MANAGEMENT 4143 EXAM 1

The notion that a person being coached must want to change; assessments are important; some behaviors cannot be changed; practice is critical; and there is no substitute for accountability are all ______.

"best practices" for coaches.

True or false: As demonstrated by Michelle Obama's gaffe at a dinner at Buckingham Palace, cultural differences can impact power.

True

Susie lacks enthusiasm, requires constant direction, and relies on her leader to do all the thinking. Susie can be described as a(n) ______ follower.

Passive

Craig, a marketplace manager at Helizone inc., rarely takes iniative or suggests new ideas during project meetings. He does his work half-heartedly and needs to be guided by his manager on a regular basis. According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, Craig most likely is a(n)

Passive follower

__________ means the status differential between members of a group.

Pecking order

A leader's job in a complex situation is to

generate new ideas and ways of thinking among everyone

Which of the following is an intrinsic reward?

personal growth

leadership is most associated with words like

vision

In survey research by Judith Rosener that identified several differences in how men and women described their leadership experiences, it was found that

women helped subordinates develop commitment to broader goals than their own self-interest.

Compared to a manager, a leader

challenges the status quo.

Several significant people in an alcoholic's life, such as spouse, children, employer, or neighbor, agree to confront the alcoholic in unison about the many dimensions of his or her problem. This is an example of an influence tactic called _____.

coalition tactic

Cult leader Jim Jones is an example of a leader using _____ power.

coercive

Followers are highly likely to use __________ power to change their leader's behavior if they have a relatively high amount of referent power with their fellow coworkers.

coercive

A police officer giving a speeding ticket to a driver is most likely using his or her

coercive power.

The ability to control others through the fear of punishment or the loss of valued outcomes is known as

coercive power.

The leader development technique that addresses actual company challenges is called _________.

action learning

What is the fastest way to alter the culture and norms of a team?

change the people in the teamCorrect

How we interpret our observations takes place in the _____ component of the A-O-R model.

reflection

according to rober kelly's basic styles of leadership ___ are the "yes people" of organizations and are very active at doing their organization's work.

conformist followers

An agent asks a target to participate in planning an activity. In this scenario, the agent uses an influence tactic called _____.

consultation

In the context of the interactional framework, ideal followers are most likely to be described as

cooperative

Which of the following is most likely an outcome of regularly practicing a 10 percent stretch?

decreasing apprehensions about doing something new or different

Influence is best described as the

degree of actual change in a target person's values.

In a classic study of sex roles, Schein

demonstrated how bias in sex role stereotypes created problems for women moving up through managerial roles.

Which of the following is a phenomenon that refers to situations in which people feel themselves at risk of being judged by others holding negative images about them?

the stereotype threat

During the first two weeks on the job, a new leader should conduct in-person meetings with their peers. Which of the following issues should be discussed with the peers?

the ways issues are raised and decisions made on their boss's team

Task forces that are formed to work on key change initiatives should be staffed by stars because

this will improve the odds of good recommendations being made.

Which of the following is the first step while conducting a GAPS (goals, abilities, perceptions, standards) analysis?

to clearly identify what one wants to do or where one wants to go with one's career over the next year or so

What is Hollander's approach to leadership called?

transactional approach

A leader who wants to develop his technical competence should

understand how his job contributes to the overall success of the organization.

Unlike the role approach, the constructionist approach

views leadership as combined acts of leading and following by different individuals

Which of the following are true about ideal leaders? (Check all that apply.)

They should use rational techniques and emotional appeals to influence followers. They must weigh the rational and emotional consequences of their actions.

Which of the following is an effective team leader's ideal job?

To create the conditions for the team to be successful

Which of the following illustrates leader development?

Training designed to develop one's skill in giving feedback to another person

True or false: Followers can have more expert power than leaders.

True

True or false: Good leaders are open to being influenced by subordinates.

True

True or false: Having a written development plan rather than informal goals can help keep leader development on track.

True

True or false: It is essential to consider both context and followers when determining leadership effectiveness.

True

True or false: People prefer to explain others' behavior on the basis of personal attributions even when obvious situational factors may fully account for the behavior.

True

True or false: Reading contemporary fiction and classics can help a leader broaden his or her perspective on leadership.

True

True or false: Research on how men and women describe their leadership experiences shows than men use transactional terms while women choose transformational terms.

True

True or false: Research shows that individuals who participate in after-event reviews were more effective leaders than individuals who do not participate in the AER process.

