Management 300 Final Exam Practice Questions
________ is one way to achieve unfreezing of an organization's status quo. A) Increasing the driving forces directing behavior away from the status quo B) Decreasing the restraining forces which hinder movement from inequality C) Increasing employee investment in the status quo D) Decreasing management's investment in change E) Increasing the rigidity of the organizational hierarchy
A) Increasing the driving forces directing behavior away from the status quo
Who built upon the three-step model to create a more detailed approach for implementing change? A) John Kotter B) David McClelland C) Douglas Surber D) Lawrence Summers E) Kurt Lewin
A) John Kotter
________ encompasses a collection of planned-change interventions built on humanistic-democratic values that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. A) Organizational development B) Reflected change C) Process consultation D) Action research E) Economic validity
A) Organizational development
________ help(s) employees understand the history and past actions of an organization, and make the current organizational culture more legitimate. A) Stories B) Material symbols C) Rituals D) Language E) Reflections
A) Stories
________ typically contain(s) a narrative of events about the organization's founders, rule breaking, or reactions to past mistakes. A) Stories B) Material symbols C) Rituals D) Language E) Reflections
A) Stories
An example of change in competition is ________. A) U.S. manufactured Toyota vehicles B) collapse of Enron Corporation C) Iraq-U.S. war D) increased interest in urban living E) a decrease in interest rates
A) U.S. manufactured Toyota vehicles
Risa has to work long hours and sometimes weekends, losing out on family time. Risa doesn't find her long hours overly stressful, but rather she sees it as her contribution to maintaining her family's equilibrium and well being, and bettering her children's future. In which country is Risa most likely employed? A) Venezuela B) United States C) Canada D) United Kingdom E) Netherlands
A) Venezuela
________ are consistent with recent efforts by companies to reduce costs, cut overhead, speed up decision making, increase flexibility, get closer to customers, and empower employees. A) Wider spans of control B) Narrower spans of control C) Matrix structures D) Simple structures E) None of the above
A) Wider spans of control
Which one of the following is not listed as a tactic for dealing with resistance to change? A) acceleration B) manipulation C) participation D) cooptation E) education
A) acceleration
Rather than looking for problems, ________ seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization, which can then be built upon to improve performance. A) appreciative inquiry B) action research C) team building D) process consultation E) social reinforcement
A) appreciative inquiry
The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom is termed ________. A) chain of command B) authority C) span of control. D) unity of command E) web of authority
A) chain of command
If individuals resisting change are included in making change decisions in an attempt to gain their support, this approach is called ________. A) cooptation B) exploitation C) manipulation D) coercion E) education
A) cooptation
In recent years, ________ has become the primary concern in acquisitions and mergers. A) cultural compatibility B) cultural synergy C) financial advantages D) product synergy E) value dominance
A) cultural compatibility
Culture performs all the following functions except ________. A) displaying the dominance of particular organizations B) enhancing social system stability C) conveying a sense of identity for organization members D) facilitating commitment to something larger than individual self-interest E) defining boundaries
A) displaying the dominance of particular organizations
The macro view of culture that gives an organization its distinct personality is its ________ culture. A) dominant B) sub- C) strong D) national E) marginal
A) dominant
Maya's company needs to dramatically cut costs. Which of the following structural decisions will help her immediately reduce costs? A) doubling the span of control B) decreasing the unity of command C) increasing the chain of command D) decentralizing management decisions E) formalizing work processes
A) doubling the span of control
Which of the following is not an organizational factor related to stress? A) economic conditions B) task demands C) role demands D) interpersonal demands E) none of the above
A) economic conditions
Your company, Johnson Farm Products, has decided to expand its traditional business serving farm owners in order to include home gardeners in its customer base. This change is not met with enthusiasm by the sales personnel who have had good long-term relationships with area farmers. You know that the change will be difficult if you cannot overcome the resistance of the sales personnel and obtain their cooperation. You have brought in the local extension agent to explain demographics and the changing nature of the area in which you live. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen is ________. A) education and communication B) participation C) negotiation D) manipulation and cooptation E) coercion
A) education and communication
The time when a new employee sees what the organization is really like and realizes that expectations and reality may diverge is called the ________ stage. A) encounter B) exploration C) establishment D) metamorphosis E) mirroring
A) encounter
Top management has a major impact on the organization's culture through ________. A) establishing norms that filter down through the organization B) ensuring a proper match of personal and organizational values C) socializing new applicants in the pre-hiring phase D) providing a framework for metamorphosis of new hires E) properly rewarding management's initiatives
A) establishing norms that filter down through the organization
Your supervisor has restructured the jobs within your division and some of your colleagues are not pleased. Don is concerned that he will not be able to perform the new tasks. Since he is paid by the amount he produces, his pay might be reduced. Tony is afraid that his job may be in jeopardy and he may be laid off. Doug dislikes uncertainty and has developed a negative attitude. 81) The source of Tony's resistance is ________. A) habit B) economic C) security D) structural inertia E) none of the above
A) habit
Which one of the following is consistent with a simple structure? A) high centralization B) high horizontal differentiation C) high employee discretion D) standardization E) bureaucracy
A) high centralization
Which of the following is not a reason why organic structures promote innovation? A) high formalization B) low vertical differentiation C) high flexibility D) low centralization E) cross-fertilization
A) high formalization
Which of the following is not an example of stories? A) how the new standard operating procedures will be implemented B) how the founders started the company C) how the workforce grew from three to three hundred in one year D) how the company had to cut one thousand employees last year E) how the company redesigned their product after near bankruptcy
A) how the new standard operating procedures will be implemented
Change activities that are ________ and goal oriented are termed planned change. A) intentional B) discretionary C) random D) reflexive E) restorative
A) intentional
