manage weight

By 2018, about ____ cents of every healthcare dollar spent will be directly related to health costs of obesity.

correct 20

Other forms of nutrition education include

culinary nutrition programs that combine nutrition education with education on cooking skills and food production skills, which teach people how to grow their own food (Hawkes, 2013). and one increasingly popular educational approach is culinary nutrition (Condrasky, 2010). "Culinary nutrition is the application of nutrition principles combined with food science knowledge and displayed through a mastery of culinary skills,

BMI fails to give us three valuable pieces of information:

(1) how much body fat you have, (2) where it is located, and (3) your 'ideal' amount of body fat. For example, a healthy male would have anywhere from 13-21% of their weight as fat while a female can be as much as 31% body fat before putting health at risk.

The 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) estimated that ____ percent of adults and ____ percent of children and adolescents in the United States are underweight

1.8 3.3

Calculate the BMI of a woman weighing 150 pounds who is five foot nine inches tall and 21 years of age. (This a numerical answer. example: "15" or "15.0", not "fifteen").

22.1 correct Right! Good job! The BMI calculation is weight in pounds divided by height in inches, the total divided by height in inches again, and then that total multiplied by 703.

obesity increased since 1980

27.5% adults 47.1% children 3.4 million deaths are caused by obesity/overweight / year 37% of adult population is over weight in the world

In fact, genetics may account for as much as Genetics appear to determine people's

60% of the difference in weight status among different people. Genetics appear to determine people's susceptibility to obesity and an environment of abundant, inexpensive food.

how has physical excursive changed over the years

According to one study, only 20% of today's jobs require at least moderate physical activity, as opposed to 50% of jobs in 1960. Other research suggests Americans burn 120 to 140 fewer calories a day than they did 50 years ago.

pressures to be thin on obesse people

Because of the pressure to become thin and the discrimination, many overweight and obese people can have pretty severe depression and low self-esteem. A lot of weight loss programs do not help by still placing a lot of emphasis on willpower and hard work—when we live in an environment designed to keep us eating nutrient-poor/energy-dense foods and minimally active.

how does education awareness help change obesity

Education is a core component of the nutrition and health field (Yepes, 2013). Community centers, clinics, hospitals, workplaces, and schools are all sites where nutrition education occurs. Schools especially have received a lot of attention due to the importance of learning good nutrition habits during childhood. While all of these interventions appear to produce improvements in nutrition knowledge, these interventions do not appear to greatly effect behavior change unless the environment (of the school, the workplace, the home, etc) also changes

Where your fat is located can have even greater impact on your health than what percent of your body weight it comprises.

Excess fat that gets stored in the abdominal area—especially if it is stored around your organs (versus subcutaneously)—drastically increases your risk of developing heart disease, stroke, Type 2 Diabetes, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, some cancers, and even gallstones.

Underweight means weighing too little for your height. It may be caused by: When people are underweight, they are at risk for

In the US, at least, it is generally a symptom of something else. excessive calorie restriction and/or physical activity (usually due to disordered eating), underlying medical conditions (such as cancer), and emotional stress. low body protein and fat stores and a depressed immune system (particularly in the elderly)]

weightless and LPL

LPL also likes to tell the body to start storing more fat during weight loss attempts, making weight loss difficult and weight regain easier

It took us decades to learn that when something is fat-free and full-flavored, it's probably

Low-fat and fat-free products flew off supermarket shelves. too good to be true.

obesity gene and obesity

Many people who carry these so-called "obesity genes" do not become overweight, and healthy lifestyles can counteract these genetic effects. This article briefly outlines the contributions of genes and gene-environment interactions to the development of obesity.

Women aren't the only ones feeling the pressure of unrealistic body image ideals.

Men are increasingly under pressure to become more "cut", often leading to unhealthy practices.

how do we know about our weight status in the us

Nhanse- towns around nation soleted and in those towns people in town give random tests. Behavioral risk- reports, racial, weight, etc.

obesity in children effects into adulthood

Obese children lay down more fat cells than 'normal' weight children. The more fat cells you have, the easier it is to 'refill' them with excess energy. This makes it very hard to keep excess weight off.

how is environmental factors increase our appetite and decrease our physical acitivy

Our lived environment of cheap and easily-obtainable energy-dense foods stimulates our appetite and encourages overeating. Our job structure has changed. We have gone from an economy based on labor-intensive farming to labor-intensive manufacturing to service industries.