True

True or false: To be successful, learning must continue even after the end of one's formal education.

True

True or false: Workers who share a leader's goals and values, and who feel intrinsically rewarded for performing a job well, might be more likely to work extra hours on a time-critical project than those whose motivation is solely monetary.

True

A key reason behind using the phrase "desirable opportunities" in a definition of leadership was precisely to distinguish between leadership and

Tyranny

According to the fundamental archetypes of leadership, a __________ works on developing something that will benefit all the members in an organization.

Visionary-Alchemist

Ellie was assigned a team to lead. In her first two weeks, she wanted to find out whether her team members were capable of thinking about, accepting, and driving change. Which question was she most likely to ask?

What can the team do better?

When is it especially important for leaders to ask questions in order to learn from others?

When they are new to a group or activity and have responsibility for it.

All of the following are helpful for transferring knowledge to new environments except

assume the role of student to reinforce your learning.

In the context of perception, which of the following terms is best described as the explanations people develop for the characteristics, behaviors, or actions to which they attend?

attribution

Explanations we develop for the characteristics, behaviors, or actions we attend to are called

attributions

Reviewing progress on a development plan can help you ________.

avoid surprises at your performance appraisal

Individuals who are willing to confront their own views are using

double-loop learning.

According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, who among the following presents a consistent picture to both leaders and coworkers of being independent, innovative, and willing to stand up to superiors?

exemplary followers

In order to be successful in the operating room, a brain surgeon must have ______ power.

expert

The interactional framework for analyzing leadership includes

followers, leaders, and situations.followers, leaders, and situations.

The galatea effect

raising an individual's self-efficacy which results in an increase in performance.

A politician's adviser explains how demographic changes in the politician's district make it important for the politician to spend relatively more time in the district seeing constituents than he or she has in the recent past. In the context of influence tactics, this scenario is most likely an example of _____.

rational persuasion

An agent uses logical arguments or factual evidence to influence others. This scenario exemplifies an influence tactic called _____.

rational persuasion

Individuals practicing a Theory Y attitude should _____.

recognize that people have strengths as well as weaknesses

A leader who has developed close interpersonal relationships with followers generally uses his or her __________ power to influence them.

referent

When students respond positively to requests from teachers who are well-liked and respected, it most likely illustrates that the teachers have

referent power.

The theory of leadership that argued that leadership is a general personality trait expressed independently of the situation is known as

heroic theory

Which of the following involves participants being given a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to a number of notes, phone messages, and letters from a fictitious manager's in-basket?

in-basket exercises

Individuals in a clique who sit next to each other at a circular table

increase their power.

The change in a target agent's attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors as the result of influence tactics refers to _______.

influence

The less one looks like, acts like, dresses like, and talks like other leaders in the organization, the _____.

narrower the band of acceptable behavior

According to the text, how people vary in their motivation to influence and control others refers to _______..

need for power

Unlike formal mentoring programs, informal mentoring programs _____.

occur when a protégé and mentor build a long-term relationship based on friendship, common interests, and mutual respect

True or false: A problem with development plans is their failure to include reflection to allow for a change of direction.

False

True or false: Because of their vast knowledge of the field, leadership scholars are always good leaders.

False

True or false: Building rapport with peers is usually unnecessary for individuals who aspire to make it to the top levels of an organization.

False

True or false: Co-workers should always avoid getting involved with the personal lives of peers.

False

True or false: Formal study and learning from experience are mutually exclusive and antagonistic.

False

True or false: Individuals who were once part of the team are no longer credible sources of sources of information and their advice should be discounted.

False

True or false: It is necessary to exercise power in order for it to have effect.

False

True or false: Male managers are more likely to involve others when developing strategy.

False

True or false: McClelland found that individuals with a high need for power are guaranteed leadership success.

False

True or false: Most researchers in the field of leadership are in agreement on the basic definition of leadership.

False

True or false: Self-fulfilling prophecy refers to the explanations we develop for behaviors to which we attend.

False

True or false: Transferring learning to new environments takes place during the second phase of the Peterson-Hicks developmental planning process.

False last or fifth

Which of the following statements is true of leaders with high levels of technical competence?

Followers are generally more satisfied with them rather than leaders with average levels of technical competence.

Which of the following is not true of the superior-follower relationship?

Followers should allow superiors to experience surprises about new developments in the field.

All of the following are areas of study by leadership researchers except ___.

All of the following are areas of study by leadership researchers except ___.

Which of the following does not describe a simple situation?