Elaine is very good at what she does, but she is constantly stressed by internal deadlines to co-workers, obligatory meetings, and time lost in unrelated idle cubicle chatter. Today, after a meeting with her supervisor, she has been given more responsibility for her work, is able to set her own deadlines, decline attendance to various department meetings, and telecommute two days a week. Elaine's boss is using which of the following organizational strategies to reduce her stress? A) job redesign B) organizational communication C) employee involvement D) organizational development E) wellness
A) job redesign
Which of the following is most likely to result from a strong organizational culture? A) low employee turnover B) low employee satisfaction C) high employee turnover D) high absenteeism E) none of the above
A) low employee turnover
Which one of the following terms is not a component of rituals? A) material symbols B) sequenced activities C) repetition D) key values E) reinforcement
A) material symbols
When looking at an e-mail from one of her project managers, Patricia noticed that the e-mail was sent at nine-thirty in the evening. The next day she personally went to the employee's cubicle and told him how much she appreciated him staying late to get the project to the client on time. Which aspect of creating a positive organizational culture is Patricia utilizing? A) rewarding more than punishing B) building on organization strengths C) emphasize individual growth D) building on employee strengths E) emphasizing organizational vitality and growth
A) rewarding more than punishing
The ________ refers to the number of subordinates that a manager directs. A) span of control B) unity of command C) chain of command D) decentralization principle E) leadership web
A) span of control
Phil is new at JPS Corp, but after a week he already knows that the founder of the corporation started the business in his garage with only $10,000 and one client. This information was most likely transmitted to Phil by way of ________. A) stories B) material symbols C) rituals D) language E) reflections
A) stories
A corporation that makes sure that all of their products are purchased directly from the producers, effectively eliminating the middle-man, and striving for fair trade practices is engaging in ________, a common element of a spiritual organization. A) strong sense of purpose B) trust and respect C) material symbols D) humanistic work practices E) toleration of employee expression
A) strong sense of purpose
Since the restructuring, your division has had trouble filling the open positions with appropriate candidates. The selection processes used by human resources have not yet adjusted to the new criteria required for the restructured job positions. This problem is an example of which kind of resistance to change? A) structural inertia B) limited focus of change C) group inertia D) threat to expertise E) threat to established power relationships
A) structural inertia
The simple structure is most widely practiced in small businesses in which ________. A) the owner also manages the company B) management is limited to one individual C) managers have a high degree of influence with the company's owner D) managers are hired directly by the company's owner E) training budgets are limited
A) the owner also manages the company
Mintz's Motor Repair is moving its location to a larger community 100 miles away. Mintz would like for its mechanics to move with the company but realizes that there will be some hardships associated with the move. Mintz has decided to use Lewin's three-step model in order to make the change. As a manager in charge of the relocation effort, you are offering a $2,000 moving bonus for any employee who will go to the new location. In Lewin's terms, you are attempting to ________. A) unfreeze the status quo B) move the process along C) refreeze the change D) bribe your employees E) none of the above
A) unfreeze the status quo
________ is a change process based on systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate. A) Organizational development B) Action research C) Planned change D) Process consultation E) Organizational restructuring
B) Action research
Which of the following is considered a benefit of action research for an organization? A) Employees can carry out the specific actions to correct the problems identified. B) It is problem focused. C) It is solution centered. D) It is simple to implement. E) It has no financial costs associated with it.
B) It is problem focused.
________ involves correcting errors using past routines and present policies. A) Process reengineering B) Single-loop learning C) Double-loop learning D) Continuous improvement process E) Organizational reaction
B) Single-loop learning
________ is when a person is faced with a challenge that is related to what that person wants to have or do, and he or she isn't sure exactly what the end result will be, but regardless of the outcome, it is perceived as important. A) Change B) Stress C) Innovation D) Stimulation E) Creativity
B) Stress
The right inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect orders to be obeyed is termed ________. A) chain of command B) authority C) power D) unity of command E) leadership
B) authority
Which of the following is not a means of transmitting culture within an organization? A) stories B) aversion therapy C) rituals D) language E) material symbols
B) aversion therapy
High formalization in an organization creates all of the following except ________. A) predictability B) cohesiveness C) orderliness D) consistency E) none of the above
B) cohesiveness
The primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization are known as ________. A) foundational values B) core values C) shared values D) institutional traits E) manifestos
B) core values
To create a more ethical culture, management should do all of the following except ________. A) serve as a visible role model B) cover up unethical acts C) provide ethical training D) communicate ethical expectations E) provide protective mechanisms
B) cover up unethical acts
Errors that are corrected by modifying the organization's objectives, policies, and standard routines are part of ________. A) single-loop learning B) double-loop learning C) process reengineering D) the continuous improvement process E) tertiary continuance
B) double-loop learning
The source of Don's resistance is ________. A) habit B) economic C) security D) structural inertia E) none of the above
B) economic
Elsa joined her new law firm expecting to have a part in exciting environmental law cases, and cutting edge research. After one month at the firm she still hasn't been assigned a case and spends most of her time filing standardized appeals for title disputes with insurance companies. In which stage of the socialization process is Elsa? A) prearrival B) encounter C) metamorphosis D) ritual E) systemic
B) encounter
The employee compares her expectations to organizational reality in which stage of socialization? A) prearrival B) encounter C) metamorphosis D) ritual E) analysis
B) encounter
The selection process helps sustain the organization's culture by ________. A) establishing and enforcing norms B) ensuring that candidates fit well within the organization C) socializing the applicant D) identifying individuals who have the skills to perform certain jobs E) rewarding conformity
B) ensuring that candidates fit well within the organization
Political uncertainties, economic uncertainties, and technological change are examples of which category of potential sources of stress? A) economic B) environmental C) organizational D) group E) social
