Management 473 Exam 1

Employee stock ownership plans, and stock options tend to create an "ownership culture" in which employees feel aligned with the organization's success.

True

Expectancy theory of motivation states that people naturally direct their effort towards behaviors they believe are most likely to lead to desired outcomes.

True

Goal setting potentially improves employee performance by increasing motivation and classifying role perceptions

True

In terms of cross-cultural values, people in the United States tend to have relatively high individualism, middle to high achievement orientation, and medium to low power distance.

True

Intuition allows us to draw back on our tacit knowledge to guide our decision preferences.

True

Job evaluations systematically evaluate the worth of each job within the organization by measuring its required skill, effort, responsibility and working conditions.

True

Motivation is closely related to the concept of employee management

True

Organizational behavior encompasses the study of how organizations interact with their external environments.

True

Our emotions influence what we recognize or screen out.

True

People who believe that their success completion of a project is due to their skill and hard work are making an internal attribution.

True

People with high need for affiliation tend to be more effective in jobs that require them to mediate conflicts

True

Stereotyping is an extension of social identity theory and a product of our natural process of organizing information through categorical thinking.

True

The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perception, and situational factors.

True

The last step in the rational decision-making model is to evaluate the decision outcomes.

True

Three challenges organizations are facing include globalization, increasing workforce diversity, and emerging employment relationships.

True

Moods are less intense emotional states that are directed toward something or somebody in particular.

False

Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him/her to engage in specific behaviors.

False

____________ is the process of filtering information received by our senses.

Selective Attention

The process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in an identifiable social category is called ______________

Stereotyping

Attitudes represent a cluster of beliefs, motivations and feelings about an attitude object

True

Beliefs are established perceptions about the attitude object

True

Confirmation bias causes us to screen our information that is contrary to our values and assumptions.

True

Emotions generate a core affect that something is good or bad, helpful or harmful, to be approached or avoided

True

Organization

a group of people who work interdependently toward a purpose

Functional Stress (eustress)

a necessary part of life because it activates and motivates people to achieve goals, change their environments, and succeed in life's challenges

Mental Models

knowledge structures that we develop to describe, explain, and predict the world around us.

Equity Theory

proposes that employees perceive what they get from a job situation (outcomes) in relation to what they put in (inputs) and then measure against comparison others.

Personality

relatively stable pattern of behaviors and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioral tendencies

primacy effect

tendency to quickly form an opinion of people on the basis of the first information we receive about them

Values are stable, evaluative beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations

True

Cognitive Dissonance

A state of anxiety that occurs when an individual's beliefs, feelings, attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent with each another

Which of the following determine whether intentions translate into behavior?

All four elements of the MARS model

Behavior Modification

Attempting to "mold" individuals.

The uncomfortable tension felt when our behavior and attitudes are inconsistent with each other is called ______________________

Cognitive Dissonance

Some investors in the stock market become overconfident and ignore evidence that their strategies will lose. This can be attributed to _______________

Confirmation Bias

Organizational Justice

Distributive Justice: perceived fairness of amount Procedural Justice: the perceived fairness of the process

Shortcuts for judging others

-Assumed similarity -Mental Models -Stereotyping -Halo Effect -Selective Attention (Confirmation Bias) -Self-fulfilling Prophecy -Primacy Effect -Recency Effect

Challenges of Organizations

-Globalization -Increased workforce diversity -Emerging employment relationships

MARS Model

-Motivation -Ability -Role Perceptions -Situational Factors

Customer service representatives (CSRs) often conceal their frustration when serving an irritating customer. This behavior from the CSRs is an example of __________________

Emotional Labor

Which of these is also referred to as participative management?

Employee Involvement

A global mindset excludes the capacity to empathize and act effectively across cultures.

False

According to learned needs theory, companies should hire leaders with a strong need for personalized power.

False

Competencies refer to the complete set of motivations, abilities, role perceptions, and situational factors that contribute to job performance.

False

Decision making is a non-conscious process of moving toward a desirable state of affairs.

False

Emotions represent the cluster of beliefs, assessed feelings, and behavioral intentions towards something or someone guided by conscious logical reasoning

False

Escalation of commitment occurs when employees increase their support for a decision because most of their colleagues also support that decision.

False

In order for something to be called an organization, it must have certain assets such as buildings and equipment.

False

Malsows' needs hierarchy theory explains how people develop perceptions of fairness in the distribution and exchange of resources.

False

Organizational Behavior can be used to fulfill the needs to understand and predict the behavior of others to getting things done in organizations

False

Skill-based pay plans give an employee a higher pay rate for those days that he or she performs two or more jobs at the same time.

False

The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization's values.

False

The perceptual process begins by attributing behavior to internal or external causes.

False

Which of the following terms best represents the positive or negative evaluations of the attitude object?

Feelings

Goal Setting Theory

Goals- accepted, specific, and challenging yet achievable

Emotion

Intense feelings that are directed at specific objects

Attribution Theory

Internal (within the individual's control) External (due to outside factors)

Emotional Intelligence

Non-cognitive ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions of self and others

Which of the following refers to the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us?

Perception

Stress

Physical and psychological tension felt when they confronted with extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities

The first stage of the creative process is

Preparation

Situational Factors

conditions beyond the employee's immediate control that constrain or facilitate behavior and performance

Dysfunctional Stress (distress)

degree of physicological, psychological, and behavioral deviation from healthy functioning

Motivation

forces within a person that affects him or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior

In expectancy theory, valence refers to ______________________________________________________

the anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feel towards an outcome.

Role Perceptions

the degree to which a person understands the job duties assigned to or expected of him or her

Emotional Labor

the effort to express organizational desired emotions

Motivation

the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior

The optimal level of difficulty of a goal occurs when __________

the goal is challenging but not impossible.

Recency Effect

the most recent information dominates our perceptions

Ability

the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task

Confirmation Bias

the non-conscious tendency for people to screen out information that is contrary to their decisions, beliefs, values, and assumptions

Perception

the process by which individuals give meaning to their environment by organizing and interpreting their sensory impressions

Selective Attention

the process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information

Ethics

the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad

Organizational Behavior

the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. It encompasses the study of how organizations interact with their external environment.

In the four-drive theory, the drive ______________ is most closely associated with the need for relative status and recognition.

to acquire

Values

what is right or wrong and what we ought to do

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

when our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations.

Halo Effect

when our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person.