Ambiguity

Which leader is most likely to gain the respect of followers?

An individual whose followers have participated in the selection of the leader.

Which of the following is a good springboard for further developmental opportunities?

Becoming an expert in one's primary field

The more a person looks like, acts like, dresses like, and talks like other leaders in an organization, the narrower the band of acceptable behavior.

False

The three processes that enhance leadership development are __________.

action, reflection, observation

In the context of the new leader onboarding road map, when should a new leader gather benchmarking information from other organizations, connect with the key external suppliers and customers, and if appropriate, meet with the former leader of the team?

after the first two weeks

In the context of leadership, the systematic process of building knowledge and experience or changing behavior is known as _____.

development planning

Which of the following is most likely a benefit of keeping a journal?

documenting ideas for future speeches

Which of the following involves a willingness to confront your own views and an invitation to others to do so, too?

double-loop learning

which of the following words is most often associated with the word "management"?

efficiency

The definition of leadership that highlights the directing and controlling aspects of leadership may deemphasize the _____ aspects of leadership.

emotional

A superior interested in discovering common interests and values of peers should _____.

establish informal communication links

Which is true of a good development plan?

It establishes checkpoints. It describes the final destination. It keeps people on track.

Which of the following statements is true of coercive power?

It has the possibility to be used by followers to influence their leader's behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of a gaps-of-the-GAPS (goals, abilities, perceptions, standards) analysis?

It helps leadership practitioners identify high-priority development needs.

Which of the following statements is true of legitimate power?

It means that a leader has authority because she or he has been assigned a particular role in an organization.

Identify a true statement about socialized power.

It often involves an empowering, rather than an autocratic, style of management and leadership.

Which of the following is true of the decision-making process in complex situations?

It should change to probe, sense, and respond.

Which of the following statements is true of informal coaching?

It takes place whenever a leader helps followers to change their behaviors.

Keeping a journal can be a valuable learning tool for leaders for all of the following reasons except

Journals provide a paper trail that can be used to prevent corrective actions.

Which of the following should leaders keep in mind when developing their own leadership skills? (Check all that apply.)

Leaders should work and focus on development goals that matter. No leader possesses all of the knowledge and skills required to be successful.

Who has the greater capacity to influence followers?

Leaders who have the ability to use rewards and punishments.

Which of the following statement is true of the leadership skill?

Leadership can be both innate and acquired.

Which of the following is not a good source of information for leaders to identify areas for personal improvement?

Reviews of successful subordinates

Which of the five steps of informal coaching is important to attracting and retaining followers to the work group?

Shaping the environment

An agent influences a target by giving and taking favors. This scenario exemplifies an influence tactic called

exchange

Two politicians agree to vote for each other's pet legislation despite minor misgivings about each other's bills. This scenario exemplifies an influence tactic called _____.

exchange

Which of the following is reinforced among co-workers when there is mutual understanding of the nature of job responsibilities?

Respect

Which method of learning results in the greatest amount of behavioral change?

Targeted coaching

A policeman giving a ticket is an example of ____ power.

coercive

______ analysis includes goals, actions, perceptions, and standards.

GAPS

Which of the following statements is true about building effective relationships with superiors?

Followers should think of their own and their superior's success as interdependent.

The first researcher to formally recognize the importance of the leader, follower, and situation in the leadership process was

Fred Fiedler

The success of Microsoft's founder can be attributed to his intelligence, his vision, and _____ among other things.

Gates' opportunity to practice computer programming while still in high school

Which of the following does not help explain the shift towards more women leaders?

Geography has changed.

In which part of the GAPS analysis do individuals identify where they want their career to go over the next year?

Goals

Which quadrants of the GAPS analysis are future-oriented?

Goals and standards

Which of the following was not a factor in the success of Microsoft's founder Bill Gates?

His competition with Apple

Which was not a basic issue that emerged among the survivors of the 1972 plane crash in the Andes mountains?

Identifying a worthy leader.

Which of the following is not an issue to address during the third month in a new job?

Identifying the stars a level or two down in the organization.

Identify a true statement about informal mentoring programs.

Informal mentoring usually begins with the protégé working in a part of the mentor's organization or on a high-visibility project for the mentor.

Which of the following best describes a leader?

Inspirational

Which statement is most likely true about followers having a good working relationship with their superiors?

Superiors and followers with good relationships tend to experience less conflict.

When making behavior changes, how many areas should leaders work on at the same time?