B) environmental
A strong culture can act as a substitute for which of the following? A) institutionalization B) formalization C) socialization D) organizational rules E) social support
B) formalization
All of the following are steps in the process of action research except ________. A) diagnosis B) forming C) feedback D) action E) evaluation
B) forming
Alessio's boss doesn't care whether Alessio works at home, at the office, or from his beach house. All he cares about is that the project is completed on time, on budget, and with exemplary quality. Which characteristic of organizational culture best describes this aspect of Alessio's job? A) low risk taking B) high outcome orientation C) high attention to detail D) low aggressiveness E) high stability
B) high outcome orientation
Which of the following is not an effective individual approach to handling stress? A) using time-management techniques B) increasing training and skills C) increasing levels of physical exercise D) paticipating in relaxation training E) spending time with friends
B) increasing training and skills
The best definition for centralization is a situation in which decision making ________. A) is pushed down to lower level employees B) is concentrated at a single point in the organization C) depends on the situation D) is completed in each department and then sent to the president for review E) is diffused among a large segment of employees
B) is concentrated at a single point in the organization
Jerry is feeling very stressed because his boss expects a project to be delivered to the client with a very unreasonable deadline. Jerry has to work nights and weekends to make the deadline. Jerry is feeling ________ stress. A) environmental B) organizational C) economic D) marital E) opportunity
B) organizational
You have decided to involve the sales personnel in planning for the change and in stocking appropriate new items to sell to gardeners. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen is ________. A) education and communication B) participation C) negotiation D) manipulation and cooptation E) coercion
B) participation
The activities included in team building include all of the following except ________. A) goal setting B) personal development C) team process analysis D) team interpersonal relations E) defining priorities
B) personal development
Raymond is dealing with impending layoffs at work. Yesterday at the pharmacy he measured his blood pressure and it was high. He also notices that when he thinks about the future his heart rate accelerates. Raymond is demonstrating ________ symptoms of his stress. A) psychological B) physiological C) behavioral D) personal E) reactive
B) physiological
Janice works for a pet store in which everyone is absolutely committed to the happiness of the animals. Often employees, bosses and hourly workers alike, come into the store "off the clock" and spend time socializing and training the animals. Everyone loves the store, the animals, and their jobs. According to the information provided, Janice encounters a ________ in her job. A) positive safety climate B) positive performance climate C) negative safety climate D) positive diversity climate E) negative performance climate
B) positive performance climate
The de-emphasis of hierarchical authority and control in organizational development is referred to as ________. A) participation B) power equalization C) trust and support D) respect for people E) vertical blending
B) power equalization
Alex has a new idea for a way to cut costs in his department, but he is not willing to share his idea with his boss because the last department head that tried new cost cutting methods was recently fired. Based on the example, how can Alex's company improve the culture to create innovation? A) flatten the management structure in the organization B) reward both successes and failures organizationally C) increase the resources in Alex's department D) encourage communication between various departments E) promote tenured management in Alex's department
B) reward both successes and failures organizationally
All of the following are sources of organizational resistance to change except ________. A) structural inertia B) security C) limited focus of change D) threat to established power relationships E) group inertia
B) security
As organizations have widened spans of control, flattened structures, introduced teams, reduced formalization, and empowered employees, the ________ provided by a strong culture ensures that everyone is pointed in the same direction. A) rules and regulations B) shared meaning C) rituals D) socialization E) rigid hierarchy
B) shared meaning
Employee discretion is inversely related to ________. A) complexity B) standardization C) specialization D) departmentalization E) empowerment
B) standardization
The key underlying concept of all bureaucracies is ________. A) efficiency B) standardization C) centralization D) span of control E) specialization
B) standardization
Which of the following has been the most studied potential source of innovation? A) cultural variables B) structural variables C) human resource factors D) champions E) brainstorming
B) structural variables
Cultures within an organization that are defined by departmental designations are often called ________. A) micro-cultures B) subcultures C) divisional cultures D) microcosms E) counter cultures
B) subcultures
Culture is most likely to be a liability when ________. A) it increases the consistency of behavior B) the organization's environment is dynamic C) the organization's management is ineffectual D) it reduces ambiguity E) countercultures are integrated into the dominant cultures
B) the organization's environment is dynamic
The trend in recent years has been toward ________. A) narrower spans of control B) wider spans of control C) a span of control of four D) an ideal span of control of six to eight E) eliminating spans of control in favor of team structures
B) wider spans of control
The unity-of-command principle states which of the following? A) Managers should limit their oversight to a maximum of 12 employees. B) Managers should oversee 1-4 employees on average. C) An individual should be directly responsible to only one supervisor. D) Managers should provide direction to their employees in a unified fashion. E) Employees should report directly to two supervisors to maintain task balance.
C) An individual should be directly responsible to only one supervisor.
Which of the following is not a method managers use to foster a learning organization? A) Establish a strategy. B) Redesign the organization's structure. C) Increase departmental boundaries. D) Reshape the organization's culture. E) Encourage functional conflict.
C) Increase departmental boundaries.
________ is a new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process, or service. A) A continuous improvement process B) Double-loop learning C) Innovation D) Process reengineering E) Organizational streaming
C) Innovation
Jean works for HJC publishing which is a publisher of scientific journals. The company is dominated by low risk taking and high attention to detail. Jean's department is also committed to high team orientation and provides many team-building activities in which Jean and other department members work together and socialize. Which of the following statements best describes Jean's department? A) It represents the dominant culture. B) It does not include core values. C) It is a subculture sharing core values. D) The organizational culture is undefined. E) It has low stability.