Treatment for excess weight usually falls into two main categories:

Primary treatments consist of dietary, activity, and behavior changes that facilitate weight loss aggressive treatments can involve medication, severe calorie restrictions, and even surgery.

primary treatments

Primary treatments should be conducted under the auspices of a registered dietitian and include moderately restricted energy diets, setting a realistic energy intake, ensuring a nutritionally adequate diet, smaller portions, lower energy density foods at meals and snacks, increase in water intake, increase in fiber intake, learning to consume fats sensibly, learning to consume carbohydrates sensibly, and watching out for empty calorie foods. There are also meal replacement programs such as Herbalife and Slimfast which replace meals with shakes and commercial programs like Jenny Craig (which actually provides meals) and WeightWatchers (which focuses on diet education and social support).

what is contributing to weight problems in the us

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that the average American ate almost 20% more calories in the year 2000 than they did in 1983, thanks, in part, to a boom in meat consumption. Today, each American puts away an average of 195lbs of meat every year, compared to just 138lbs in the 1950's. Consumption of added fats also shot up by around two thirds over the same period, and grain consumption rose 45% since 1970.

weightless and exercise

The benefits of physical activity in weight management include increase in energy expenditure through building of lean body mass and positive impacts on psychological well-being (including sleep). For weight loss, a minimum of 60 minutes of moderately intense activity on all or most days of the week is recommended in a combination of aerobic and resistance training.

There also appears to be an overall decline in cooking and food preparation skills

The good news is, however, that the rise in consumption of foods prepared outside the home leveled off in the 1990s and many Americans still eat most of their food in the home or at least in a family setting Despite declines in its prevalence in developed countries, home cooking and meals "from scratch" still have a prominent perceptual role in society (though definitions of home cooking and "from scratch" also differ and can include processed and ultra-processed foods

Why do people accumulate excess body fat?

The obvious answer is that they take in more food energy than they expend, but that answer falls short of explaining why they do this. Is it genetic? Environmental? Cultural? Behavioral? Socioeconomic? Psychological? Metabolic? All of these? In fact, it is a combination of all of these and, in reality, why there is an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure occurs remains a bit of a mystery.

discriminations and obesity

There is such a value on thinness that overweight and obese people can face discrimination on the job, in school, and in social situations. There are some pretty good studies showing that overweight and obese children face adverse social, educational, and psychological consequences. They can be rated by their teachers as lazy and lacking in self-control—which can be the perception that society will have about them as adults also. Health professionals who are overweight or obese can also face automatic negative associations—even by their obese patients!

Carrying excess body fat appears to be linked to

Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, some cancers, gallbladder disease, kidney stones, respiratory problems, infertility (in both men and women), polycystic ovarian syndrome, complications in pregnancy, complications in surgery, and metabolic syndrome (which frequently underlies Type 2 Diabetes and cardiovascular disease)

eating foods prepared outside the home

We have increased the frequency of eating foods prepared outside the home (fast food, sit-down restaurant food, and take-out food) has increased along with an increased reliance on processed and ultra-processed foods in the home (either as components of a home-cooked meal or the meal The increase in reliance on foods prepared outside the home has coincided with the obesity epidemic and people who frequently consume foods prepared outside the home tend to have a lower overall diet quality and eat more calories. An overwhelming 60% of the calories consumed by Americans comes from ultra-processed foods

what is important to teach people when educating them about nutrition

While learning about the causes of chronic diseases important, it is equally important for people to understand practical skills for their prevention. It seems common sense that not only would people need to learn what constitutes a healthy diet but how to carry it out . A healthy diet goes beyond cooking skills but requires basic nutrition and food safety knowledge ; some analytical skills for wading through the plethora of false nutrition information ; financial resources, access to transportation, access to food, kitchen equipment, and storage facilities for food and the "know-how" to plan meals, shop for ingredients, and budget for foods