1-2

A review of the 2019 S&P 500 list by the nonprofit organization Catalyst has reported that only ____ percent of CEOs in the United States were women.

6

Long-term success as a leader requires

A high need for socialized power and a high need for activity inhibition.

Which of the following is likely to have the least amount of power?

A policeman dressed in regular clothes

Which of the following is not a good source of information about behaviors leaders need to change?

A program on new leadership techniques

Which is not an example of a superior?

A student.

Which leader development technique focuses on learning by doing?

Action learning

Which of the following individuals could best be described as one who aroused destructive feelings in followers?

Adolf Hitler

Laura is jokingly referred to as a Debbie Downer. She is always quick to point out the negative aspects of the organization. What type of follower is Laura?

Alienated

All of the following except which is a critical lesson learned from formal coaching?

All behaviors can be changed.

which of the following is a conventional distinction between managers and leaders?

Managers administer while leaders innnovate

Which of the following fundamental archetypes of leadership is most likely to take risks and action in a crisis?

The Warrior-Knight archetype

In the context of the first day on the job, identify a true statement about the first meeting of the new leaders with their new bosses.

The meeting should end by arranging a follow-up meeting to review progress.

Leadership development is enhanced when an experience involves three processes, which are

action, observation, and reflection.

An individual's formal or official authority is called ______ power.

legitimate

An agent makes requests to targets based on his or her position or authority. This scenario exemplifies an influence tactic called _____.

legitimizing tactic

Sean, a market manager at Pebble Deco Inc., asks his subordinate, Natalie, to work on a high-priority marketing campaign for the next quarter. She is hesitant to take up the assignment but is unable to refuse because of Sean's position and authority. In this scenario, Sean is most likely using

legitimizing tactics.

Legitimizing tactics most likely occur when agents

make requests based on their position or authority.

When a team has fewer than 15 people, what should new leaders do during the first two weeks?

meet individually with everyone on the team

A personal relationship in which a more experienced mentor (usually someone two to four levels higher in an organization) acts as a guide, role model, and sponsor of a less experienced protégé is known as

mentoring

__________ describe leadership situations and are used as vehicles for leadership discussions.

Case studies

According to the research, which is the most valuable factor in coaching?

Clear, direct feedback

The glass _____ refers to the intriguing finding that female candidates for an executive position are more likely to be hired than equally qualified male candidates when an organization's performance is declining.

Cliff

The actions of the Taliban against women in Afghanistan is an example of using which type of power?

Coercive

__________ occurs when agents ask targets to participate in planning an activity.

Consultation

All of the following terms are often associated with leadership except

Control

Which method of learning results in the smallest amount of behavioral change?

E-Learning

Which of the following is a myth?

Effective leadership is all common sense.

Shaun's new boss is an outgoing individual who likes to hold frequent face-to-face meetings, but in the past, Shaun has always communicated with his superior via detailed memos. Shaun should

Embrace the new boss's preference for face-to-face meetings.

Which of the following is not one of the five steps of informal coaching?

Encouraging competition

Meetings between a new leader and peers should do all of the following except which?

Establish individuals with whom they can confide

Perhaps the most important yet most neglected component of the action- observation-reflection model is reflection. Why is reflection important?

It can provide leaders with a variety of insights into how to frame problems differently.

The decision by the San Francisco postmaster following the 1906 earthquake and fire to allow people to send letters regardless of whether they had stamps or not is an example of which type of response to a natural disaster?

Leadership initiative.

Identify a true statement about the rational and emotional aspects of leadership.

Leadership involves both the rational and emotional sides of human experience.

Which type of power is most likely to be used in a crisis situation?

Legitimate power

Which of the following is not one of the six composites that comprise Miner's motivation to manage?

Maintaining good relationships with subordinates

Individuals who are relatively selfish, impulsive, uninhibited, and lacking in self-control have a high need for which type of power?

Personalized power

Which of the following skills was most important to the emergence of leadership among the survivors of the 1972 plane crash in the Andes.

Persuasiveness in decision making.

The AOR model is a key component in which phase of the Peterson-Hicks development planning process?

Phase 4

Management is often associated with which of the following terms?

Planning

The capacity to produce effects on others or the potential to influence others refers to

Power

Which of the following statements regarding development plans is true?

Progress should be regularly reviewed with bosses to determine whether they need modification.

Studies by McClelland and also by Miner use which method of assessing the need for power?

Projective personality tests

As a result of his decisions in his personal life, Tiger Woods lost which type of power?

Referent

Which type of power does an individual who is admired and seen as a role model have?