C) It is a subculture sharing core values.
Institutionalization can be an asset and a liability. In which of the following situations is it a liability? A) It doesn't go out of business when a leader is changed. B) Acceptable modes of behavior are self evident to all. C) Maintaining the organization becomes an end in itself. D) The organization is valued for itself. E) The organization has a life apart from the founders.
C) Maintaining the organization becomes an end in itself.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a learning organization? A) There is a shared vision upon which everyone agrees. B) People sublimate their personal self-interest to work together to achieve the organization's shared vision. C) Members integrate old ways of thinking with new ideas. D) People openly communicate with each other. E) There is consensus on the direction of the organization.
C) Members integrate old ways of thinking with new ideas.
________ is characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. A) Bureaucracy B) Matrix organization C) Simple structure D) Team structure E) Centralized structure
C) Simple structure
Paul is miserable and stressed with the new corporate reorganization. He now reports to a foreign office that has usurped many of his responsibilities, including the contract labor for his projects, therefore he's working with less qualified and new contractors with whom he doesn't have a relationship. However, the managers of the other departments find themselves in the same boat and everyday they are able to laugh over lunch about their new managerial impotence. ________ is helping Paul handle his stress. A) Perception B) Job experience C) Social support D) Personality E) Marital status
C) Social support
Which of the following is not a drawback of a narrow span of control? A) It is expensive. B) It makes vertical communication in the organization more complex. C) Supervisors may lose control of their employees. D) It encourages overly tight supervision. E) It helps increase organizational efficiency.
C) Supervisors may lose control of their employees.
An example of a source of individual resistance to change is ________. A) inertia B) structural inertia C) a habit D) threat to expertise E) a policy conflict
C) a habit
Excessive smoking, substance abuse, accident proneness, and appetite disorders are all examples of ________ symptoms of stress. A) personal B) psychological C) behavioral D) physiological E) pathological
C) behavioral
Which one of the following dichotomies of organizational structure specifically defines where decisions are made? A) complexity/simplicity B) formalization/informalization C) centralization/decentralization D) specialization/enlargement E) affectivity/reflexivity
C) centralization/decentralization
Which of the following is not a common organizational design? A) simple structure B) bureaucracy C) centralized structure D) matrix structure E) none of the above
C) centralized structure
Which of the following is not a primary force for change in organizations? A) technology B) economic shocks C) decreasing skill sets D) social trends E) the nature of the workforce
C) decreasing skill sets
Managing resistance to change that is ________ is extremely challenging. A) passive B) resolute C) deferred D) explicit E) overt
C) deferred
Which of the following is not a step in the appreciative inquiry process? A) discovery B) dreaming C) devising D) destiny E) design
C) devising
The step in the action research process where information is gathered about problems, concerns, and needed changes is known as the ________ stage. A) feedback B) evaluation C) diagnosis D) action E) prognosis
C) diagnosis
Which tactic for overcoming resistance to change basically assumes that the source of resistance lies in misinformation? A) training and development B) facilitation and support C) education and communication D) teaching and advancement E) cooptation and manipulation
C) education and communication
Barbara is the lead editor for a small, city newspaper. One of her advertising sales representatives is pulling in a lot of restaurant clients. Barbara realizes that the representative is quite knowledgeable about food and speaks quite elegantly when describing different dishes. She has begun discussing with the representative the possibility of collaborating with a writer to include a weekly restaurant review, which includes the representative on the by-line. After the first couple of reviews, the representative is able to increase ad sizes and sales. He is very happy with his new job diversification. Which aspect of creating a positive organizational culture is Barbara utilizing? A) rewarding more than punishing B) building on organization strengths C) emphasize individual growth D) creating loose management oversight E) emphasizing organizational vitality and growth
C) emphasize individual growth
What does a positive organizational culture do? A) uses negative reinforcement and punishment B) rarely uses rewards C) emphasizes individual growth D) emphasizes building on the organization's strengths E) emphasizes organizational vitality
C) emphasizes individual growth
If there is a basic conflict between the individual's expectations and the reality of working in an organization, the employee is most likely to be disillusioned and quit during which stage of socialization? A) prearrival B) ritual C) encounter D) metamorphosis E) reflection
C) encounter
Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control? It ________. A) reduces effectiveness B) is more efficient C) encourages overly tight supervision and discourages employee autonomy D) empowers employees E) increases participatory decision-making
C) encourages overly tight supervision and discourages employee autonomy
Which of the following is a characteristic of a learning organization? Its employees ________. A) have standard ways of doing their jobs B) pursue projects of interest C) focus on breaking down barriers created by hierarchical levels D) think in terms of independent relationships E) have high levels of technical knowledge
C) focus on breaking down barriers created by hierarchical levels
Which of the following is not a characteristic of organizational culture? A) attention to detail B) innovation C) formality orientation D) team orientation E) outcome orientation
C) formality orientation
Culture creation occurs in all of the following ways except when ________. A) founders hire and keep employees who think and feel the way they do B) founders indoctrinate and socialize employees to their way of thinking and feeling C) founders develop their vision covertly D) founders' behavior acts as a role model E) founders refuse to be constrained by previous ideologies
C) founders develop their vision covertly
Which of the following is not a strength of bureaucracies? A) ability to perform standardized tasks efficiently B) functional departments resulting in economies of scale C) high concern with rules and regulations D) minimum duplication of personnel and equipment E) unified jargon or "language" among employees
C) high concern with rules and regulations
If a job is highly formalized, it would not include which of the following? A) clearly defined procedures on work processes B) explicit job description C) high employee job discretion D) a large number of organizational rules E) a consistent and uniform output