A healthy body weight... [mark all correct answers] a. ...is a weight that is adequate for health without increasing your risk of chronic disease. b. ...a weight at which you feel comfortable. c. ...is defined by the fashion industry. d. ...is your Ideal Body Weight (100# plus 5# for every inch over 5 foot for women & 106# plus 6# for every inch over 5 feet for men).

ab correct Right! Good job! A healthy weight differs for each and every person. People can be healthy and live healthy lifestyles even if their body composition and looks do not match that of the current fashion ideal. The "ideal" body weight (while there still exists a calculation for it) doesn't apply to majority of the population (it's based on upper-class European-Americans who lived on the east coast during the 1920's!). The ideal body weight of a female fashion model is so low that most women wouldn't even be fertile with that little body fat. Most obese and overweight people will never obtain an "ideal" weight, but if they can lose 10% of their current body weight AND keep it off, they will experience reduced risk of chronic disease.

Which of the following environmental factors contribute to excessive caloric consumption and inadequate calorie expenditure? [mark all correct answers] a. 32% of our daily calories come from outside our homes. b. 40% decline in time spent in food preparation at home. c. Decrease in availability of organic foods. d. Increase in the variety of foods available. e. Increase in jobs requiring manual labor. f. Increase in technology which decreases calories expended during work and activities of daily living.

abdf correct Right! Good job! Environmental influences on obesity include: overeating: abundant foods, variety of foods, energy-dense foods, and larger portion sizes; reduction in physical activity: change in work activity, change in activities of daily living, and technology & transportation changes.

As of 2013, which state(s) had the highest obesity rate? [mark all correct answers] a. Mississippi b. Colorado c. Louisiana d. West Virginia

ad correct Right! Good job! According to the 2013 BRFSS, both West Virginia and Mississippi had greater than 35% of their population as obese (this does not include overweight AND obese, just obesity).

In general, our body fat is stored in ________tissue.

adipose Our adipose tissue has an almost limitless capacity to store energy and can expand its capacity in two ways: increasing the size of the adipocytes (fat cells) and make more fat cells. Getting bigger (hypertrophy) is generally how adipose tissue stores more energy. A single adipose cell can increase in size one-thousand-fold over its initial size.

Which of the following is FALSE about the relationship between genes, environment, and weight status? a. Genetic predispositions to obesity places you at risk for developing overweight/obesity. b. If you're genetically predisposed to obesity, there's little you can do to avoid weight gain. c. Environmental factors play a large role in determining the health outcomes of those genetically predisposed to overweight/obesity. d. Human bodies/genetics have not changed significantly over the past 40,000 years.

b correct Right! Good job! Genetics can account for as much as 60% of the difference in weight status amongst different people, but it doesn't mean that a person is destined to become overweight or obese. It just means that a person is more susceptible to obesity and an environment of abundant, inexpensive food

Which of the following is the BEST evidence that environment plays a role in obesity? a. The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their biological parents b. The fact that the rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant c. The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism among lean and overweight people d. The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage sites based on gender

b correct Right! Good job! Human genes take quite some time to really change yet our dietary and physical activity habits have changed rapidly and coincided with a rise in obesity levels.

Which of the following is TRUE of specific methods used to assess body fat content? a. Weighing people underwater to assess body density is called flotation mass index. b. Skinfold measures require multiple measurements on bare skin by a skilled practioner who accuratly measure the placement areas of the caliphers prior to beginning skinfold measures. c. Bioelectric impedance cannot be used in subjects under 18 years old due to the risk of nerve damage d. Sitting inside a chamber to displace the air within the chamber as a means of determining body composition is not an accurate technique

b correct Right! Good job! Skinfold measures need to be done by skilled practioners who measure multple sites on the body. Prior to using the skinfold caliphers, they actually need to measure the body to determine where the caliphers need to be placed. Measures must be done on bare skin for accuracy.

Which (of the following) environmental influence(s) is MOST likely directly responsible for our obesity epidemic? [mark all correct answers] a. our genetics b. increases in food abundance and availability c. decreases in physical activity d. the introduction of genetically modified foods

bc correct Right! Good job! An increase in calories appears to be primarily responsible for the obesity epidemic with American diets increasing by ~760 calories since the 1950's. There are no scientifically established risks to the consumption of GMOs and genetics are not an environmental factor.

