthink. b. group polarization. c. cognitive dissonance. d. bounded rationality.

b. group polarization.

A deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment resulting from in-group pressures defines _____. a. group polarization b. groupthink c. the risky shift d. the recency effect

b. groupthink

Research indicates that women are: a. less averse to risk than men. b. more averse to risk than men. c. the same as men with respect to risk aversion. d. more inclined to commit resources to a losing course of action than men.

b. more averse to risk than men.

Research on the impact of moods on tasks that involve considerable cognitive demands suggests that: a. positive moods result in better performance. b. negative moods result in better performance. c. a person's mood doesn't really make a difference on his or her tasks. d. there is a curvilinear relationship between mood and tasks requiring high cognitive demands.

b. negative moods result in better performance.

In the rational model, the decision maker strives to: a. satisfice. b. optimize. c. select the alternative agreeable to the majority. d. apply a heuristic.

b. optimize.

All of the following are characteristics of a nonprogrammed decision situation except: a. complex. b. routine. c. unstructured. d. new.

b. routine.

An important element of the bounded rationality model is . a. certainty b. satisficing c. unlimited information search d. optimizing

b. satisficing

An effective team exhibits: a. no weaknesses. b. shared leadership. c. intragroup conflict. d. formal, designated leadership.

b. shared leadership.

Which of the following does NOT boost creative abilities or creativity? a. Breadth of interests b. Self-confidence c. Fear of failure d. Intellectual and artistic values

c. Fear of failure

The model of bounded rationality was first proposed by . a. Victor Vroom b. Phillip Yetton c. Herbert Simon d. Carl Jung

c. Herbert Simon

Which of the following is NOT considered to be an individual prerequisite for participation and empowerment? a. Capability for psychological involvement b. Motivation to act autonomously c. Increased complexity of the tasks to be carried out d. Ability to see relevance for one's own well being

c. Increased complexity of the tasks to be carried out

According to research, which of the following decision-making models portrays the managerial decision process more realistically? a. The rational model b. The garbage can model c. The bounded rationality model d. The incremental model

c. The bounded rationality model

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the impact of dissimilarity on teams and team members? a. Value dissimilarity is negatively related to task conflict. b. Functional dissimilarity is negatively related to team involvement. c. Value dissimilarity is negatively related to team involvement. d. Demographic dissimilarity has no impact on OCB.

c. Value dissimilarity is negatively related to team involvement.

A key organizational requirement for participation in decision making includes: a. organizational politics. b. a workforce consisting of individuals with low self-esteem. c. a supportive organizational culture. d. people with individual motivation.

c. a supportive organizational culture.

Self-managed teams are sometimes called . a. quality circles b. quality teams c. autonomous work groups d. cross-functional work teams

c. autonomous work groups

Upper echelon theory argues that: a. turnover at the top becomes a vicious cycle. b. executive turnover will usually result in declining organizational performance. c. characteristics of the top management team can predict organizational characteristics. d. wild turkeys will have a detrimental effect on organizational performance.

c. characteristics of the top management team can predict organizational characteristics.

GM CEO Rick Wagoner stuck to a cost cutting strategy that streamlined GM's operations and focused on SUVs and trucks during a time when other automakers saw promise in the green movement. This behavior best reflects: a. satisficing. b. risk aversion. c. escalation of commitment. d. the garbage can model of decision making.

c. escalation of commitment.

The final step in the decision-making process is: a. implementation. b. exploring alternatives. c. feedback and monitoring. d. selecting a course of action.

c. feedback and monitoring.

As a member of a quality circle, you frequently check with other members to make sure all are focused on the same problem and that everyone has opportunities to contribute. You are performing the group maintenance function of: a. following others' leads. b. testing ideas. c. gatekeeping communication. d. giving information.

c. gatekeeping communication.

High cohesiveness, directive leadership, and high stress are antecedent conditions for: a. a low quality group decision. b. group polarization. c. groupthink. d. satisficing.

c. groupthink

The fourth step in the Z model of problem solving is: a. data collection. b. problem diagnosis. c. impact analysis. d. objective analysis of alternatives.

c. impact analysis.

The stage of creativity where one engages in other activities while the mind considers a problem and works on it is _____. a. preparation b. illumination c. incubation d. testing

c. incubation

The research conducted by Henry Mintzberg regarding intuition and managerial roles suggests that: a. managers rarely use intuition. b. in most cases managers use a systematic step-by-step approach to decision making. c. managers make judgments based on hunches. d. intuition has not been shown to be very effective as an antidote to over analysis.

c. managers make judgments based on hunches.