C) high employee job discretion
The unanimity of a strong culture contributes to all of the following except ________. A) cohesiveness B) loyalty C) higher product quality D) organizational commitment E) close ties between workers within the organization
C) higher product quality
Which characteristic is not reflective of subcultures? A) includes core values of the organization B) typically defined by department designations C) includes values shared only within the organization D) can influence individuals behavior E) includes values unique to members of a department or group
C) includes values shared only within the organization
The ________ theory indicates that some stress stimulates the body into action, and people are able to perform well. However, too much stress causes a person to perform poorly. A) self-efficacy B) reverse-inverted C) inverted-U D) double-loop E) single-loop
C) inverted-U
How might U.S. managers be culturally sensitive? A) discuss religion more B) discuss politics frequently C) listen more D) speak quickly E) talk in a high tone of voice
C) listen more
Jose is a manager for a manufacturing company in which managers are expected to fully document all decisions, and it is important to provide detailed data to support any recommendations. Which characteristic of organizational culture best describes this aspect of Jose's job? A) low team orientation B) high aggressiveness C) low risk taking D) high stability E) high people orientation
C) low risk taking
Which tactic to overcome resistance to change is a relatively easy way to gain the support of adversaries, but may backfire if the targets become aware of the tactic? A) negotiation B) conciliation C) manipulation D) coercion E) cooperation
C) manipulation
Which of the following is not a common cultural characteristic evident in a spiritual organization? A) strong sense of purpose B) trust and respect C) material symbols D) humanistic work practices E) toleration of employee expression
C) material symbols
The structure that creates dual lines of authority is the ________. A) organizational structure B) bureaucracy C) matrix structure D) virtual organization E) simple structure
C) matrix structure
All of the following are examples of material symbols except ________. A) top executives' use of the company jet B) a swimming pool for the employees to use C) new employee orientations D) luxury cars for executives E) private parking spots
C) new employee orientations
Managers who have spent their entire careers with an organization and are high in the hierarchy are ________. A) good change agents B) generally the impetus for change C) often impediments to change D) usually focused on radical change E) none of the above
C) often impediments to change
A paper sales company designs and offers a new method of purchasing and shipping commercial quantities of paper through their Web site, versus contacting their sales representative. This is an example of ________. A) accidental change B) the nature of the workforce C) planned change D) a change agent E) competition demands
C) planned change
The purpose of ________ is for an outside consultant to assist a client, usually a manager, to perceive, understand, and act upon process events with which the manager must deal. A) a change agent B) survey feedback C) process consultation D) action research E) social reinforcement
C) process consultation
Organizations that promote a spiritual culture ________. A) have organized religious practices B) adopt a corporate religion C) recognize that people have both a mind and a spirit D) de-emphasize community in the work place E) tend to downplay the importance of employee satisfaction
C) recognize that people have both a mind and a spirit
You have implemented a permanent upward adjustment of salaries for employees who relocate. You are attempting to ________. A) unfreeze the status quo B) move the process along C) refreeze the change D) change a driving force E) none of the above
C) refreeze the change
You counsel each employee individually, trying to lessen each person's fears about the move. This is an example of ________. A) removing driving forces B) increasing driving forces C) removing restraining forces D) brainwashing E) none of the above
C) removing restraining forces
One of Verl's department employee's was severely injured on the job. Verl has called in psychological counselors to talk to the other employees, and scheduled a series of safety trainings for the department to be completed by the end of the week. He has also asked the HR personnel to talk to the department about the disability insurance that the company offers and make sure that his employees know what is available. Verl is using ________ to help cope with the stress caused by his employee's injury. A) demands B) technology C) resources D) innovation E) appreciative inquiry
C) resources
Rituals perform all of the following functions except that of ________. A) reinforcing the key values of the organization B) emphasizing the organization's goals C) revealing the company's bottom line in terms of net profit D) reinforcing the company's perspective on which people are important E) revealing the company's view of which people are expendable
C) revealing the company's bottom line in terms of net profit
The process through which employees are adapted to an organization's culture is called ________. A) personalization B) mentoring C) socialization D) institutionalization E) intimidation
C) socialization
Which of the following is not a message conveyed by material symbols? A) who is important B) top management's egalitarianism C) who is going to be hired or fired D) appropriate risk-taking behavior E) appropriate authoritarian behavior
C) who is going to be hired or fired
________ are persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing change activities. A) Planned changes B) Accidental changes C) Economic shocks D) Change agents E) Social trends
D) Change agents
Hire sales staff that wears the style of clothing that she intends to promote. B) Dress in very modern and hip fashions for her staff interviews. C) Offer the staff flexible schedules that coordinate with their hobbies or studies. D) Establish firm rules and dress codes during the staff orientation session. E) Clearly express in a mission statement the type of service desired at the store.
D) Establish firm rules and dress codes during the staff orientation session.
Javier is starting a job for an advertising agency as a graphic designer. He is highly creative. Which of the following socialization options would be least effective in Javier's cultural socialization process? A) Javier in allowed to begin designing a small portion of a project without any formal training. B) Javier's boss feels that Javier's skills and experience require little training. C) Javier is not expected to advance to taking on his own project until he's ready D) Javier is appointed a mentor and is told he must follow his mentor's directions. E) Javier is socialized through lunches with each of his team members.
D) Javier is appointed a mentor and is told he must follow his mentor's directions.