Referent

__________ is most likely to be associated with the role friendships play in making things happen.

Referent power

Barbara is a candidate for a managerial position in a financial services firm. Identify the tasks she should most likely perform as part of preparing for the interview process. (Check all that apply.)

She should read as much as she can about the firm by reviewing its website, annual reports, and marketing literature. She should use social networking sites to set up informational interviews with people inside the firm.

The expectations of superiors for your career objectives are relevant during which stage of the GAPS analysis?

Standards

Which step lets you know whether your high-development development plan is on track?

Step 4

Fred Fiedler's contingency model of the leadership process included all of the following except

Strategy

Simone, a senior sales manager at ReadMe Inc., cares about developing the skills of her teammates and works beside them as a role model. In the context of the five fundamental archetypes of leadership, she most likely belongs to the

Teacher-Mentor archetype.

Why do followers most likely need to have a high level of technical competence?

Technical expertise plays a key role in supervisors' performance appraisal ratings of subordinates.

Which definition of leadership appears to exclude informal leadership?

The process by which an agent induces a subordinate to behave in a desired manner.

__________ occurs when people's expectations or predictions play a causal role in bringing about the events they predict.

The self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is true of college professors who are considered leaders?

They are both born and made.

Which of the following statements is true of individuals with high levels of technical competence?

They are highly likely to be delegated tasks.

According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, which of the following statements is true about pragmatist followers?

They are mediocre performers.

In the context of influence tactics, identify a feature of coalition tactics that is different from that of consultation.

They are used when agents seek the aid or support of others to influence a target.

All of the following is true of leaders with high levels of technical competence except

They increase the level of conflict and ambiguity in a group.

Identify a true statement about passive followers in the context of Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership.

They require constant direction because they lack initiative and a sense of responsibility.

In the context of creating opportunities to get feedback, identify the true statements about leaders.

They should not assume they have invited feedback merely by saying they have an open-door policy. They may need to create opportunities to get feedback, especially from those working for them.

In the context of the new leader onboarding road map, which of the following statements is true of new leaders in the first two weeks?

They should schedule one-on-one meetings with all their peers in peers' offices.

Which of the following best identifies when informal coaching takes place?

Whenever a leader helps a follower change their behavior

Jayden is a candidate for a managerial position in a tech firm. Identify the questions he should most likely seek answers to during the interview process. (Check all that apply.)

Why is the firm looking for an outside hire for the position? What can make the function or team to be led more effective? What is currently not working in the function or team to be led?

Which of the following statements is true of women in leadership positions?

Women had significantly lower well-being scores than men.

If you want to minimize status differentials with subordinates, what should you do at a meeting with them?

You should sit at a circular table.

__________ power is a function of the amount of knowledge one possesses relative to the rest of the members of a group.

__________ power is a function of the amount of knowledge one possesses relative to the rest of the members of a group.

Which of the following leadership styles are supervisors most likely to use when interacting with subordinates with poor technical skills?

a close, directive leadership style

When someone's expectations for success play a role in bringing about that success, it is called ________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

The findings by Eden and Shani that individuals placed in a high potential group were perceived to have higher potential than those placed in an unknown or regular potential group even though potential was never actually assessed reflects

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

The tendency to make external attributions for one's own failures and internal attributions for one's successes is known as

a self-serving bias.

The Pygmalion Effect

a type of self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP) in which raising manager expectations regarding subordinate performance boosts subordinate performance.

Jim wants to make a good first impression with his new boss. He knows he'll have __________ to do this in his first meeting with the new boss.

about one hour

People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance

accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and that needs no further justification.

Which of the following is one of the best ways to establish and maintain good peer relationships?

acknowledge common interests and goals

An individual who takes credit for successes but blames the situation for failures

has a self-serving bias.

Undergraduate courses in leadership

help lay the foundation for becoming a better leader.

Which type of communication is important for discovering common interest and values with peers?

informal.

A salesperson's good-natured or flattering banter with a customer before the customer makes a decision about purchasing a product is an example of an influence tactic called _____.

ingratiation

Craig, a high school student, wakes up early on a Sunday morning and makes his mother's favorite chocolate cake and butterscotch cookies. He wants to seek permission for a week-long trekking trip and is sure that the cake and cookies will get his mother in a good mood. This scenario most likely exemplifies

ingratiation

In the context of influence tactics, when an agent attempts to get a target person in a good mood before making a request,

ingratiation

A minister's impassioned plea to members of a congregation about the good works that could be accomplished if a proposed addition to the church were built is an example of an influence tactic called _____.

inspirational appeal

An agent makes a request or proposal designed to arouse enthusiasm or emotions in a target person. In this scenario, the agent uses an influence tactic called _____.

inspirational appeal

The interactional framework takes Hollander's transactional approach to leadership one step further by additionally exploring

interactions

According to leadership researchers, leadership _____

is an interpersonal relation in which others comply because they want to.