The standards that a work group uses to evaluate the behavior of its members are called . a. task functions b. work processes c. norms of behavior d. superordinate goals

c. norms of behavior

Integrated involvement as a social benefit of group or team membership includes: a. emotional support. b. affection and warmth. c. opportunity for influence. d. emotional isolation.

c. opportunity for influence

For successful chief executive officers, the peak performance years mostly occur at about: a. two years. b. ten years. c. seven years. d. three years.

c. seven years

Heuristics are: a. algorithms based on complex decision making. b. complex decision rules used in complex situations. c. shortcuts in decision making that save mental activity. d. mathematical approaches to decision making.

c. shortcuts in decision making that save mental activity

All of the following would be considered positive norms of behavior within a group except: a. consensus decision making. b. shared leadership. c. social loafing. d. open discussion.

c. social loafing.

The set of authority and task relations among group members is known as . a. control and sanctions b. mutual acceptance c. status structure d. cohesiveness

c. status structure

Group polarization results in: a. group members moving from extreme attitudes toward more moderate attitudes. b. group members driving decisions toward consensus. c. the tendency for group discussion to produce shifts toward more extreme attitudes among members. d. groupthink.

c. the tendency for group discussion to produce shifts toward more extreme attitudes among members.

Recent research examining the effects of cultural diversity on decision making has found that when individuals in a group are racially dissimilar: a. they engage in less open information sharing. b. they engage in behavior that discourages dissenting perspectives. c. they arrive at better decisions than racially similar groups d. they tend to take decisions faster than racially similar groups.

c. they arrive at better decisions than racially similar groups

A is a multicultural top team in which all but one member come from the same background. a. bicultural group b. homogeneous group c. token group d. multicultural group

c. token group

Social loafing is usually: a. a norm of behavior within a group. b. supportive of the development of group cohesion. c. weighs heavy on a group's efforts and achievements. d. a stimulant to increased group performance.

c. weighs heavy on a group's efforts and achievements.

An antidote for groupthink in self-managed teams is: a. brainstorming. b. the use of nominal groups. c. welcoming dissent. d. the Delphi technique.

c. welcoming dissent.

Work team effectiveness in the new team environment requires management's attention to both: a. training and work team process. b. work team structure and work team training. c. work team structure and work team process. d. work roles and leadership.

c. work team structure and work team process.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a formal or assigned group in a work setting? a. A project team b. A council of department heads c. An executive committee d. A specialized interest group

d. A specialized interest group

At which of the following stages of group development is a leader's role primarily to recognize his or her group's achievements? a. Forming b. Norming c. Storming d. Adjourning

d. Adjourning

Which of the following statements best reflects the punctuated equilibrium model of group development? a. Teams experience relational conflicts at different times and in different contexts. b. Groups do not necessarily progress linearly from one stage to another in sequential steps or stages. c. Groups alternate between periods of inertia and progress toward goals with bursts of energy. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an effective way of managing decisions in order to avoid escalation of commitment? a. Don't split the responsibility for decisions about projects. b. Punish people who admit to poor decisions. c. Don't allow graceful exits from poor decisions. d. Have groups rather than individuals make initial investment decisions.

d. Have groups rather than individuals make initial investment decisions.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a symptom of groupthink? a. Illusion of invulnerability b. Rationalization c. Illusion of unanimity d. High conflict

d. High conflict

Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations for the escalation of commitment? a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Optimism c. Illusion of control d. High or low self-monitoring

d. High or low self-monitoring

Which of the following issues does a group address, according to the group development model proposed by Warren Bennis and Herbert Shepard? a. Personal, task, and authority issues b. Cultural, interpersonal, and task issues c. Task, authority, and cultural issues d. Interpersonal, task, and authority issues

d. Interpersonal, task, and authority issues

Intuition would be a major part of the input for a manager making which kind of decision? a. Decisions on work schedules b. Routine decision c. A decision with an established decision rule d. Nonprogrammed decision

d. Nonprogrammed decision

In the context of types of creativity, which of the following is NOT a type of creativity? a. Responsive b. Expected c. Contributory d. Reactive

d. Reactive

Which of the following is a characteristic of quality teams? a. They provide advice to managers who still retain decision-making authority. b. They operate in parallel fashion to an organization's structure. c. They emphasize the generation of ideas. d. They make data-based decisions about improving products.

d. They make data-based decisions about improving products.

According to the group development model, which of the following set of issues need to be addressed as part of a group's authority issues? a. Who is in charge, management of power and influence, and matters of trust b. Expected group outcomes, personal comfort, and management of power and influence c. Expected group outcomes, who is in charge, and mission or purpose of the group d. Who is in charge, management of power and influence, and who has the right to tell whom to do what

d. Who is in charge, management of power and influence, and who has the right to tell whom to do what

In the consideration of whether the right or the left part of the brain should be utilized in decision making, the ideal situation is to be: a. right brain dominant. b. left brain dominant. c. brain-neutralized. d. brain-lateralized.

d. brain-lateralized.