________ orientation is the characteristic of organizational culture that addresses the degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. A) Humanistic B) Community C) Team D) People E) Relationship
D) People
Hubert is unclear about his duties on the new project and feels stressed with the role ambiguity. He has decided to simply put off the project and dedicate himself to other tasks. Which of the following best describes the effect of Hubert's stress? A) Anxiety is a physiological symptom of stress. B) Low self-esteem is a psychological symptom of stress. C) Fidgeting is a behavioral symptom of stress. D) Procrastination is a psychological symptom of stress. E) Increased heart rate is a physiological symptom of stress.
D) Procrastination is a psychological symptom of stress.
________ is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction. A) Action research B) Planned change C) Process consultation D) Sensitivity training E) Psychoanalysis
D) Sensitivity training
An organizational culture most likely to shape high ethical standards is one that ________. A) is high in risk tolerance B) is low-to-moderate in aggressiveness C) focuses on means as well as outcomes D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
Larry has an employee that is amazing at clearly seeing rules and enforcing them. He has recently promoted her to the lead position in quality assurance. Which aspect of creating a positive organizational culture is Larry utilizing? A) rewarding more than punishing B) building on organization strengths C) emphasize individual growth D) building on employee strengths E) emphasizing organizational vitality and growth
D) building on employee strengths
The application of direct threats or force upon resisters is called ________. A) exploitation B) cooptation C) manipulation D) coercion E) destruction
D) coercion
You have threatened to eliminate positions and even to close down the company if your employees don't change their attitudes. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen may be ________. A) education and communication B) participation C) negotiation D) coercion E) building support and commitment
D) coercion
Aeronautics Inc., a parts supplier, has departments for government aircraft and contracts, large commercial aircraft clients, and small personal aircraft clients. This is an example of ________ departmentalization. A) product B) function C) geography D) customer E) service
D) customer
A bureaucracy is characterized by all of the following except ________. A) highly routine operating tasks B) formalized rules and regulations C) tasks that are grouped into functional departments D) decentralized decision making E) specialization
D) decentralized decision making
In contrasting organizational culture with job satisfaction, organizational culture is a(n) ________ term, while job satisfaction is a(n) ________ term. A) predictive; reactive B) implied; stated C) reflective; affective D) descriptive; evaluative E) inductive; deductive
D) descriptive; evaluative
The source of Doug's resistance is ________. A) habit B) economic C) selective information processing D) fear of the unknown E) none of the above
D) fear of the unknown
HUP corporation discussed the economic downturn with all of the employees and offered them the option to have the entire corporation reduce their hours to a part time status, or force management to reduce the staff by fifteen percent. Management allowed the employees to vote on the best method, and they chose to go part time. HUP is engaging in ________, a common element of a spiritual organization. A) strong sense of purpose B) trust and respect C) material symbols D) humanistic work practices E) toleration of employee expression
D) humanistic work practices
Darg's team just had a research breakthrough. They'll need several more thousands of dollars to complete the project, but today Darg has called a series of meetings in which he's promoting the significance of the new discovery, explaining the economic benefits that will result from the final project, and answering questions. Darg is a(n) ________ within his company. A) change agent B) restraining force C) manipulator D) idea champion E) stress creator
D) idea champion
Which of the following is not a source of individual resistance to change? A) habit B) security C) fear of the unknown D) inertia E) economic factors
D) inertia
Which of the following terms is part of the definition of a strong culture? A) little influence over members' behavior B) low behavioral controls C) narrowly shared values D) intensely held values E) weakly held values
D) intensely held values
Which of the following is not a criticism of the idea of the spiritual organizational culture? A) there is very little research B) work and religion should be separate C) spirituality and profits aren't compatible D) it helps people find purpose in work E) there is no scientific foundation
D) it helps people find purpose in work
New employees are usually comfortable with their organizations by the end of the ________ stage of socialization. A) encounter B) exploration C) establishment D) metamorphosis E) adaptation
D) metamorphosis
The correct order for the stages of the socialization process is ________. A) prearrival, metamorphosis, encounter B) prearrival, encounter, ritual C) prearrival, ritual, encounter D) prearrival, encounter, metamorphosis E) prearrival, ritual, arrival
D) prearrival, encounter, metamorphosis
The selection process helps candidates learn about an organization. If employees perceive a conflict between their values and those of the organization, this gives them a chance to ________. A) work to change the organization B) express their concerns C) inform the organization of appropriate changes D) self-select out of the applicant pool E) rectify their cognitive dissonance
D) self-select out of the applicant pool
The ultimate source of an organization's culture is ________. A) top management B) the environment C) the country in which the organization operates D) the organization's founders E) the belief systems of it employees
D) the organization's founders
All of the following are examples of rituals except ________. A) anniversary parties honoring long-time employees B) annual award meetings C) fraternity initiations D) the placement of offices within corporate headquarters E) singing company songs
D) the placement of offices within corporate headquarters
Which of the following is not an example of a hindrance stressor? A) red tape B) office politics C) role conflict D) time urgency E) job confusion
D) time urgency
Jill is overwhelmed with the new tasks that she has been assigned since the department merger. Every day she arrives at work and makes a list of the new tasks, writes a number next to each one according to the urgency of completion, and schedules a time to complete each one. Although she's still stressed, Jill is able to get most of the work done and feels better at the end of the day. Jill is using ________ to reduce her stress. A) selection and placement B) goal setting techniques C) relaxation techniques D) time-management techniques E) job redesigning techniques
D) time-management techniques
Phyllis works for a corporation that recently fired three top managers who were caught using the company credit cards to lavishly furnish their offices and even purchase "office" furniture that was found in their personal homes. Which method of maintaining an ethical culture is Phyllis's company pursuing? A) serve as a visible role model B) communicate ethical expectations C) provide ethical training D) visibly punish unethical acts E) provide protective mechanisms