What is (are) the MOST significant factor(s) that determines a person's susceptibility to obesity? [mark all correct answers] a. Willpower b. Genetics c. Lived environment d. Gym membership

bc correct Right! Good job! Genetics appear to determine people's susceptibility to obesity and an environment of abundant, inexpensive food. Genes interact with the diet and activity patterns that lead to obesity and the metabolic pathways that influence satiety and energy balance. So the two have to be there together: the genes and the environment. Willpower on the other hand has a role in weight status, but there is much, much more going on.

Skinfold measures estimate

body fat by using a caliper to gauge the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm (over the triceps), below the shoulder blade (subscapular), and in other places (including lower-body sites) and then comparing these measurements with standards. It is important to note that measurement sites must be carefully and precisely measured/located prior to use of the calipers. Multiple sites need to be measured using high-quality calipers in order for this test to be accurate.

Generally, doctors and nutritionists classify people as either underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese. These different classifications are determined by

body mass index (BMI), or a measure of body fat based on your height and weight.

Research published by the World Health Organization found that a rise in fast food sales correlated to a rise in

body mass index, and Americans are notorious for their fast-food consumption ― such food makes up about 11% of the average American diet. Another study demonstrates the full effect added sugars from soda and energy drinks are wreaking havoc on American waistlines. So it is not just how much we eat, but what we eat.

In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes? a. hips b. thighs c. abdomen d. buttocks

c correct Right! Good job! Excess visceral fat that is stored around the organs of the abdomen is referred to as central obesity or upper-body fat. Independently of BMI or total body fat, central obesity is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, gallstones, and some types of cancer.

In the United States, being underweight is most likely NOT caused by... a. ...an eating disorder. b. ...an underlying medical condition such as cancer. c. ...food insecurity. d. ..drug or alcohol addiction.

c correct Right! Good job! The paradox of hunger in the United States as that the most food insecure among us are the most likely to be overweight and obese. This is due to the fact that most cheap food is relatively unhealthy while the cost of fresh, healthy food is often out of reach for many Americans.

Societal ideals of beauty The "ideal" healthy body weight for a particular person is dependent on

change through time, differ from society to society, and generally have little to do health-based outcomes. Personal body image ideas often have little to do with actual body weight or size.] many things, such as frame size, sex, muscle mass, bone density, age, and height.

Air displacement plethysmography (also called the Bod-pod) estimates body

composition by having a person sit inside a chamber while computerized sensors determine the amount of air displaced by the person's body.

The average fashion model has a BMI of ____ yet a BMI of less than_____ is considered underweight.

correct 16.0 correct 18.5 Right! Good job! The average fashion model has a BMI of 16, yet a BMI less than 18.5 is considered underweight. Only 25% of the women in this country even have a BMI less than 25.

Americans eat about ___ more calories per day compared to the 1970's and burn about ____ calories less. (This is a numerical question, enter the numerals only).

correct 500 correct 130 Right! Good job! Review the video.

As of 2013, only Colorado has an obesity rate of less than 20% of its population. True False

correct Right! Good job! As of 2013, no state in the US has an obesity rate less than 20% of its population. false

Over the past 33 years, ____ countries have been able to prevent or reverse their obesity epidemics. (Numerical answer, enter the numeral only).

correct no

Moreover, there is an alarming number of registered dietitians (the primary profession tasked with change dietary patterns) who do not possess

culinary skills Despite changes in societal structure in the developed world, cooking in the home and responsibility for meal planning still falls primarily on women When people do cook at home, their diets tend to be healthier

The perception of the "ideal" body weight is additionally dependent on In the fashion industry (which, obviously, is responsible for setting many of our cultural ideas of beauty), the average female model has a body mass index of

cultural factors and the mainstream societal advertisement of beauty. 16.0 (well below the underweight cut-off of less than 18.5). When only 25% of women in this country even have a BMI less than 25.0 (e.g. not overweight or obese), you can see how unrealistic the ideal of ultra-thin women is.