Mick has taken a new hire, Brian, under his wing and is helping Brian by giving him knowledge, advice, challenge, counsel, and support about career opportunities, organizational strategy and policy, office politics. This process can be described as ______.

mentoring

Elizabeth wants to maximize the value of her journal. Her entries should do all of the following except:

merely keep an account of the day's activities.

Unlike traditional training programs, action learning

often is conducted in teams of work colleagues who are addressing real company challenges.

All of the following are bases of power except ____ power.

organized

People tend to use rational tactics when

parties are relatively equal in power.

The status differential between members of a group is called the _____.

pecking order

Our tendency or bias to perceive one thing and not another is referred to as our _______.

perceptual set

People do not see everything that happens in a particular leadership situation, nor do they hear everything; instead they are selective in what they attend to and what they, in turn, understand. A phenomenon that demonstrates this selectivity is called

perceptual set.

A sentence that opens with, "John, we have known each other a long time and I have never asked anything of you before" represents the beginning of an influence tactic called _____.

personal appeal

A judge who gives Samuel, a convicted prisoner, a suspended sentence but tells him to consider the suspension a "sword hanging over his head" if he breaks the law again is using an influence tactic called _____.

pressure tactic

Jonathan, a front desk executive at Read Books Inc., handled 40 customer calls per day. He was then sent to a training program last month to improve his communication skills, which cost the organization $500. This month, Read Books observes that his growth is positive and substantial and that he is able to handle 60 customer calls per day. His productivity has increased by $700. This scenario most likely exemplifies

return on investment.

Employee of the month and special parking spots are examples of using ____ power to influence behavior.

reward

The potential to influence others due to one's control over desired resources is

reward power

Unlike consultation, coalition tactics are most likely used when agents

seek the aid or support of others to influence their targets.

The tendency to make external attributions for your own failures yet make internal attributions for your successes refers to

self-serving bias.

During the final phase of development planning, the development plan

should be a 'live' document.

Which of the following terms describes a kind of learning between an individual and the environment in which learners seek relatively little feedback that may significantly confront their fundamental ideas or actions?

single-loop learning

Power is a function of the leader, the follower, and the

situation

The Stanford prison experiment highlighted the role of the ____ in the leader power equation.

situation

To increase buy-in and support for change decisions, new leaders should _____ their strategy, structure, and staffing ideas with their boss and peers before making personnel decisions.

socialize

Technical competence is especially important for first-line supervisors because they

spend considerable time training their followers.

Observing "with binoculars" involves

stepping back from a situation.

All of the following drive team structure, when new leaders determine the proper direction for their teams except _____.

team staffing

The idea of voluntary but determined efforts to improve leadership skills is referred to as ______.

the 10% stretch

People who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental attribution error. This is called

the actor/observer difference.

The fact that people who are watching an action are much more likely than the individual to make a fundamental attribution error can be attributed to

the actor/observer difference.

During ______, a leader should work to "socialize" his or her strategy, structure, and staffing ideas with both bosses and peers before making any personal changes.

the first three months in a new position

The tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fail is called

the fundamental attribution error.

When building a development plan, one's career objective comes directly from

the goals quadrant of the GAPS (goals, abilities, perceptions, standards) analysis.

Most early research on leadership was based on the assumption that leadership is a general personal trait expressed independently of the situation in which the leadership is manifested. This view is commonly known as

the heroic theory.

The term perceptual set refers to

the notion that we are selective in what we attend to and what we perceive.

Which of the following definitions of leadership is fairly comprehensive and helpful?

the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals.

The golem effect

the process where superiors (such as teachers or managers) anticipate low performance from a subordinate, causing the very behavior they predict.

Kyra, a 16-year-old high school girl, is skeptical about her first day at a new school. She believes that nobody will talk to her and that her new teachers will be rude to her. She enters the class in a negative mood and speaks rudely to everyone. Eventually, she sees that her beliefs about the new school and teachers come true. Which of the following is most likely exemplified in this scenario?

the self-fulfilling prophecy