D) visibly punish unethical acts
Who developed a three-step model for change that included unfreezing, movement, and refreezing? A) John Kotter B) David McClelland C) Douglas Surber D) Lawrence Summers E) Kurt Lewin
E) Kurt Lewin
________ are indicators of a strong organizational culture. A) High levels of dissension B) Weak managers C) Completely horizontal organizational charts D) Narrowly defined roles E) Widely shared values
E) Widely shared values
Consistency of behavior is an asset to an organization when it faces ________. A) a dynamic environment B) an unknown environment C) social upheaval D) massive changes E) a stable environment
E) a stable environment
The key characteristic of organizational culture that addresses the degree to which people are competitive rather than easygoing is termed ________. A) assertiveness B) competitiveness C) aversiveness D) risk taking E) aggressiveness
E) aggressiveness
The more that lower-level personnel provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, the more ________ there is within an organization. A) centralization B) disempowerment C) work specialization D) departmentalization E) decentralization
E) decentralization
All of the following are factors that serve to sustain organizational cultures except ________. A) selection B) orientation C) socialization D) top management E) frugality
E) frugality
Using covert influence to overcome resistance to change is called ________. A) negotiation B) cooptation C) education D) coercion E) manipulation
E) manipulation
Which of the following is not an individual variable that influences a person's ability to handle stress? A) perception B) job experience C) social support D) personality E) marital status
E) marital status
An example of change in the nature of the work force is an increase in ________. A) college attendance B) mergers and consolidations C) capital equipment D) divorce rates E) more cultural diversity
E) more cultural diversity
It is easiest for management to deal with resistance when it is ________. A) covert B) deferred C) passive D) implicit E) overt
E) overt
Family issues, economic problems, and personality characteristics are examples of the ________ factor of potential stress. A) social B) environmental C) personnel D) psychological E) personal
E) personal
Despite your attempts to unfreeze the status quo at Mintz, your employees are still resistant to the relocation. According to Kotter's model, which of the following would most likely help to overcome this problem? A) emphasizing the importance of short-term wins by discouraging risk taking B) creating a set of strategies for the move and sticking with them at all costs C) limiting your discussion of your vision for the move to employees with the highest rankings D) postponing the moving deadline since it isn't critical that the move occur immediately E) providing employees with a list of compelling reasons for the move
E) providing employees with a list of compelling reasons for the move
Which of the following is not an organizational aspect that leads to innovation? A) organic structure B) long tenured management C) slack amount of resources D) high interunit communication E) rewards absence of failures
E) rewards absence of failures
Kyle runs a dog boarding kennel. He has seven employees that all report directly to him and he makes all the decisions regarding the dogs, accounting, and technology. Which type of organizational structure does Kyle's kennel have? A) bureaucracy B) virtual structure C) matrix structure D) complex structure E) simple structure
E) simple structure
In an organization that has high centralization, ________. A) the corporate headquarters is located centrally to branch offices B) all top level officials are located within the same geographic area C) action can be taken more quickly to solve problems D) new employees have a great deal of legitimate authority E) top managers make all the decisions and lower level managers merely carry out directions
E) top managers make all the decisions and lower level managers merely carry out directions
Which of the following is not a general perception that the international business community has of U.S. managers? A) arrogant B) loud C) self-absorbed D) capitalist E) unethical
E) unethical
The ________ principle helps preserve the concept of an unbroken line of authority. A) span of control B) chain of command C) cross-functionality D) centralization E) unity-of-command
E) unity-of-command
Organizationally supported programs that focus on the employee's total physical and mental condition are called ________ programs. A) job redesign B) relaxation C) employee involvement D) organizational development E) wellness
E) wellness
True or False Accommodating consists of unassertiveness and uncooperativeness.
False
True or False All organizations within an industry use the terminology designated by the industry so that their employees can move freely from organization to organization.
False
True or False An idea champion in Germany will be more effective by ignoring budgets and procedures.
False
True or False Appreciative inquiry is a collection of change techniques or interventions built on humanistic-democratic values.
False
True or False Appreciative inquiry refers to a change process based on systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicates.
False
True or False As a conflict-handling intention, avoiding is the opposite of competing.
False
True or False Avoiding encompasses both assertive and uncooperative behaviors.
False
True or False Compromising generally reflects a lack of assertiveness.
False
True or False Double-loop learning is an error correction process that relies on past routines and present policies.
False
True or False Experience on the job tends to be positively related to work stress.
False
True or False If you place your opponent's interest above your own, you are engaging in collaborating.
False
True or False In the conflict process, emotions play a minor role in shaping perceptions.
False
True or False In the conflict process, individuals' intentions are rigid and will rarely change due to an emotional reaction to the behavior of the other party.
False
True or False In the socialization process, the period of learning that occurs before a new employee joins an organization is termed the encounter stage.
False
True or False Organizational behavior (OB) is not a readily definable concept, but a convenient term used to encompass a variety of activities for managing change.
False
True or False Research demonstrates that any effort to resist change is dysfunctional in terms of organizational effectiveness.
False
True or False Research demonstrates that subcultures act to undermine the dominant culture.
False
True or False Retention forces are those that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.
False
True or False Sensitivity training emphasizes changing behavior through structured group interaction.
False
True or False The degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks is termed aggressiveness.
False
True or False The most potent means of transmitting culture to employees are stories, rituals, related symbols, and language.
False
True or False The objectives of survey feedback are to provide subjects with increased awareness of their own behavior and how others see them.