Which of the following is FALSE about the obesity epidemic? a. It affects both developing and developed countries. b. It tends to follow the Westernization of a country's dietary pattern. c. It is associated with increased risk of chronic disease and childhood obesity. d. It is only occurring in developed, not developing countries.

d correct Right! Good job! The obesity epidemic has become global--even in developing countries. While among the poor of a developing country, underweight is still a problem, but among the upper-classes in these countries, obesity is on the rise.

In other words, genes interact with the

diet; activity patterns; and physiologic factors that influence satiety, satiation, energy balance and energy expenditure. Something genetic makes a person more or less likely to gain or lose weight when overeating or undereating because some people gain more weight than others on comparable energy intakes.

Which of the following influences our ability to live a healthy lifestyle? a. national agriculture policy b. individual choice c. social networks d. socioeconomic status e. all of these

e correct Right! Good job! Everything listed as a possible answer is also something that influences our food choices. It's hard to eat fruits and vegetables if one cannot afford them and/or does not have access to them. It's hard to sustain healthy changes if one is in a relationship with someone who is sabotaging his or her health efforts. It's hard to be physically active daily if one's untreated clinical depression makes it impossible for him or her to even get out of bed. Making healthy lifestyle choices is far more than just an individual choice, but this also is an influence on health.

a. 18.5-24.9 b. 25.0-29.9 c. 30.0-34.9 d. More than 40.0 e. Less than 18.5 f. 35.0-40.0 1. Underweight 2. 'Normal' weight 3. Overweight 4. Obesity, Grade I 5. Obesity, Grade II 6. Obesity, Grade III

e a b c f d

Researchers are focusing on changing the human genes that are related to obesity as a way to mitigate this problem. True False

f

The cause of 'common' obesity can be traced to a single gene. True False

f

Eating daily meals from sources outside the home does not significantly impact obesity risk. True False

f correct Right! Good job! About 1/3 of our calories come from ready-to-eat foods prepared outside of home. Frequent dining out associated with higher BMI.

Around 30% of US pets are considered obese or overweight. True False

f correct Right! Good job! Over half of all US pets are considered overweight or obese.

The Rock's cousin Fred has a BMI of 24.0. Fred doesn't work out and has a waist circumference of 41 inches. His BMI indicates that he is of normal weight and therefore at little risk of chronic disease. True False

f correct Right! Good job! "Normal" weight does not necessarily equal healthy weight or someone who consumes an adequate diet and is physically active.

Duane "the Rock" Johnson's BMI is 34.3 and waist circumference is 38. This means that he is obese and at risk for chronic disease. True False

f correct Right! Good job! In the case of athletes, it is not uncommon to have elevated BMIs while having low levels of body fat. His waist circumference indicates a lower risk of chronic disease.

The majority of deaths from chronic disease occur in the developed world. True False

f correct Right! Good job! Of the 57 million deaths around the world in 2008, 63% of those were due to non-communicable (chronic) diseases. The majority of those deaths were in developing and nearly developed countries.

Only men have excess visceral abdominal fat while only women have excess thigh & hip fat. True False

f correct Right! Good job! Visceral fat is most common in men but does appear in women as well. However, even when total body fat is similar, men have more visceral fat than women. Regardless of gender, the risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality are increased for those with excessive visceral fat.

During weight loss, both the size and the amount of fat cells decreases. True False

f correct Right! Good job! While the size of adipose cells can decrease the number doesn't actually decrease. One of the issues with childhood obesity is that overweight and obese children lay down more fat cells as they grow than normal weight children. The more fat cells one has, the easier it is for fat to be deposited back which is why it is very hard to keep gained weight off and why prevention of childhood obesity is so critical.

The consequences of obesity aren't just in chronic disease. Our obesity crisis has also made us incredibly vulnerable to In the United States especially, we place a great deal of emphasis upon willpower alone as the method to treat obesity, ignoring the

fad diets and nutrition quackery. complex interactions of genetics and environment. Most obese people do not successfully lose weight and maintain the loss, but the overwhelming assumption of our society is that this is possible—and that it is the sole failure of the obese person when this does not happen.