Task functions relate to a group's efforts to complete an assignment. These functions include all of the following except: a. seeking information. b. coordinating activities. c. testing ideas. d. consensus testing.

d. consensus testing.

As a project group leader, you have recognized the benefits of conflict and some disagreement among project members in solving difficult problems. Accordingly, you are most likely to use technique. a. nominal group techniques b. brainstorming c. devil's advocacy d. dialectical inquiry

d. dialectical inquiry

Continuing to support a failing course of action is known as: a. the theory of sunk costs. b. the Z problem solving model. c. conflicted reason theory. d. escalation of commitment.

d. escalation of commitment.

Recent research on group versus individual decisions suggests that: a. individuals will outperform groups on judgement tasks. b. individuals outperform groups in all conditions. c. groups outperform individuals in tasks that have a correct solution. d. groups outperform individuals when the group members have worked together for longer periods of time.

d. groups outperform individuals when the group members have worked together for longer periods of time.

Participative decision making tends to be associated with: a. interpersonal rivalry within a group. b. less creativity among employees. c. rapid decision making. d. higher levels of employee job satisfaction.

d. higher levels of employee job satisfaction.

Recent research investigating the characteristics that make an individual more likely to de-escalate from a course of action concluded that: a. individuals with a strong dislike for inconsistency are more likely to de-escalate. b. individuals whose past decisions failed are more likely to de-escalate. c. individuals with an external locus of control are more likely to de-escalate. d. individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to de-escalate.

d. individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to de-escalate.

An important role in the performance of cross-functional teams is that of a(n) . a. contributor b. data generator c. challenger d. integrator

d. integrator

A group is a collection of two or more persons with common interests or objectives, whereas a team: a. consists of two or more persons who are loosely tied together, yet each member works independently. b. may consist of dozens of people who work for their own specific goals and are responsible for their own achievements. c. has several persons but the performance or contribution of any particular member is inconsequential for the team's output. d. is usually a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common goal for which they are mutually accountable.

d. is usually a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common goal for which they are mutually accountable.

Under the bounded rationality model of problem solving and decision making: a. managers follow statistical rules for decision making. b. managers critically view the world as complex and multivariate. c. managers generate a wide array of decision options and select the one that meets all decision criteria. d. managers are comfortable making decisions without identifying all options.

d. managers are comfortable making decisions without identifying all options.

The two sets of social benefits available to team or group members includes: a. participation and integrated involvement. b. integrated involvement and achievement. c. psychological intimacy and recognition. d. psychological intimacy and integrated involvement.

d. psychological intimacy and integrated involvement.

An approach to minimize groupthink is to: a. manipulate group members in order to increase peer pressure. b. encourage rationalization. c. denigrate the opposition. d. re-examine the preferred solution even if consensus has been reached.

d. re-examine the preferred solution even if consensus has been reached.

Responsive creativity is: a. discovering problems because you want to be creative. b. discovering problems because you are expected to by the organization. c. responding to problems presented to you because you want to be creative. d. responding to a problem that is presented to you by others because it is part of your job.

d. responding to a problem that is presented to you by others because it is part of your job.

All of the following are considered important work process issues except: a. diversity. b. competitive behaviors. c. cooperative behaviors. d. role specification.

d. role specification.

The contributor is a team member who: a. is a devil's advocate. b. listens well and facilitates the group's process. c. keeps a constant focus on the mission and urges other members to join efforts for mission accomplishment. d. supplies necessary information and adheres to high performance standards.

d. supplies necessary information and adheres to high performance standards.

The rational model of decision making assumes: a. preferences of the decision maker are inconsistent. b. that all possible alternatives can't be known to decision makers. c. that outcomes can't be optimized. d. that the decision maker can calculate the probability of success for alternatives.

d. that the decision maker can calculate the probability of success for alternatives.

A group decision technique that facilitates expert input by using a panel of experts is . a. the nominal group technique b. dialectical inquiry c. brainstorming d. the Delphi technique

d. the Delphi technique

Research has indicated that creative performance is highest when: a. employees are rewarded for being logical during decision making. b. an organization encourages employees to strive for practicality. c. individuals avoid problems outside their expertise for fear of being punished. d. there is a fit between an individual and organizational influences on creativity.

d. there is a fit between an individual and organizational influences on creativity.

Research on intuition, suggests all of the following can be techniques used by managers to tap into their intuition except: a. practicing relaxation techniques. b. using images to guide the mind. c. taking creative pauses before making a decision. d. using decision heuristics and satisficing.

d. using decision heuristics and satisficing.