False
True or False The success of a merger depends most strongly upon the example set by the top management of the merged organizations.
False
True or False You have to be directly informed of another's intent in order to know how to respond to his or her behavior.
False
True or False You should expect that long-time career executives will be proponents of change.
False
True or False A person's basic disposition is a major private factor that influences stress.
True
True or False A strong company that encourages pushing the limits can be a powerful force in shaping unethical behavior.
True
True or False A strong culture can be a liability for an organization.
True
True or False Avoiding consists of unassertiveness and uncooperativeness.
True
True or False Collaborating consists of assertiveness and cooperativeness.
True
True or False Competing consists of assertiveness and uncooperativeness.
True
True or False Cooptation is a form of both manipulation and participation.
True
True or False Idea champions display characteristics associated with transformational leadership.
True
True or False If an individual believes his/her income will be affected negatively by a particular change, resistance will increase.
True
True or False Individuals with different backgrounds in an organization will tend to describe the organization's culture in similar terms.
True
True or False Innovation is nurtured where there are slack resources.
True
True or False Intergroup development seeks to change attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that groups have of each other.
True
True or False Material symbols convey to employees the degree of egalitarianism that is desired by top management.
True
True or False Process consultants work with the clients in jointly diagnosing what processes need improvement.
True
True or False Senior executives establish norms that filter down through the organization as to whether risk taking is desirable.
True
True or False The organizational factors that cause stress include: task demands, role demands, and interpersonal demands.
True
True or False The stage of socialization where an individual confronts the possible dichotomy between her expectations and reality is the encounter stage.
True
When a bank robber points a gun at a bank employee, his base of power is _________. a) coercive b) punitive c) positional d) authoritative e) fractional
a) coercive
Which one of the following is not one of the primary ways to group jobs? a) skill b) customer c) function d) product e) service
a) skill
_______ is a shared system of meaning held by the organization's members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. a) Institutionalization b) Organizational culture c) Socialization d) Formalization e) Corporate image
b) Organizational culture
One reacts to ________ power out of fear of the negative ramifications that might result if one fails to comply. a) legitimate b) coercive c) punitive d) referent e) abusive
b) coercive
____________ power is based on an individual's position in an organization. a) leadership b) formal c) informal d) influential e) static
b) formal
The interactionist view of conflict proposes that functional conflict is __________. a) an indication of the group maturity level b) necessary for effective group performance c) a necessary evil d) always focused around relationships e) universally harmful
b) necessary for effective group performance
The opposite of coercive power is __________ power. a) referent b) reward c) legitimate d) charismatic
b) reward
A task that is subdivided into many separate jobs is considered to have ____________. a) a high degree of departmentalization b) a low degree of decentralization c) a high degree of work specialization d) a low degree of structure e) a high degree of matrix structuring
c) a high degree of work specialization
For much of the first half of the 20th century, managers viewed work specialization as ___________. a) a means to encourage employee satisfaction b) a frustrating cause of reduced product output c) an unending source of increased productivity d) difficult to implement without automation technology e) an effective solution to over-centralization
c) an unending source of increased productivity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of organizational culture? a) attention to detail b) innovation c) formality orientation d) team orientation e) outcome orientation
c) formality orientation
A plant manager who organizes the plant by separating engineering, accounting, manufacturing, personnel, and purchasing into departments is practicing _________ departmentalization. a) target customer b) product c) functional d) geographic e) graphic
c) functional
Which of the following is not a benefit achieved from work specialization? a) decreased time in changing tasks b) decreased training costs c) increased investment in machinery d) increased efficiency and productivity e) decreased time in putting away tools
c) increased investment in machinery
The power that the College Dean has been granted by the University over the faculty is termed _________ power. a) academic b) positional c) legitimate d) organizational
c) legitimate
__________ power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. a) associational b) legitimate c) referent d) personal e) source
c) referent
When your superior offers you a raise if you will perform additional work beyond the requirements of your job, he/she is exercising __________ power. a) legitimate b) coercive c) reward d) personal e) reflective
c) reward
Legitimate power is based on __________. a) positive rewards b) interpersonal trust c) structural position d) expert knowledge e) respect and admiration
c) structural position
Culture may be a liability because it is a barrier to _____. a) change b) diversity c) mergers and acquisitions d) all of the above e) none of the above
d) all of the above
Formal power can arise out of which of the following? a) the ability to coerce or reward b) formal authority c) control of information d) all of the above e) none of the above
d) all of the above
Your physician has advised you to take a series of medications. You comply because of her _________ power. a) referent b) information c) formal d) expert e) personal
d) expert
AgriProducers has customers all over the United States that need their soil tested in their labs as well as their products for their crops. The crops and soil are different in the various large areas of the nation, such as the West Coast, and the Mid-West. Which type of departmentalization would be best for AgriProducers? a) functional b) process c) product d) geographic e) temporal
d) geographic
The two general groupings of power are ____________. a) informational and personal b) formal and informal c) informal and legitimate d) personal and formal e) static and fluid
d) personal and formal
Proctor & Gamble departmentalizes by Tide, Pampers, Charmin, and Pringles. This is an example of departmentalization by ________. a) function b) process c) geography d) product e) interest
d) product
Stalsberry Company has employees in personnel, sales, and accounting. This division of an organization into groups according to work functions is an example of ___________, the second element of structural organization. a) social clustering b) bureaucracy c) specialization d) centralization e) departmentalization
e) departmentalization
Organizational structure has six key elements. Which of the following is not one of these elements? a) centralization b) departmentalization c) work specialization d) formalization e) location of authority
e) location of authority