Obesity is caused by a complex mix of

genetics and environment. recognized that a dynamic interplay exists among individuals' nutrition, physical activity, and other health-related lifestyle behaviors and their environmental and social contexts.

body fat and health risks

health risks develop when males less than age 40 are more than 22% body fat and women less than age 40 have greater than 32% body fat. After age 40, greater than 25% body fat in males and 35% in females is considered excess. In a morbidly obese adult (BMI > 40.0), body fat could make up as much as 70% of total weight.

Ideally, your weight is adequate for An 'ideal' weight is also a weight at which you

health without increasing your risk of chronic disease. feel comfortable, allows you to participate in activities of daily living, and is appropriate for your genetics, your age, and your birth gender. Most of all, it is a weight that is realistic, one that you can achieve with a nourishing diet and adequate amounts of physical activity.

Body mass index (BMI) is calculated using BMI measurements are used to indicate whether an individual may be

height and weight measurements and is more predictive of body fatness than weight alone. underweight (with a BMI less than 18.5), overweight (with a BMI over 25), or obese (with a BMI over 30).

While being overweight or obese increases risk of

hypertension, stroke, heart disease, gallbladder disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, some cancers, and sleep apnea, losing as little as 10 to 20 pounds (and keeping it off) does confer a risk reduction

And don't forget that adipose tissue is also producing adipokines. When obesity is present, adipose tissue tends to produce more of the adipokine resistin which can promote

inflammation and insulin resistance. It also decreases the release of the adipokine adiponectin which protects against inflammation, diabetes, and heart disease.

The consequence of obesity also disproportionately affect those of lower socioeconomic status due to the reasons

laid out in this section. "The main barriers to preventing low-income families from adopting healthy eating advice is not ignorance but sociocultural norms, lack of resources, financial instability, limited access to and availability of affordable healthy food, and lack of choice

The fat that is more typically carried by women in the thighs and buttocks is

less harmful to health—even if the woman is considered overweight or obese.

This phenomenon is due, at least in part, to an enzyme called what is its job

lipoprotein lipase (LPL). LPL's job is to take fat out of circulation in the blood and store it in adipose tissue. It also is responsible for breaking down triglycerides for release back into the blood stream to be used as energy. LPL directs where fat is to be stored.

Waist circumference is

low-cost measure that does a pretty good job of predicting chronic disease risk. A waist circumference less than 35 inches is considered optimal (in terms of health outcomes) for women and less than 40 inches for optimal health outcomes in men.

To calculate your BMI,

multiply your weight in pounds by 703 (conversion factor for converting to metric units) and then divide the product by your height in inches, squared. BMI = [weight (lb) x 703] ÷ height (in)2orBMI = [weight (kg)] ÷ height (m)2

The rise in obesity in America has coincided with a drastic increase in the rates of

non-communicable, chronic disease such as hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and osteoarthritis contributing to the rise in health care expenditures . "In 2012, the total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes was $245 billion, including $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in decreased productivity

ways people are trying to help fight obesity

nutrition education and awarence campaigns

Our environment is rarely completely under our control so we have to look at the bigger picture when we examine

obesity intervention methods. We have to consider obesity & the obese person in a larger social/cultural/environmental/economi All of these factors influence a person's ability to make choices about their health. We cannot fall into the habit of attributing obesity management success to willpower alone.

High BMI measurements can be warning signs BMI-associated health risks vary by

of health hazards ahead, such as cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases. race. Asians face greater health risks for the same BMI than Caucasians, and Caucasians face greater health risks for the same BMI than African Americans.

Behavior change approaches can include

setting easy-to-achieve, short-term goals; self-monitoring (through programs like FitBit and SuperTracker), stimulus control (getting that candy off your desk!), confronting barriers to change, stress management, social support, and contracting (a form of behavior goal-setting). Physical activity is a a component of primary treatments.

The unfortunate thing about making more fat cells to accommodate energy storage is that while the

size of the cells can decrease with weight loss, the actual number of fat cells will not. This is another reason why childhood obesity can have such long-lasting effects into adulthood.

Lifestyle factors can contribute to excess abdominal fat as well. For example,

smoking causes more fat to be deposited in the abdominal area. Excess alcohol consumption will also cause fat to be deposited in the abdominal area.

In children, being underweight can [In women, underweight status can lead to The most common underlying cause of underweight in America is

stunt growth. infertility and underweight/low birth weight infants]. inadequate nutrition. Other causes are wasting diseases, such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and eating disorders. People with wasting diseases are encouraged to seek nutritional counseling, as a healthy diet greatly affects survival and improves responses to disease treatments. Eating disorders that result in underweight affect about eight million Americans (seven million women and one million men).

Body weight is NOT an indication of nutrient adequacy. True False

t correct Right! Good job! Body weight can be a measure of energy adequacy or inadequacy but CANNOT reflect the adequacy of macro- and micro-nutrient intake. Nor can it tell you if a person is eating a healthy diet. In other words being skinny does not equal being healthy anymore than being curvy does not mean you don't eat healthy.

In adopted children living in the homes of normal weight parents, if their biological parents are overweight/obese, they are still more likely to be at risk for overweight/obesity. True False

t correct Right! Good job! We know that genetics relates to obesity from studies of adoptive children which showed that they tend to be closer in weight status to their biological parents rather than their adoptive and studies of identical twins separated at birth which showed they tend to have similar weights even though they grew up in different environments.

More than a ____ of adults in the United States have a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30.0, indicating the presence of obesity. This statistic does not even include Americans who are considered overweight: those with a BMI ranging between 25.0 and 29.9.

third

Globally it is estimated that nearly ___people die each year from the consequences of overweight and obesity. Of the_57 million deaths around the world in 2008, ____ of those were due to non-communicable (chronic) diseases.

three million 63% The majority of those deaths were in developing and nearly developed countries

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) uses

two low-dose X-rays that differentiate among fat-free soft tissue (lean body mass), fat tissue, and bone tissue, providing a precise measurement of total fat and its distribution in all but extremely obese subjects.

In the developed world where even food insecurity is associated with being overweight rather than underweight, underweight is generally a sign of an =

underlying disease or condition. In the developing world, being underweight] is linked to nutritional deficiencies, especially iron-deficiency anemia, and to other problems such as delayed wound healing, hormonal abnormalities, increased susceptibility to infection, and increased risk of some chronic diseases such as osteoporosis.

Bioelectrical impedance measures body fat by

using a low-intensity electrical current. Because electrolyte-containing fluids, which readily conduct an electrical current, are found primarily in lean body tissues, the leaner the person, the less resistance to the current. The measurement of electrical resistance is then used in a mathematical equation to estimate the percentage of body fat.

Although the terms overweight and obese are often used interchangeably and considered as gradations of the same thing, they denote different things. The major physical factors contributing to body weight are

water weight, lean tissue mass, bone tissue mass, and fat tissue mass. Overweight refers to having more weight than normal for a particular height and may be the result of water weight, muscle weight, or fat mass. In most cases people who are overweight also have excessive body fat and therefore body weight is an indicator of obesity in much of the population Obese refers specifically to having excess body fat.

Hydrodensitometry (also called underwater weighing) measures body density by .

weighing the person first on land and then again while submerged in water. The difference between the person's actual weight and underwater weight provides a measure of the body's volume. A mathematical equation using the two measurements (volume and actual weight) determines body density, from which the percentage of body fat can be estimated

A clinician will take two measurements, one of

weight and one of fat mass, in order to diagnose obesity. Some measurements of weight and body fat that do not require using technical equipment can easily be calculated and help provide an individual with information on weight, fat mass, and distribution, and their relative risk of some chronic diseases.

Weight status is generally judged in one of two ways:

what is "popular" or considered ideal by a society and what produces the best health outcomes. These are generally unrelated.

Hyperplasia occurs

when we start making more adipose cells overall. This occurs normally during infancy and childhood, but can also occur when the expansion capacity of adipose tissue has been reached (as in obesity).

the more LPL that you have the more

women have higher amounts of LPL in their breasts, hips, and thighs—which is why more fat gets stored there. LPL does not really like to release fat for energy. So the more LPL you have (e.g. if you made more adipose tissue to accommodate increasing energy stores), the harder it is to lose weight from those areas.